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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Low Back Pain, 1990–2020, Its Attributable Risk Factors, and Projections to 2050: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Publisher



Ferreira ML1 ; De Luca K4 ; Haile LM5 ; Steinmetz JD5 ; Culbreth GT5 ; Cross M1 ; Kopec JA8, 9 ; Ferreira PH1 ; Blyth FM1 ; Buchbinder R10, 12 ; Hartvigsen J13, 14 ; Wu AM15 ; Safiri S16, 17 ; Woolf AD22 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Ferreira ML1
  2. De Luca K4
  3. Haile LM5
  4. Steinmetz JD5
  5. Culbreth GT5
  6. Cross M1
  7. Kopec JA8, 9
  8. Ferreira PH1
  9. Blyth FM1
  10. Buchbinder R10, 12
  11. Hartvigsen J13, 14
  12. Wu AM15
  13. Safiri S16, 17
  14. Woolf AD22
  15. Collins GS23
  16. Ong KL5
  17. Vollset SE5, 6
  18. Smith AE5
  19. Cruz JA5
  20. Fukutaki KG24
  21. Abate SM25
  22. Abbasifard M26, 27
  23. Abbasikangevari M28
  24. Abbasikangevari Z28, 41
  25. Abdelalim A47
  26. Abedi A48, 49
  27. Abidi H51
  28. Adnani QES53, 54
  29. Ahmadi A42, 55
  30. Akinyemi RO58, 63
  31. Alamer AT64
  32. Alem AZ65
  33. Alimohamadi Y68
  34. Alshehri MA70
  35. Alshehri MM71
  36. Alzahrani H72
  37. Amini S73
  38. Amiri S69
  39. Amu H74
  40. Andrei CL75
  41. Andrei T76
  42. Antony B77
  43. Arabloo J78
  44. Arulappan J80
  45. Arumugam A81, 83
  46. Ashraf T84
  47. Athari SS86
  48. Awoke N87
  49. Azadnajafabad S28
  50. Barnighausen TW88, 89
  51. Barrero LH91
  52. Barrow A92, 93
  53. Barzegar A94
  54. Bearne LM97, 98
  55. Bensenor IM99
  56. Berhie AY101
  57. Bhandari BB102
  58. Bhojaraja VS103
  59. Bijani A105
  60. Bodicha BBA106
  61. Bolla SR108
  62. Brazosayavera J109
  63. Briggs AM110
  64. Cao C112
  65. Charalampous P113
  66. Chattu VK114, 115
  67. Cicuttini FM11
  68. Clarsen B116, 117
  69. Cuschieri S118
  70. Dadras O119, 120
  71. Dai X5, 6
  72. Dandona L5, 122, 123
  73. Dandona R5, 6, 122
  74. Dehghan A124
  75. Demie TGG125, 126
  76. Denovagutierrez E127
  77. Dewan SMR128, 129
  78. Dharmaratne SD5, 6, 130
  79. Dhimal ML131, 132
  80. Dhimal M133
  81. Diaz D135, 136
  82. Didehdar M137
  83. Digesa LE107
  84. Diress M66
  85. Do HT139
  86. Doan LP140, 141
  87. Ekholuenetale M59, 60
  88. Elhadi M142
  89. Eskandarieh S29
  90. Faghani S30
  91. Fares J143
  92. Fatehizadeh A144
  93. Fetensa G145
  94. Filip I147, 148
  95. Fischer F149, 150
  96. Franklin RC151
  97. Ganesan B152, 153
  98. Gemeda BNB154
  99. Getachew ME146, 155
  100. Ghashghaee A156
  101. Gill TK157
  102. Golechha M159
  103. Goleij P160
  104. Gupta B161
  105. Hafezinejad N31, 165
  106. Hajmirzaian A43, 44
  107. Hamal PK134, 162, 163
  108. Hanif A85
  109. Harlianto NI164, 165
  110. Hasani H166
  111. Hay SI5, 6
  112. Hebert JJ167, 168
  113. Heidari G169
  114. Heidari M56
  115. Heidarisoureshjani R40
  116. Hlongwa MM170
  117. Hosseini MS18
  118. Hsiao AK171
  119. Iavicoli I172
  120. Ibitoye SE61
  121. Ilic IM173
  122. Ilic MD174
  123. Islam SMS2, 175
  124. Janodia MD176
  125. Jha RP178, 179
  126. Jindal HA180
  127. Jonas JB181, 182
  128. Kabito GG67
  129. Kandel H3, 183
  130. Kaur RJ184
  131. Keshri VR185, 187
  132. Khader YS188
  133. Khan EA189
  134. Khan MJ190
  135. Khan MAB191, 192
  136. Kashani HRK45
  137. Khubchandani J193
  138. Kim YJ194
  139. Kisa A195, 196
  140. Klugarova J158, 197
  141. Kolahi AA41
  142. Koohestani HR198
  143. Koyanagi A199, 200
  144. Kumar GA122
  145. Kumar N201
  146. Lallukka T202
  147. Lasrado S203
  148. Lee WC204
  149. Lee YH205
  150. Mahmoodpoor A19
  151. Malagonrojas JN206, 207
  152. Malekpour MR28
  153. Malekzadeh R32, 208
  154. Malih N211
  155. Mehndiratta MM212, 213
  156. Nasab EM33
  157. Menezes RG214
  158. Mentis AFA215
  159. Mesregah MK216
  160. Miller TR111, 217
  161. Mirzaaghazadehattari M20, 218
  162. Mobarakabadi M220
  163. Mohammad Y221
  164. Mohammadi E31, 40
  165. Mohammed S222, 223
  166. Mokdad AH5, 6
  167. Momtazmanesh S28, 34
  168. Monasta L224
  169. Moni MA225
  170. Mostafavi E226, 227
  171. Murray CJL5, 6
  172. Nair TS228
  173. Nazari J138
  174. Nejadghaderi SA46, 229
  175. Neupane S231
  176. Kandel SN232
  177. Nguyen CT233
  178. Nowroozi A34
  179. Okatialiabad H234
  180. Omer E235
  181. Oulhaj A236
  182. Owolabi MO62, 237
  183. Pandajonas S238
  184. Pandey A121
  185. Park EK239
  186. Pawar S240
  187. Pedersini P241
  188. Pereira J242
  189. Peres MFP100, 243
  190. Petcu IR76
  191. Pourahmadi M79
  192. Radfar A244
  193. Rahimidehgolan S35
  194. Rahimimovaghar V36
  195. Rahman M245
  196. Rahmani AM246
  197. Rajai N90
  198. Rao CR177
  199. Rashedi V247
  200. Rashidi MM27, 41
  201. Ratan ZA248, 249
  202. Rawaf DL250, 252
  203. Rawaf S251, 253
  204. Renzaho AMN254, 255
  205. Rezaei N28, 37
  206. Rezaei Z95
  207. Roever L256
  208. De Andrade Ruela G257
  209. Saddik B82
  210. Sahebkar A258, 259
  211. Salehi S50
  212. Sanmarchi F260
  213. Sepanlou SG32, 208
  214. Shahabi S209
  215. Shahrokhi S38, 261
  216. Shaker E31, 229
  217. Shamsi MB96
  218. Shannawaz M262
  219. Sharma S187, 263
  220. Shaygan M210
  221. Sheikhi RA57
  222. Shetty JK104
  223. Shiri R264
  224. Shivalli S265
  225. Shobeiri P31, 230
  226. Sibhat MM266
  227. Singh A77
  228. Singh JA267, 268
  229. Slater H110
  230. Solmi M269
  231. Somayaji R7, 270
  232. Tan KK272
  233. Thapar R274
  234. Tohidast SA275
  235. Tahbaz SV276, 277
  236. Valizadeh R219
  237. Vasankari TJ278, 279
  238. Venketasubramanian N273, 280
  239. Vlassov V281
  240. Vo B282
  241. Wang YP100
  242. Wiangkham T283
  243. Yadav L186, 284
  244. Yadollahpour A285
  245. Jabbari SHY276
  246. Yang L271, 286
  247. Yazdanpanah F21, 39
  248. Yonemoto N287, 288
  249. Younis MZ289, 290
  250. Zare I291
  251. Zarrintan A20
  252. Zoladl M52
  253. Vos T5, 6
  254. March LM1, 292
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  2. 2. Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  3. 3. Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  4. 4. Discipline of Chiropractic, CQ University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  5. 5. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  8. 8. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  9. 9. Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada
  10. 10. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  11. 11. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  12. 12. Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology at Cabrini Hospital, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  13. 13. Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  14. 14. Research Department, Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark
  15. 15. Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
  16. 16. Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  17. 17. Department of Community Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  18. 18. Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  19. 19. Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  20. 20. Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  21. 21. Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  22. 22. Bone and Joint Research Group, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom
