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Global, Regional, and National Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (Dalys) for 315 Diseases and Injuries and Healthy Life Expectancy (Hale), 1990–2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 Publisher Pubmed



Kassebaum NJ1 ; Arora M1 ; Barber RM1 ; Brown J1 ; Carter A1 ; Casey DC1 ; Charlson FJ1, 9, 12 ; Coates MM1 ; Coggeshall M1 ; Cornaby L1 ; Dandona L1, 14 ; Dicker DJ1 ; Erskine HE1, 9, 12 ; Ferrari AJ1, 9, 12 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Kassebaum NJ1
  2. Arora M1
  3. Barber RM1
  4. Brown J1
  5. Carter A1
  6. Casey DC1
  7. Charlson FJ1, 9, 12
  8. Coates MM1
  9. Coggeshall M1
  10. Cornaby L1
  11. Dandona L1, 14
  12. Dicker DJ1
  13. Erskine HE1, 9, 12
  14. Ferrari AJ1, 9, 12
  15. Fitzmaurice C1
  16. Foreman K1
  17. Forouzanfar MH1
  18. Fullman N1
  19. Goldberg EM1
  20. Graetz N1
  21. Haagsma JA1, 19
  22. Hay SI1, 16
  23. Johnson CO1
  24. Kemmer L1
  25. Khalil IA1
  26. Kinfu Y1, 20
  27. Kutz MJ1
  28. Kyu HH1
  29. Leung J1, 9, 12
  30. Lim SS1
  31. Lozano R1
  32. Mikesell J1
  33. Mokdad AH1
  34. Mooney MD1
  35. Naghavi M1
  36. Nguyen G1
  37. Nsoesie E1
  38. Pigott DM1
  39. Pinho C1
  40. Rankin Z1
  41. Reinig N1
  42. Sandar L1
  43. Smith A1
  44. Sorensen RJD1
  45. Stanaway J1
  46. Steiner C1
  47. Teeple S1
  48. Thomas BA1
  49. Troeger C1
  50. Vanderzanden A1
  51. Wagner JA1
  52. Wanga V1
  53. Whiteford HA1, 9, 12
  54. Zhou M1, 21
  55. Zoeckler L1
  56. Achoki T1
  57. Afshin A1
  58. Alexander LT1
  59. Allen C1
  60. Anderson GM1
  61. Bell B1
  62. Bienhoff K1
  63. Biryukov S1
  64. Blore JD1
  65. Estep K1
  66. Friedman J1
  67. Frostad J1
  68. Godwin WW1
  69. Liu PY1
  70. Masiye F1, 188
  71. Millear A1
  72. Mirarefin M1
  73. Moradilakeh M1, 405
  74. Mumford JE1
  75. Ng M1
  76. Reitsma MB1
  77. Reynolds A1
  78. Roth GA1
  79. Sur PJ1
  80. Vollset SE1, 269, 347
  81. Vos T1
  82. Lopez AD1, 68
  83. Murray CJL1
  84. Ellenbogen RG2
  85. Mock CN3
  86. Anderson BO4
  87. Futran ND4
  88. Bhutta ZA5, 7
  89. Nisar MI6
  90. Akseer N7, 49
  91. Deveber GA8
  92. Abajobir AA9
  93. Knibbs LD9
  94. Lalloo R10
  95. Alam NKM11, 72
  96. Gouda HN11
  97. Guo Y11
  98. Mcgrath JJ11
  99. Jeemon P13, 306
  100. Dandona R14
  101. Kumar GA14
  102. Gething PW15
  103. Bisanzio D17
  104. Ali R18
  105. Bennett DA18
  106. Jha V18, 307
  107. Rahimi K18
  108. Duan L21
  109. Jin Y21
  110. Li Y21
  111. Wang L21
  112. Ye P21
  113. Liang X22
  114. Mensah GA23
  115. Salomon JA24
  116. Thornelyman AL25, 513
  117. Barnighausen T26, 125, 126
  118. Camposnonato IR26, 174
  119. Ding EL26
  120. Farvid MS26, 235
  121. Wagner GR26, 535
  122. Fitchett JRA27
  123. Abate KH28
  124. Ahmed MB28
  125. Gebrehiwot TT28
  126. Gebremedhin AT28, 247
  127. Abbafati C29
  128. Abbas KM30
  129. Abdallah F31
  130. Abraham B32
  131. Abubakar I33
  132. Banerjee A34
  133. Aburaddad LJ35, 36
  134. Aburmeileh NM37
  135. Ackerman IN38
  136. Buchbinder R38, 166
  137. Gabbe B38
  138. Thrift AG39
  139. Lloyd BK40, 373
  140. Adebiyi AO41, 42, 43
  141. Adedeji IA44
  142. Adsuar JC45
  143. Afanvi KA46, 47
  144. Agardh EE48
  145. Badawi A50, 122
  146. Popova S51
  147. Agarwal A52, 53
  148. Agarwal SK54
  149. Roy A54
  150. Sagar R54
  151. Satpathy M54
  152. Tandon N54
  153. Ahmad Kiadaliri A55, 57, 58
  154. Norrving B56
  155. Ahmadieh H59, 61, 62
  156. Yaseri M59, 224
  157. Katibeh M60
  158. Alaly Z63
  159. Alam K64, 69, 71
  160. Azzopardi P64, 65, 120
  161. Borschmann R64, 69
  162. Colquhoun SM64
  163. Patton GC64
  164. Weintraub RG64, 542
  165. Meretoja A66, 393
  166. Szoeke CEI67
  167. Taylor HR69
  168. Wijeratne T69, 544
  169. Driscoll TR70
  170. Leigh J71
  171. Kemp AH71, 330
  172. Aldhahri SF73, 75
  173. Altirkawi KA73
  174. Terkawi AS74, 507, 508
  175. Alegretti MA76
  176. Aleman AV77
  177. Cavalleri F78
  178. Colistro V79, 193
  179. Alemu ZA80
  180. Tegegne TK80
  181. Alkerwi A81
  182. Alla F82
  183. Allebeck P83
  184. Rabiee RHS83
  185. Carrero JJ84
  186. Fereshtehnejad SM85
  187. Kivipelto M86
  188. Weiderpass E87, 539, 540, 541
  189. Havmoeller R88
  190. Sindi S88
  191. Alsharif U89
  192. Alvarez E90
  193. Alvisguzman N91
  194. Amare AT92, 94
  195. Melaku YA92, 132, 254
  196. Ciobanu LG93
  197. Tessema GA93, 510
  198. Amberbir A95
  199. Amegah AK96
  200. Ameh EA97
  201. Amini H98, 99, 101
  202. Furst T99, 101, 150
  203. Karema CK100, 323
  204. Ammar W102
  205. Harb HL102
  206. Amrock SM103
  207. Zonies D103
  208. Antonio CAT104
  209. Anwari P105
  210. Arnlov J106, 107
  211. Larsson A106
  212. Arsic VS108, 110, 111
  213. Barac A109
  214. Artaman A112
  215. Asayesh H113
  216. Asghar RJ114
  217. Avokpaho EFGA115, 116
  218. Gankpe FG116, 244
  219. Awasthi A117
  220. Ayala BP118, 119
  221. Bacha U121
  222. Balakrishnan K123
  223. Barkercollo SL124
  224. Mohammed S126, 403
  225. Barregard L127
  226. Petzold M128, 441
  227. Barrero LH129, 130
  228. Basu S131
  229. Del LC131
  230. Bayou TA133
  231. Betsu BD133
  232. Hailu GB133, 271
  233. Tekle DY133
  234. Beardsley J134
  235. Bedi N135
  236. Beghi E136
  237. Sheth KN137
  238. Bell ML138
  239. Huang JJ138
  240. Benjet C139
  241. Gutierrez RA139
  242. Santos IS140
  243. Bensenor IM141
  244. Lotufo PA141
  245. Berhane A142
  246. Wolfe CD143, 547
  247. Bernabe E144
  248. Hay RJ144, 283
  249. Roba HS145
  250. Beyene AS146
  251. Hassen TA146
  252. Mesfi YM146
  253. Bhala N147, 148
  254. Bhansali A149
  255. Piel FB151
  256. Steiner TJ152, 494
  257. Bhatt S153
  258. Majeed A153
  259. Soljak M153
  260. Biadgilign S154
  261. Bikbov B155
  262. Bin AA156
  263. Bjertness E157
  264. Bourne RRA158
  265. Brainin M159
  266. Brazinova A160, 161
  267. Majdan M160
  268. Shen J162, 476
  269. Breitborde NJK163
  270. Brenner H164
  271. Brugha TS165
  272. Buckle GC167
  273. Butt ZA168
  274. Calabria B169, 173
  275. Lucas RM169
  276. Boufous S170
  277. Degenhardt L171
  278. Resnikoff S172
  279. Mitchell PB173
  280. Campuzano JC174
  281. Gomezdantes H174
  282. Herediapi IB174
  283. Jauregui A174
  284. Montanez Hernandez JC174
  285. Servanmori EE174
  286. Carabin H175
  287. Carapetis JR176
  288. Cardenas R177
  289. Castanedaorjuela CA178, 179
  290. Castillo Rivas J180, 181
  291. Catalalopez F182, 183
  292. Chang J184
  293. Chiang PP185
  294. Chibalabala M186
  295. Chibueze CE187
  296. Mori R187
  297. Chisumpa VH188, 189
  298. Choi JJ190
  299. Choudhury L191
  300. Christensen H192
  301. Colomar M194
  302. Crump JA195
  303. Derrett S196
  304. Poulton RG197
  305. Giussani G198
  306. Cortinovis M198
  307. Perico N198
  308. Remuzzi G198, 415
