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Current Understanding of the Exosomes and Their Associated Biomolecules in the Glioblastoma Biology, Clinical Treatment, and Diagnosis Publisher Pubmed



Ramezani A1 ; Rahnama M2 ; Mahmoudian F3 ; Shirazi F4 ; Ganji M2 ; Bakhshi S5 ; Khalesi B6 ; Hashemi ZS7 ; Khalili S8
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  4. 4. Division of Genetics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
  5. 5. Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Education and Extension Organization, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Karaj, 3197619751, Iran
  7. 7. ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran

Source: Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology Published:2025


Abstract

Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive brain tumor with a low survival rate. Due to its heterogeneous composition, high invasiveness, and frequent recurrence after surgery, treatment success has been limited. In addition, due to the brain's unique immune status and the suppressor tumor microenvironment (TME), glioblastoma treatment has faced more challenges. Exosomes play a critical role in cancer metastasis by regulating cell–cell interactions that promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, treatment resistance, and immunological regulation in the tumor microenvironment. This review explores the pivotal role of exosomes in the development of glioblastoma, with a focus on their potential as non-invasive biomarkers for prognosis, early detection and real-time monitoring of disease progression. Notably, exosome-based drug delivery methods hold promise for overcoming the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and developing targeted therapies for glioblastoma. Despite challenges in clinical translation, the potential for personalized exosome = -054321`therapies and the capacity to enhance therapeutic responses in glioblastoma, present intriguing opportunities for improving patient outcomes. It seems that getting a good and current grasp of the role of exosomes in the fight against glioblastoma would properly serve the scientific community to further their understanding of the related potentials of these biological moieties. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.
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