  23. 23. Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  24. 24. Public Health, Seattle, WA, United States
  25. 25. Anesthesiology Department, Dilla University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  26. 26. Department of Internal Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  27. 27. Clinical Research Development Unit, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  28. 28. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  30. 30. Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program, Tehran, Iran
  31. 31. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  32. 32. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  33. 33. Tehran Heart Center, Tehran, Iran
  34. 34. School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  35. 35. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran
  36. 36. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  38. 38. Department of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran
  39. 39. Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tehran, Iran
  40. 40. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  41. 41. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  42. 42. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  43. 43. Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  44. 44. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  45. 45. Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  46. 46. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  47. 47. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  48. 48. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  49. 49. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  50. 50. Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  51. 51. Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  52. 52. Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  53. 53. Faculty of Medicine, Bandung, Indonesia
  54. 54. Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  55. 55. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  56. 56. Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  57. 57. Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  58. 58. Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  59. 59. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  60. 60. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  61. 61. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  62. 62. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  63. 63. Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  64. 64. Department of Physiotherapy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  65. 65. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  66. 66. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  67. 67. Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  68. 68. Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  69. 69. Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  70. 70. Physiotherapy Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
  71. 71. Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  72. 72. Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
  73. 73. Department of Health Services Management, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  74. 74. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  75. 75. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  76. 76. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  77. 77. Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
  78. 78. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  79. 79. Department of Physiotherapy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  80. 80. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  81. 81. Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  82. 82. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  83. 83. Community Medicine and Rehabilitation - Physiotherapy Section, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
  84. 84. University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  85. 85. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  86. 86. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  87. 87. Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  88. 88. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  89. 89. TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  90. 90. Department of Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  91. 91. Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia
  92. 92. Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of the Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  93. 93. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  94. 94. Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  95. 95. School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  96. 96. Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  97. 97. Population Health Research Institute, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  98. 98. Centre for Engagement and Dissemination, National Institute for Health Research, Twickenham, United Kingdom
  99. 99. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  100. 100. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  101. 101. School of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  102. 102. Physiology Department, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India
  103. 103. Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
  104. 104. Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
  105. 105. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  106. 106. Biomedical Sciences Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  107. 107. Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  108. 108. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan
  109. 109. Centro Regional Universitario Noreste, University of the Republic of Uruguay, Rivera, Uruguay
  110. 110. School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  111. 111. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  112. 112. Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  113. 113. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  114. 114. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
  115. 115. Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  116. 116. Department of Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  117. 117. Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
  118. 118. Anatomy Department, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
  119. 119. Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  120. 120. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  121. 121. Department of Research, Gurugram, India
  122. 122. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  123. 123. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  124. 124. Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Fasa, Iran