  309. Damasceno A199, 459
  310. Dargan PI200
  311. Das Neves J201
  312. Pedro JM202, 438
  313. Santos JV203
  314. Davey G204
  315. Davis AC205
  316. Newton JN205
  317. Steel N205, 491
  318. De Leo D206
  319. Des Jarlais DC207, 208
  320. Dharmaratne SD209
  321. Dhillon PK210
  322. Zodpey S210
  323. Doyle KE211
  324. Dubey M212
  325. Rahman MHU212
  326. Ram U212
  327. Singh A212
  328. Yadav AK212
  329. Duncan BB213, 214
  330. Kieling C213, 343
  331. Schmidt MI213
  332. Ebrahimi H215, 216
  333. Esteghamati A215
  334. Farzadfar F215
  335. Hafezinejad N215
  336. Kasaeian A215, 220
  337. Parsaeian M215, 221
  338. Pishgar F215, 222
  339. Sheikhbahaei S215
  340. Fahimi S217
  341. Malekzadeh R217
  342. Roshandel G217, 463
  343. Sepanlou SG217
  344. Hassanvand MS218
  345. Heydarpour P219
  346. Rahimimovaghar V223
  347. Elyazar I225
  348. Endries AY226
  349. Ermakov SP227, 228
  350. Eshrati B229, 230
  351. Farid TA231
  352. Khan AR231
  353. Farinha CSES232, 233
  354. Faro A234
  355. Feigin VL236
  356. Te BJ237
  357. Fernandes JG238
  358. Fernandes JC239
  359. Fischer F240
  360. Foigt N241
  361. Fowkes FGR242
  362. Franklin RC243
  363. Garciabasteiro AL245, 246
  364. Geleijnse JM248
  365. Jibat T249, 255
  366. Gibney KB250
  367. Gillum RF252
  368. Mehari A252
  369. Ginawi IA253
  370. Hailu AD132, 254, 270
  371. Giref AZ255
  372. Haile D255
  373. Giroud M256
  374. Gishu MD257, 258
  375. Tura AK257, 286
  376. Gona P259
  377. Goodridge A260
  378. Gopalani SV261
  379. Gotay CC262
  380. Kissoon N262
  381. Kopec JA262
  382. Pourmalek F262
  383. Goto A263
  384. Inoue M264, 300
  385. Gugnani H265
  386. Gupta R266
  387. Gupta R266
  388. Gupta V268
  389. Knudsen AK269, 347
  390. Norheim OF270
  391. Halasa YA272
  392. Undurraga EA272
  393. Hamadeh RR273
  394. Hamidi S274
  395. Hammami M275
  396. Handal AJ276
  397. Hankey GJ277, 278, 279
  398. Harikrishnan S280
  399. Haro JM281, 282
  400. Hedayati MT284
  401. Hoek HW285, 287
  402. Skirbekk V288, 349
  403. Hoff DJ289
  404. Horino M290
  405. Horita N291
  406. Hosgood HD292
  407. Hoy DG293
  408. Hsairi M294
  409. Huang H295
  410. Iburg KM296
  411. Idrisov BT297
  412. Kwan GF137
  413. Innos K298, 299
  414. Kawakami N301
  415. Shibuya K302
  416. Jacobsen KH303
  417. Jayatilleke AU304, 305
  418. Jiang G308
  419. Jiang Y309
  420. Jimenezcorona A310, 311
  421. Jonas JB312
  422. Kabir Z313
  423. Kajungu DK314, 315
  424. Kalkonde Y316
  425. Kamal R317
  426. Kesavachandran CN317
  427. She J318
  428. Kan H319
  429. Kandel A320
  430. Karch A321, 322
  431. Karimkhani C324
  432. Kaul A325
  433. Kazi DS326
  434. Keiyoro PN327, 328
  435. Lyons RA329
  436. Kengne AP331, 334
  437. Matzopoulos R331, 332
  438. Wiysonge CS331, 411
  439. Stein DJ333, 492
  440. Mayosi BM334
  441. Keren A335
  442. Khader YS336
  443. Khan EA337
  444. Khang YH338
  445. Won S339
  446. Khoja TAM340, 341
  447. Khubchandani J342
  448. Kim C344
  449. Kim D345
  450. Kim YJ346
  451. Skogen JC348, 487
  452. Savic M349
  453. Kokubo Y350
  454. Kolte D351
  455. Koul PA352
  456. Koyanagi A353
  457. Kuate B354, 355
  458. Kuchenbecker RS356, 357
  459. Kucuk B358
  460. Kuipers EJ359
  461. Lallukka T360, 361
  462. Shiri R360
  463. Meretoja TJ362, 394
  464. Latif AA363
  465. Lavados PM364
  466. Lawrynowicz AEB365
  467. Leasher JL366
  468. Leung R367
  469. Li Y21
  470. Lipshultz SE369, 370
  471. Wilkinson JD369, 370
  472. Simard EP371
  473. Liu Y372
  474. Phillips MR372, 442
  475. Logroscino G374
  476. Looker KJ375
  477. Rai D375
  478. Lunevicius R376, 377
  479. Magdy H378
  480. Mahdavi M379, 380
  481. Malta DC381
  482. Marcenes W382
  483. Martinezraga J383, 384
  484. Masonjones AJ385
  485. Mckee M386
  486. Murthy GVS386, 409
  487. Meaney PA387, 388
  488. Memiah P389
  489. Memish ZA390, 391
  490. Mendoza W392
  491. Mhimbira FA395
  492. Miller TR396, 397
  493. Mills EJ398
  494. Mirrakhimov EM399, 400
  495. Mohammad KA401
  496. Mohammadi A402
  497. Monasta L404
  498. Montico M404
  499. Ronfani L404
  500. Werdecker A406
  501. Mueller UO407
  502. Westerman R407, 543
  503. Murdoch ME408
  504. Nachega JB410, 411
  505. Seedat S411, 412
  506. Tran BX413, 519
  507. Naheed A414
  508. Naldi L415
  509. Nangia V416
  510. Ngalesoni FN417
  511. Nguyen QL418
  512. Nkamedjie PM419
  513. Nolla JM420
  514. Norman RE421
  515. Obermeyer CM422
  516. Ogbo FA423
  517. Oh I424
  518. Oladimeji O425, 426
  519. Sartorius B426
  520. Olivares PR427
  521. Olusanya BO428
  522. Olusanya JO428
  523. Oren E429
  524. Ortiz A430
  525. Ota E431
  526. Schutte AE432, 471
  527. Oyekale AS433
  528. Pa M434
  529. Park E435
  530. Patten SB436
  531. Tonelli M437
  532. Pereira DM439
  533. Pesudovs K440
  534. Pillay JD443
  535. Plass D444
  536. Polinder S445
  537. Prasad NM446, 447
  538. Qorbani M448
  539. Radfar A449
  540. Rafay A450
  541. Rahman M451
  542. Rahman SU452
  543. Rai RK453
  544. Rajsic S454
  545. Raju M455
  546. Ranganathan K456
  547. Refaat AH457, 458
  548. Ribeiro AL460
  549. Ricci S461
  550. Rojasrueda D462
  551. Sackey BB464
  552. Sanabria JR465, 466
  553. Sancheznino MD467
  554. Sarmientosuarez R468
  555. Sawhney M469
  556. Schneider IJC470
  557. Schwebel DC472
  558. Singh JA472
  559. Shahraz S473
  560. Shaikh MA474
  561. Sharma R475
  562. Shigematsu M477, 478
  563. Shin M479
  564. Yoon S480
  565. Sigfusdottir ID481, 482
  566. Silverberg JI483
  567. Yano Y484
  568. Singh PK485, 486
  569. Soreide K488
  570. Sreeramareddy CT489
  571. Stathopoulou V490
  572. Stein MB493
  573. Stovner LJ494, 495
  574. Stranges S496
  575. Stroumpoulis K497, 498
  576. Sunguya BF499
  577. Swaminathan S500
  578. Sykes BL501
  579. Tabaresseisdedos R502
  580. Tanne D503, 504
  581. Tavakkoli M505
  582. Taye B506
  583. Tuzcu EM509
  584. Thakur J511
  585. Thomson AJ512
  586. Thurston GD514
  587. Tobegai R515
  588. Topormadry R516, 517
  589. Topouzis F518
  590. Truelsen T520
  591. Tsala Z521, 522
  592. Tsilimbaris M523
  593. Tyrovolas S524
  594. Ukwaja KN525
  595. Uneke CJ526
  596. Uthman OA527
  597. Van Gool CH528
  598. Van Os J529
  599. Vasankari T530
  600. Vasconcelos AMN531
  601. Venketasubramanian N532
  602. Violante FS533
  603. Vlassov VV534
  604. Wallin MT536, 537
  605. Weichenthal S538
  606. Williams HC545
  607. Woldeyohannes SM546
  608. Xu G548
  609. Yakob B549
  610. Yan LL550
  611. Yip P551
  612. Yonemoto N552
  613. Younis MZ553
  614. Yu C554, 555
  615. Zaidi Z556, 557
  616. Zaki ME558
  617. Zeeb H559
  618. Zuhlke LJ560
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, United States
  2. 2. Harborview/UW Medicine, United States
  3. 3. Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, United States
