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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Spinal Cord Injury, 1990–2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Safdarian M1, 2 ; Trinka E1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ; Rahimimovaghar V6 ; Thomschewski A1, 2 ; Aali A16 ; Abady GG18 ; Abate SM19 ; Abdallah F20 ; Abedi A21, 22 ; Adane DE24 ; Afzal S25, 26 ; Ahinkorah BO27 ; Ahmad S28 ; Ahmed H29 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Safdarian M1, 2
  2. Trinka E1, 2, 3, 4, 5
  3. Rahimimovaghar V6
  4. Thomschewski A1, 2
  5. Aali A16
  6. Abady GG18
  7. Abate SM19
  8. Abdallah F20
  9. Abedi A21, 22
  10. Adane DE24
  11. Afzal S25, 26
  12. Ahinkorah BO27
  13. Ahmad S28
  14. Ahmed H29
  15. Amanat N30
  16. Angappan D32
  17. Arabloo J33
  18. Aryannejad A7, 8
  19. Athari SS38
  20. Atreya A39
  21. Azadnajafabad S7
  22. Azzam AY40, 41
  23. Babamohamadi H31
  24. Banik PC42
  25. Bardhan M43, 44
  26. Bashiri A46
  27. Berhie AY50
  28. Bhat AN51
  29. Brown J55, 56
  30. Champs AP58
  31. Charalampous P59
  32. Chukwu IS60
  33. Coberly K61
  34. Dadras O64, 65
  35. Yada DY61
  36. Dai X61, 63
  37. Dandona L45, 61, 66
  38. Dandona R61, 63
  39. Dessalegn FN67
  40. Desta AA68
  41. Dhingra S70
  42. Diao N71
  43. Diaz D73, 74
  44. Dibas M75
  45. Dongarwar D76
  46. Dsouza HL54, 77
  47. Ekholuenetale M78, 79
  48. Nahas NE81
  49. Elhadi M84
  50. Eskandarieh S9
  51. Fagbamigbe AF78, 85
  52. Fares J86
  53. Fatehizadeh A87
  54. Fereshtehnejad SM88, 89
  55. Fischer F90
  56. Franklin RC92
  57. Garg T93
  58. Getachew M94
  59. Ghaffarpasand F47
  60. Gholamrezanezhad A23
  61. Mesgarha MG34
  62. Ghozy S95
  63. Golechha M96
  64. Goleij P97
  65. Graham SM98, 99
  66. Gupta VK100
  67. Haagsma JA59
  68. Hamidi S101
  69. Harlianto NI102, 103
  70. Harorani M104
  71. Hasanian M105
  72. Hassan A20
  73. Hassen MB61, 106
  74. Hoveidaei AH108
  75. Iravanpour F48
  76. Irilouzadian R35, 109
  77. Iwu CCD114
  78. Jacob L115, 116
  79. Jaja CJ117, 118
  80. Joseph N52
  81. Joshua CE119
  82. Jozwiak JJ120
  83. Kadashetti V121
  84. Kandel A122
  85. Kantar RS123, 124
  86. Karaye IM125
  87. Karkhah S126
  88. Khader YS127
  89. Khan EA128
  90. Khan J129
  91. Kashani HRK110
  92. Khonji MS36
  93. Khormali M6
  94. Kim G130, 131
  95. Krishnamoorthy V62, 132
  96. Kumaran SD133
  97. Malekpour MR7
  98. Meretoja TJ134, 135
  99. Mesregah MK136
  100. Mestrovic T61, 137
  101. Micheletti Gomide Nogueira De Sa AC138
  102. Mirahmadi A111
  103. Mirghaderi SP10
  104. Mirza M140
  105. Misganaw A63, 107
  106. Misra S142
  107. Mohammad Y145
  108. Mohammadi E11
  109. Mokdad AH61, 63
  110. Moller H55, 57
  111. Momtazmanesh S7, 12
  112. Moni MA146
  113. Mostafavi E147, 148
  114. Mulita F149, 150
  115. Naghavi M61, 63
  116. Nassereldine H61
  117. Natto ZS72, 151
  118. Nejati K152
  119. Nguyen HLT153
  120. Nguyen VT154
  121. Nogueira De Sa AT139
  122. Olagunju AT155, 156
  123. Olufadewa II79, 157
  124. Omotayo AO158
  125. Owolabi MO80, 159
  126. Patil S160, 161
  127. Pawar S162
  128. Pedersini P163
  129. Petcu IR164
  130. Polinder S59
  131. Pourbaghershahri AM17, 165
  132. Qureshi MF167
  133. Raghav PR143
  134. Rahman M168
  135. Rahnavard N16
  136. Rajabpoursanati A166
  137. Rashidi MM7, 112
  138. Rawaf S169, 170
  139. Roberts NLS171
  140. Saddik B172
  141. Saeed U173, 174
  142. Samadzadeh S91, 175
  143. Samy AM82, 83
  144. Sarveazad A37
  145. Seylani A176
  146. Shafie M13
  147. Shahbandi A12
  148. Sharew MMS69
  149. Sheikhi RA177
  150. Shetty PH53
  151. Yigit A178
  152. Shobeiri P11, 179
  153. Shool S6, 113
  154. Shorofi SA180, 181
  155. Sibhat MM182
  156. Sinaei E49
  157. Singh P141
  158. Singh S144
  159. Solomon Y183
  160. Sotoudeh H184
  161. Tadesse BA185, 186
  162. Umair M187, 188
  163. Tahbaz SV189, 190
  164. Valdez PR191, 192
  165. Venketasubramanian N193, 194
  166. Vu LG195
  167. Wickramasinghe ND196
  168. Zare I197
  169. Yazdanpanah F14, 199
  170. Wu AM198
  171. Zhang ZJ200
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria
  2. 2. Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center ((SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
  3. 3. Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Centre of Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
  4. 4. Karl Landsteiner Institute for Neurorehabilitation and Space Neurology, Salzburg, Austria
  5. 5. Department of Public Health, Health Services Research, and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
  6. 6. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Students' Scientific Research Center ((SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  17. 17. Neuroscience Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  18. 18. Department of Nursing, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  19. 19. Anesthesiology Department, Dilla University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  20. 20. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  21. 21. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  22. 22. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  23. 23. Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  24. 24. Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  25. 25. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  26. 26. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  27. 27. School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  28. 28. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  29. 29. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  30. 30. Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran
  31. 31. Department of Nursing, Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran
  32. 32. Department of Child Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  33. 33. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  34. 34. Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  35. 35. Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  36. 36. Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  38. 38. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  39. 39. Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
  40. 40. Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge, Saint Paul, MN, United States
  41. 41. Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
  42. 42. Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  43. 43. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