  125. 125. Public Health Department, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  126. 126. Emergency Operating Center (EOC), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  127. 127. Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  128. 128. Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  129. 129. Pharmacology Department, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  130. 130. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  131. 131. Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  132. 132. Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
  133. 133. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  134. 134. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  135. 135. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  136. 136. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  137. 137. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  138. 138. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  139. 139. Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  140. 140. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  141. 141. Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  142. 142. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  143. 143. Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  144. 144. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  145. 145. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  146. 146. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  147. 147. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  148. 148. School of Health Sciences, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  149. 149. Institute of Public Health, Charite, Berlin, Germany
  150. 150. Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  151. 151. School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
  152. 152. School of Global Health, Institute of Health & Management, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  153. 153. Department of Occupational Therapy, Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India
  154. 154. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
  155. 155. Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  156. 156. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  157. 157. Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  158. 158. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  159. 159. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  160. 160. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  161. 161. Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  162. 162. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  163. 163. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
  164. 164. Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  165. 165. Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
  166. 166. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  167. 167. Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
  168. 168. School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
  169. 169. Santa Clara, CA, United States
  170. 170. School of Nursing and Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  171. 171. Outpatient Rehabilitation, Southcoast Health: Tobey Hospital, Wareham, MA, United States
  172. 172. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  173. 173. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  174. 174. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  175. 175. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  176. 176. Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  177. 177. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  178. 178. Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  179. 179. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  180. 180. National Health System Resource Centre, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
  181. 181. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  182. 182. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  183. 183. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  184. 184. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  185. 185. Injury Division, The George Institute for Global Health, India, New Delhi, India
  186. 186. Research and Development Division, The George Institute for Global Health, India, New Delhi, India
  187. 187. The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  188. 188. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  189. 189. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  190. 190. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  191. 191. Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  192. 192. Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
  193. 193. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  194. 194. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  195. 195. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  196. 196. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  197. 197. Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  198. 198. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  199. 199. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  200. 200. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  201. 201. Department of Orthopaedics, Medanta Hospital, Lucknow, India
  202. 202. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  203. 203. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  204. 204. The Office of Health Policy & Legislative Affairs, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  205. 205. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  206. 206. Department of Public Health Research, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  207. 207. Faculty of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia
  208. 208. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  209. 209. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  210. 210. Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  211. 211. Research Group on Global Health and Human Development, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma, Spain
  212. 212. Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
  213. 213. Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
  214. 214. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  215. 215. International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
  216. 216. Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
  217. 217. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  218. 218. Social Determinants of Health Center, Urmia, Iran
  219. 219. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  220. 220. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  221. 221. Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  222. 222. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  223. 223. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  224. 224. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  225. 225. School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  226. 226. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  227. 227. Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  228. 228. Health Workforce Department, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