  4. 4. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Pakistan
  6. 6. Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  7. 7. Centre for Global Child Health, Canada
  8. 8. The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
  9. 9. School of Public Health, Australia
  10. 10. School of Dentistry, Australia
  11. 11. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  12. 12. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  13. 13. Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, India
  14. 14. Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
  15. 15. Department of Zoology, United Kingdom
  16. 16. Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  17. 17. Nuffield Department of Medicine, United Kingdom
  18. 18. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  19. 19. Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  20. 20. Centre for Research & Action in Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  21. 21. National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, China
  22. 22. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  23. 23. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  24. 24. Department of Global Health and Population, United States
  25. 25. Department of Nutrition, United States
  26. 26. Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, United States
  27. 27. Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  28. 28. Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  29. 29. La Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  30. 30. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
  31. 31. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  32. 32. NMSM Government College Kalpetta, Kerala, India
  33. 33. Institute for Global Health, United Kingdom
  34. 34. Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, United Kingdom
  35. 35. University College London, London, United Kingdom
  36. 36. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  37. 37. Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
  38. 38. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Australia
  39. 39. Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Australia
  40. 40. Eastern Health Clinical School, Australia
  41. 41. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  42. 42. College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  43. 43. University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  44. 44. Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
  45. 45. University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
  46. 46. Direction du District Sanitaire de Haho, Notse, Togo
  47. 47. Faculte des Sciences de Sante, Universite de Lome, Lome, Togo
  48. 48. Institution of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
  49. 49. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Canada
  50. 50. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Canada
  51. 51. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada
  52. 52. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  53. 53. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  54. 54. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  55. 55. Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Sweden
  56. 56. Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Sweden
  57. 57. Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  58. 58. Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  59. 59. Ophthalmic Research Center, Iran
  60. 60. Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Iran
  61. 61. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  62. 62. Department of Ophthalmology, Labbafi nejad Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
  63. 63. Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  64. 64. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Australia
  65. 65. Department of Paediatrics, Australia
  66. 66. Department of Medicine, Australia
  67. 67. Institute of Health and Ageing, Australia
  68. 68. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Australia
  69. 69. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  70. 70. Sydney School of Public Health, Australia
  71. 71. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  72. 72. Queensland Health, Herston, QLD, Australia
  73. 73. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  74. 74. Department of Anesthesiology, Saudi Arabia
  75. 75. King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  76. 76. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Uruguay
  77. 77. School of Medicine, Uruguay
  78. 78. Faculty of Medicine, Uruguay
  79. 79. University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
  80. 80. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  81. 81. Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
  82. 82. School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
  83. 83. Department of Public Health Sciences, Sweden
  84. 84. Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Sweden
  85. 85. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Sweden
  86. 86. Aging Research Center, Sweden
  87. 87. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Sweden
  88. 88. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  89. 89. Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
  90. 90. Spanish Observatory on Drugs, Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs, Ministry of Health, Social Policy and Equality, Madrid, Spain
  91. 91. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  92. 92. School of Medicine, Australia
  93. 93. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  94. 94. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  95. 95. Dignitas International, Zomba, Malawi
  96. 96. University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  97. 97. National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
  98. 98. Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  99. 99. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Switzerland
  100. 100. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
  101. 101. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  102. 102. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  103. 103. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  104. 104. Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  105. 105. Kabul, Afghanistan
  106. 106. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  107. 107. Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  108. 108. School of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Serbia
  109. 109. Faculty of Medicine, Serbia
  110. 110. University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  111. 111. University Children Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