  44. 44. Department of Molecular Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  45. 45. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  46. 46. Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  47. 47. Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  48. 48. Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  49. 49. Department of Physical Therapy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  50. 50. School of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  51. 51. Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  52. 52. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  53. 53. Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  54. 54. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  55. 55. Injury Unit, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW, Australia
  56. 56. Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  57. 57. School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  58. 58. Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  59. 59. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  60. 60. Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
  61. 61. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  62. 62. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  63. 63. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  64. 64. Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  65. 65. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  66. 66. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  67. 67. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
  68. 68. Department of Surgical Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  69. 69. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  70. 70. Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
  71. 71. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  72. 72. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  73. 73. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  74. 74. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  75. 75. Research Unit, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
  76. 76. Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  77. 77. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India
  78. 78. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  79. 79. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  80. 80. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  81. 81. Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  82. 82. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  83. 83. Medical Ain Shams Research Institute ((MARSI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  84. 84. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  85. 85. Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  86. 86. Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  87. 87. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  88. 88. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  89. 89. Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  90. 90. Institute of Public Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  91. 91. Department of Neurology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  92. 92. School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
  93. 93. Department of Radiology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  94. 94. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  95. 95. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  96. 96. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  97. 97. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  98. 98. Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
  99. 99. Liverpool Orthopaedic and Trauma Service, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  100. 100. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  101. 101. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  102. 102. Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  103. 103. Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
  104. 104. Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  105. 105. Department of Radiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  106. 106. National Data Management Center for Health ((NDMC), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  107. 107. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  108. 108. Sinai Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
  109. 109. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  110. 110. Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  111. 111. Department of Orthopedics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  112. 112. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  113. 113. Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  114. 114. School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  115. 115. Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network ((CiberSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  116. 116. Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-leBretonneux, France
  117. 117. Department of Global Health, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  118. 118. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  119. 119. Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
  120. 120. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  121. 121. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  122. 122. Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
  123. 123. The Hansjorg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, New York, NY, United States
  124. 124. Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States
  125. 125. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  126. 126. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  127. 127. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  128. 128. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  129. 129. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  130. 130. Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
  131. 131. Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
  132. 132. Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  133. 133. Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  134. 134. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  135. 135. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  136. 136. Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