  229. 229. Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  230. 230. Department of International Studies, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  231. 231. Department of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
  232. 232. Estia Health Blakehurst, Estia Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  233. 233. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  234. 234. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  235. 235. Mass Communication Department, Ajman University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  236. 236. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  237. 237. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  238. 238. Privatpraxis, Heidelberg, Germany
  239. 239. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  240. 240. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  241. 241. Clinical Research Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
  242. 242. Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
  243. 243. International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Albert Einstein Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  244. 244. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  245. 245. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  246. 246. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  247. 247. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  248. 248. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
  249. 249. School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
  250. 250. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  251. 251. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  252. 252. Inovus Medical, St Helens, United Kingdom
  253. 253. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  254. 254. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  255. 255. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  256. 256. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  257. 257. Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Juiz de for A Federal University, Governador Valadares, Brazil
  258. 258. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  259. 259. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  260. 260. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  261. 261. Department of Neuroimmunulogy, Universal Scientific Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  262. 262. Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India
  263. 263. Department of Physiotherapy, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
  264. 264. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  265. 265. Medical Statistics Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  266. 266. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  267. 267. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  268. 268. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  269. 269. Department of Neuroscience, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  270. 270. Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  271. 271. Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  272. 272. Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  273. 273. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  274. 274. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  275. 275. Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  276. 276. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  277. 277. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  278. 278. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  279. 279. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  280. 280. Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  281. 281. Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  282. 282. Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  283. 283. Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
  284. 284. Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  285. 285. Psychology Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  286. 286. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
  287. 287. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  288. 288. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  289. 289. Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  290. 290. School of Business & Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia (University of Putra Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  291. 291. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  292. 292. Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia

Source: The Lancet Rheumatology Published:2023


Abstract

Background: Low back pain is highly prevalent and the main cause of years lived with disability (YLDs). We present the most up-to-date global, regional, and national data on prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021. Methods: Population-based studies from 1980 to 2019 identified in a systematic review, international surveys, US medical claims data, and dataset contributions by collaborators were used to estimate the prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from 1990 to 2020, for 204 countries and territories. Low back pain was defined as pain between the 12th ribs and the gluteal folds that lasted a day or more; input data using alternative definitions were adjusted in a network meta-regression analysis. Nested Bayesian meta-regression models were used to estimate prevalence and YLDs by age, sex, year, and location. Prevalence was projected to 2050 by running a regression on prevalence rates using Socio-demographic Index as a predictor, then multiplying them by projected population estimates. Findings: In 2020, low back pain affected 619 million (95% uncertainty interval 554–694) people globally, with a projection of 843 million (759–933) prevalent cases by 2050. In 2020, the global age-standardised rate of YLDs was 832 per 100 000 (578–1070). Between 1990 and 2020, age-standardised rates of prevalence and YLDs decreased by 10·4% (10·9–10·0) and 10·5% (11·1–10·0), respectively. A total of 38·8% (28·7–47·0) of YLDs were attributed to occupational factors, smoking, and high BMI. Interpretation: Low back pain remains the leading cause of YLDs globally, and in 2020, there were more than half a billion prevalent cases of low back pain worldwide. While age-standardised rates have decreased modestly over the past three decades, it is projected that globally in 2050, more than 800 million people will have low back pain. Challenges persist in obtaining primary country-level data on low back pain, and there is an urgent need for more high-quality, primary, country-level data on both prevalence and severity distributions to improve accuracy and monitor change. Funding: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
8. What Is the Source of Low Back Pain?, Journal of Craniovertebral Junction and Spine (2013)
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