  112. 112. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  113. 113. Department of Medical Emergency, School of Paramedic, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  114. 114. South Asian Public Health Forum, Islamabad, Pakistan
  115. 115. Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin, Cotonou, Benin
  116. 116. Laboratoire d’Etudes et de Recherche-Action en Sante (LERAS Afrique), Parakou, Benin
  117. 117. Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  118. 118. The Judith Lumley Centre for Mother, Infant and Family Health Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  119. 119. Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
  120. 120. Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  121. 121. School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  122. 122. Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  123. 123. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
  124. 124. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  125. 125. Africa Health Research Institute, Mtubatuba, South Africa
  126. 126. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  127. 127. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sweden
  128. 128. Health Metrics Unit, Sweden
  129. 129. University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  130. 130. Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontifi cia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
  131. 131. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  132. 132. School of Public Health, Ethiopia
  133. 133. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  134. 134. Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, United Kingdom
  135. 135. College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  136. 136. IRCCS—Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
  137. 137. School of Medicine, United States
  138. 138. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  139. 139. National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico
  140. 140. Internal Medicine Department, Brazil
  141. 141. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  142. 142. Debre Berhane University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  143. 143. Division of Health and Social Care Research, United Kingdom
  144. 144. King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  145. 145. College of Health and Medical Sciences, Ethiopia
  146. 146. Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  147. 147. Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  148. 148. University of Otago Medical School, Wellington, New Zealand
  149. 149. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  150. 150. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, United Kingdom
  151. 151. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United Kingdom
  152. 152. Division of Brain Sciences, United Kingdom
  153. 153. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  154. 154. Independent Public Health Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  155. 155. Department of Nephrology Issues of Transplanted Kidney, Academician V I Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russian Federation
  156. 156. University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
  157. 157. Department of Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  158. 158. Vision & Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  159. 159. Danube- University Krems, Krems, Austria
  160. 160. Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  161. 161. International Neurotrauma Research Organization, Vienna, Austria
  162. 162. College of Medicine, United States
  163. 163. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  164. 164. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  165. 165. University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  166. 166. Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  167. 167. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  168. 168. Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  169. 169. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  170. 170. Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, Australia
  171. 171. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Australia
  172. 172. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Australia
  173. 173. University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  174. 174. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  175. 175. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  176. 176. Telethon Kids Institute, the University of Western Australia, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, WA, Australia
  177. 177. Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  178. 178. Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
  179. 179. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  180. 180. Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica
  181. 181. Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
  182. 182. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia/INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
  183. 183. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  184. 184. School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  185. 185. Clinical Governance Unit, Gold Coast Health, Southport, QLD, Australia
  186. 186. Crowd Watch Africa, Lusaka, Zambia
  187. 187. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
  188. 188. University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  189. 189. University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  190. 190. Seoul National University Medical Library, Seoul, South Korea
  191. 191. World Bank, New Delhi, India
  192. 192. Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
  193. 193. Ministerio de Salud Publica, Montevideo, Uruguay
  194. 194. UNICEM, Montevideo, Uruguay
  195. 195. Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand
  196. 196. Injury Prevention Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand
  197. 197. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  198. 198. IRCCS—Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
  199. 199. Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
  200. 200. Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  201. 201. i3S—Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em Saude and INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, Portugal
  202. 202. EPIUnit—Institute of Public Health, Portugal
  203. 203. University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  204. 204. Wellcome Trust Brighton & Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton, United Kingdom