  137. 137. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  138. 138. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  139. 139. Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  140. 140. Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  141. 141. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  142. 142. Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  143. 143. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  144. 144. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  145. 145. Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  146. 146. School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  147. 147. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  148. 148. Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  149. 149. Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  150. 150. Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  151. 151. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  152. 152. Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  153. 153. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  154. 154. Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  155. 155. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  156. 156. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  157. 157. Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
  158. 158. Food Security and Safety Niche Area, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
  159. 159. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  160. 160. College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States
  161. 161. Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics ((COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  162. 162. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  163. 163. Clinical Research Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
  164. 164. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  165. 165. Department of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  166. 166. Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  167. 167. Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  168. 168. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  169. 169. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  170. 170. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  171. 171. Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
  172. 172. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  173. 173. Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation, University School of Health Sciences ((FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  174. 174. International Center of Medical Sciences Research ((ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
  175. 175. Department of Neurology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  176. 176. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  177. 177. Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  178. 178. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi, Isparta, Turkey
  179. 179. Department of International Studies, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center ((NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  180. 180. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  181. 181. Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  182. 182. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  183. 183. Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  184. 184. Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  185. 185. Department of Biology, Fundacion Valle del Lili, Injibara, Ethiopia
  186. 186. Department of Biology ((Applied Microbiology), Bahir Dar University, Injibara, Ethiopia
  187. 187. Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  188. 188. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  189. 189. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  190. 190. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  191. 191. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  192. 192. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  193. 193. Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore
  194. 194. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
  195. 195. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  196. 196. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  197. 197. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  198. 198. Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
  199. 199. Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  200. 200. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

Source: The Lancet Neurology Published:2023


Abstract

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of health loss due to premature mortality and long-term disability. We aimed to report on the global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for SCI from 1990 to 2019, using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods: Using GBD 2019 data pooled in DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, we systematically derived numbers and age-standardised rate changes with 95% uncertainty intervals (95% UIs) for the incidence, prevalence, and YLDs for SCI from 1990 to 2019 for the whole world, 21 GBD regions, and 204 countries and territories. We report trends based on age, sex, year, cause of injury, and level of injury. Findings: Globally, 20·6 million (95% UI 18·9 to 23·6) individuals were living with SCI in 2019. The incidence of SCI was 0·9 million (0·7 to 1·2) cases with an estimated 6·2 million (4·5 to 8·2) YLDs. SCI rates increased substantially from 1990 to 2019 for global prevalence (81·5%, 74·2 to 87·1), incidence (52·7%, 30·3 to 69·8), and YLDs (65·4%, 56·3 to 76·0). However, global age-standardised rates per 100 000 population showed small changes in prevalence (5·8%, 2·6 to 9·5), incidence (–6·1%, –17·2 to 1·5), and YLDs (–1·5%, –5·5 to 3·2). Data for 2019 shows that the incidence of SCI increases sharply until age 15–19 years, where it remains reasonably constant until 85 years of age and older. By contrast, prevalence and YLDs showed similar patterns to each other, with one peak at around age 45–54 years. The incidence, prevalence, and YLDs of SCI have consistently been higher in men than in women globally, with a slight and steady increase for both men and women from 1990 to 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, SCI at neck level was more common than SCI below neck level in terms of incidence (492 thousand [354 to 675] vs 417 thousand [290 to 585]), prevalence (10·8 million [9·5 to 13·9] vs 9·7 million [9·2 to 10·4]), and YLDs (4·2 million [3·0 to 5·8] vs 1·9 million [1·3 to 2·5]). Falls (477 thousand [327 to 683] cases) and road injuries (230 thousand [122 to 389] cases) were the two leading causes of SCI globally in 2019. Interpretation: Although age-standardised rates of incidence, prevalence, and YLDs for SCI changed only slightly, absolute counts increased substantially from 1990 to 2019. Geographical heterogeneity in demographic, spatial, and temporal patterns of SCI, at both the national and regional levels, should be considered by policy makers aiming to reduce the burden of SCI. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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