  205. 205. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  206. 206. Griffi th University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  207. 207. Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, United States
  208. 208. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  209. 209. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  210. 210. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India
  211. 211. RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
  212. 212. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  213. 213. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  214. 214. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  215. 215. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Iran
  216. 216. Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Iran
  217. 217. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Iran
  218. 218. Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Iran
  219. 219. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Iran
  220. 220. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Iran
  221. 221. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran
  222. 222. Uro-Oncology Research Center, Iran
  223. 223. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  224. 224. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  225. 225. Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
  226. 226. Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  227. 227. The Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  228. 228. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  229. 229. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  230. 230. Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  231. 231. University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
  232. 232. DGS Directorate General of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
  233. 233. Universidade Aberta, Lisbon, Portugal
  234. 234. Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
  235. 235. Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  236. 236. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, New Zealand
  237. 237. Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  238. 238. Institute of Education and Sciences, German Hospital Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  239. 239. Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
  240. 240. Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  241. 241. Institute of Gerontology, Academy of Medical Science, Kiev, Ukraine
  242. 242. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  243. 243. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  244. 244. CHU Hassan II, Fes, Morocco
  245. 245. Manhica Health Research Center, Manhica, Mozambique
  246. 246. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  247. 247. Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  248. 248. Division of Human Nutrition, Netherlands
  249. 249. Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  250. 250. The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne & The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  251. 251. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  252. 252. College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  253. 253. College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  254. 254. School of Public Health, Ethiopia
  255. 255. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  256. 256. University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
  257. 257. Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  258. 258. Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Harar, Ethiopia
  259. 259. University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  260. 260. Instituto de Investigaciones Cientifi cas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia—INDICASAT-AIP, Ciudad del Saber, Panama
  261. 261. Department of Health and Social Aff airs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  262. 262. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  263. 263. Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, Japan
  264. 264. National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
  265. 265. Departments of Microbiology and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter, Anguilla
  266. 266. West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
  267. 267. Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  268. 268. Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
  269. 269. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Norway
  270. 270. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  271. 271. Kilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  272. 272. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
  273. 273. Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  274. 274. Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  275. 275. Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States
  276. 276. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  277. 277. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  278. 278. Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  279. 279. Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  280. 280. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  281. 281. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu— CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
  282. 282. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  283. 283. International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom
  284. 284. Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  285. 285. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
  286. 286. University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  287. 287. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, United States
  288. 288. Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  289. 289. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
  290. 290. Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Carson City, NV, United States
  291. 291. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
  292. 292. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  293. 293. Public Health Division, The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia
  294. 294. Department of Epidemiology, Salah Azaiz Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
  295. 295. Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
  296. 296. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  297. 297. Boston Medical Center, United States
  298. 298. Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  299. 299. National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
  300. 300. Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
  301. 301. School of Public Health, Japan
  302. 302. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  303. 303. Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  304. 304. Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  305. 305. Institute of Violence and Injury Prevention, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  306. 306. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
  307. 307. George Institute for Global Health India, New Delhi, India
  308. 308. Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
  309. 309. Department of Health Development, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
  310. 310. Department of Ocular Epidemiology and Visual Health, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valencia, Mexico City, Mexico
  311. 311. General Directorate of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
  312. 312. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  313. 313. University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  314. 314. Sante Stat & Analytical Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
  315. 315. Mildmay Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
  316. 316. Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health, Gadchiroli, India
  317. 317. CSIR—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
  318. 318. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, China
  319. 319. Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  320. 320. University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
  321. 321. Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  322. 322. Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  323. 323. Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda
  324. 324. Case Western University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States
  325. 325. Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
  326. 326. University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  327. 327. Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
  328. 328. School of Continuing and Distance Education, Nairobi, Kenya
  329. 329. Farr Institute, United Kingdom
  330. 330. Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
  331. 331. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  332. 332. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, South Africa
  333. 333. Department of Psychiatry, South Africa
  334. 334. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  335. 335. Assuta Hospitals, Assuta Hashalom, Tel Aviv, Israel
  336. 336. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  337. 337. Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  338. 338. College of Medicine, South Korea
  339. 339. Graduate School of Public Health, South Korea
  340. 340. Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  341. 341. Executive Board of the Health Ministers’ Council for Cooperation Council States, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  342. 342. Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
  343. 343. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  344. 344. Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, South Korea
  345. 345. Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  346. 346. Southern University College, Skudai, Malaysia
  347. 347. Centre for Disease Burden, Norway
  348. 348. Department of Health Promotion, Norway
  349. 349. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  350. 350. Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  351. 351. Division of Cardiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  352. 352. Sher-i-Kashmir Institue of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  353. 353. Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
  354. 354. Department of Demography and Public Health Research Institute, Canada
  355. 355. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Canada
  356. 356. University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  357. 357. Graduation Studies in Epidemiology Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  358. 358. Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  359. 359. Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  360. 360. Work Organizations, Work Disability Prevention, The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  361. 361. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Finland
  362. 362. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  363. 363. Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
  364. 364. Servicio de Neurologia, Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
  365. 365. Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia “Dr Juan H Jara, �, Mar del Plata, Argentina
  366. 366. College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  367. 367. State University of New York, Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  368. 368. San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
  369. 369. School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
  370. 370. Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, United States
  371. 371. Rollins School of Public Health, United States
  372. 372. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  373. 373. Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  374. 374. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  375. 375. University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  376. 376. Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  377. 377. School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  378. 378. Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
  379. 379. Social Security Organization Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  380. 380. Institute of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  381. 381. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  382. 382. Division of Population and Patient Health, King’s College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
  383. 383. University Hospital Doctor Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  384. 384. CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Moncada (Valencia), Spain
  385. 385. Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
  386. 386. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  387. 387. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  388. 388. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  389. 389. University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States
  390. 390. Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  391. 391. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  392. 392. United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
  393. 393. Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  394. 394. Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki, Finland
  395. 395. Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
  396. 396. Pacifi c Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  397. 397. Centre for Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  398. 398. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  399. 399. Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  400. 400. National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  401. 401. University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
  402. 402. Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  403. 403. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  404. 404. Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
  405. 405. Department of Community Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  406. 406. Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Germany
  407. 407. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  408. 408. West Herts Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford, United Kingdom
  409. 409. Indian Institute of Public Health, India
  410. 410. Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  411. 411. Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  412. 412. Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
  413. 413. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  414. 414. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
  415. 415. Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  416. 416. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  417. 417. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  418. 418. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  419. 419. Institute For Research, Socio-Economic Development and Communication, Yaounde, Cameroon
  420. 420. Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet, Spain
  421. 421. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  422. 422. Center for Research on Population and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  423. 423. Centre for Health Research, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  424. 424. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  425. 425. Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa
  426. 426. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  427. 427. Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
  428. 428. Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  429. 429. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  430. 430. IISFundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
  431. 431. St Luke’s International University, Tokyo, Japan
  432. 432. Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), South Africa
  433. 433. North-West University, Mafi keng, South Africa
  434. 434. JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, India
  435. 435. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  436. 436. Department of Community Health Sciences, Canada
  437. 437. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  438. 438. Health Research Centre of Angola, Caxito, Angola
  439. 439. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
  440. 440. Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  441. 441. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  442. 442. Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  443. 443. Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
  444. 444. Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
  445. 445. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  446. 446. The Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  447. 447. Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  448. 448. Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  449. 449. A T Still University, Kirksville, MO, United States
  450. 450. Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  451. 451. Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  452. 452. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  453. 453. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  454. 454. ERAWEB Program, UMIT, Hall in Tirol, Austria
  455. 455. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
  456. 456. University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  457. 457. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  458. 458. Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
  459. 459. Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  460. 460. Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  461. 461. UO Neurologia USL Umbria 1, Citta di Castello, Italy
  462. 462. (ISGlobal) Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  463. 463. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  464. 464. World Health Organization, Accra, Ghana
  465. 465. Marshall University J Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
  466. 466. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  467. 467. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
  468. 468. Universidad Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogota, Colombia
  469. 469. Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  470. 470. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  471. 471. South African Medical Research Council, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  472. 472. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  473. 473. Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  474. 474. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  475. 475. Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
  476. 476. Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
  477. 477. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  478. 478. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  479. 479. Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, South Korea
  480. 480. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, South Korea
  481. 481. Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  482. 482. Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  483. 483. Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
  484. 484. Department of Preventive Medicine, United States
  485. 485. Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  486. 486. Institute for Human Development, New Delhi, India
  487. 487. Alcohol and Drug Research Western Norway, Norway
  488. 488. Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
  489. 489. Department of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  490. 490. Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
  491. 491. University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
  492. 492. South African Medical Research Council Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
  493. 493. University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
  494. 494. Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  495. 495. Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
  496. 496. Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
  497. 497. Alexandra General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
  498. 498. Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin, Cherbourg, France
  499. 499. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  500. 500. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  501. 501. Departments of Criminology, Law & Society, Sociology, and Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  502. 502. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
  503. 503. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
  504. 504. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  505. 505. New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
  506. 506. Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, United States
  507. 507. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  508. 508. Outcomes Research Consortium, United States
  509. 509. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  510. 510. University Of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  511. 511. School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  512. 512. Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada
  513. 513. WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
  514. 514. Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, NY, United States
  515. 515. National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
  516. 516. Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  517. 517. Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
  518. 518. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  519. 519. Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  520. 520. Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  521. 521. Department of Population Sciences and Development, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
  522. 522. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  523. 523. Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  524. 524. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Fundacio Sant Joan de Deu, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
  525. 525. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  526. 526. Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  527. 527. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  528. 528. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
  529. 529. Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
  530. 530. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  531. 531. University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
  532. 532. Raffl es Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  533. 533. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  534. 534. National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  535. 535. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, United States
  536. 536. VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
  537. 537. Neurology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  538. 538. McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  539. 539. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
  540. 540. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
  541. 541. Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
  542. 542. Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  543. 543. German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
  544. 544. Western Health, Footscray, VIC, Australia
  545. 545. Centre of Evidence-based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  546. 546. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  547. 547. National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  548. 548. Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
  549. 549. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
  550. 550. Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  551. 551. Social Work and Social Administration Department and The Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  552. 552. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  553. 553. Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  554. 554. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China
  555. 555. Global Health Institute, China
  556. 556. Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  557. 557. University Hospital, Setif, Algeria
  558. 558. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  559. 559. Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
  560. 560. Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Source: The Lancet Published:2016


Abstract

Background Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Findings Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates due to several high-burden NCDs (including osteoarthritis, drug use disorders, depression, diabetes, congenital birth defects, and skin, oral, and sense organ diseases) either increased or remained unchanged, leading to increases in their relative ranking in many geographies. From 2005 to 2015, HALE at birth increased by an average of 2·9 years (95% uncertainty interval 2·9–3·0) for men and 3·5 years (3·4–3·7) for women, while HALE at age 65 years improved by 0·85 years (0·78–0·92) and 1·2 years (1·1–1·3), respectively. Rising SDI was associated with consistently higher HALE and a somewhat smaller proportion of life spent with functional health loss; however, rising SDI was related to increases in total disability. Many countries and territories in central America and eastern sub-Saharan Africa had increasingly lower rates of disease burden than expected given their SDI. At the same time, a subset of geographies recorded a growing gap between observed and expected levels of DALYs, a trend driven mainly by rising burden due to war, interpersonal violence, and various NCDs. Interpretation Health is improving globally, but this means more populations are spending more time with functional health loss, an absolute expansion of morbidity. The proportion of life spent in ill health decreases somewhat with increasing SDI, a relative compression of morbidity, which supports continued efforts to elevate personal income, improve education, and limit fertility. Our analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework on which to benchmark geography-specific health performance and SDG progress. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform financial and research investments, prevention efforts, health policies, and health system improvement initiatives for all countries along the development continuum. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
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