Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Science Communicator Platform

Stay connected! Follow us on X network (Twitter):
Share this content! On (X network) By
Global, Regional, and National Disability-Adjusted Life Years (Dalys) for 306 Diseases and Injuries and Healthy Life Expectancy (Hale) for 188 Countries, 1990-2013: Quantifying the Epidemiological Transition Publisher Pubmed



Murray CJL1 ; Barber RM1 ; Foreman KJ1, 6 ; Ozgoren AA7 ; Abdallah F9 ; Abera SF10, 11 ; Aboyans V12 ; Abraham JP13, 14, 16 ; Abubakar I19 ; Aburaddad LJ20 ; Aburmeileh NM21 ; Achoki T1 ; Ackerman IN24 ; Ademi Z24, 25, 27 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Murray CJL1
  2. Barber RM1
  3. Foreman KJ1, 6
  4. Ozgoren AA7
  5. Abdallah F9
  6. Abera SF10, 11
  7. Aboyans V12
  8. Abraham JP13, 14, 16
  9. Abubakar I19
  10. Aburaddad LJ20
  11. Aburmeileh NM21
  12. Achoki T1
  13. Ackerman IN24
  14. Ademi Z24, 25, 27
  15. Adou AK28
  16. Adsuar JC29
  17. Afshin A1, 30
  18. Agardh EE32
  19. Alam SS33
  20. Alasfoor D34
  21. Albittar MI35
  22. Alegretti MA36
  23. Alemu ZA38
  24. Alfonsocristancho R4
  25. Alhabib S39
  26. Ali R41
  27. Alla F43
  28. Allebeck P44
  29. Almazroa MA49
  30. Alsharif U50
  31. Alvarez E51
  32. Alvisguzman N52
  33. Amare AT53, 54, 55
  34. Ameh EA56
  35. Amini H25, 57
  36. Ammar W58
  37. Anderson HR59
  38. Anderson BO4
  39. Antonio CAT60
  40. Anwari P62
  41. Arnlov J63, 64
  42. Arsenijevic VSA65, 66
  43. Artaman A67
  44. Asghar RJ68
  45. Assadi R69
  46. Atkins LS70
  47. Avila MA71
  48. Awuah B72
  49. Bachman VF1
  50. Badawi A73
  51. Bahit MC74
  52. Balakrishnan K75
  53. Banerjee A76
  54. Barkercollo SL77
  55. Barquera S71
  56. Barregard L79
  57. Barrero LH80
  58. Basu A81
  59. Basu S83
  60. Basulaiman MO49
  61. Beardsley J84
  62. Bedi N85
  63. Beghi E86
  64. Bekele T87
  65. Bell ML88
  66. Benjet C89
  67. Bennett DA41
  68. Bensenor IM90
  69. Benzian H18, 91
  70. Bernabe E94
  71. Bertozzivilla A1
  72. Beyene TJ96
  73. Bhala N97, 98
  74. Bhalla A99
  75. Bhutta ZA100
  76. Bienhoff K1
  77. Bikbov B102, 103
  78. Biryukov S1
  79. Blore JD1, 24
  80. Blosser CD4
  81. Blyth FM105
  82. Bohensky MA24
  83. Bolliger IW1
  84. Basara BB106
  85. Bornstein NM108
  86. Bose D109
  87. Boufous S110
  88. Bourne RRA113
  89. Boyers LN114
  90. Brainin M115
  91. Brayne CE116
  92. Brazinova A117
  93. Breitborde NJK119, 120
  94. Brenner H122
  95. Briggs AD41
  96. Brooks PM24
  97. Brown JC1
  98. Brugha TS123
  99. Buchbinder R124, 125
  100. Buckle GC128
  101. Budke CM129
  102. Bulchis A1
  103. Bulloch AG130
  104. Camposnonato IR17, 71
  105. Carabin H131
  106. Carapetis JR132
  107. Cardenas R133
  108. Carpenter DO134
  109. Caso V135
  110. Castanedaorjuela CA136, 137
  111. Castro RE138
  112. Catalalopez F139, 140
  113. Cavalleri F37
  114. Cavlin A7
  115. Chadha VK141
  116. Chang JC142
  117. Charlson FJ146
  118. Chen H147
  119. Chen W465
  120. Chiang PP22
  121. Chimedochir O150
  122. Chowdhury R151
  123. Christensen H152
  124. Christophi CA153
  125. Cirillo M154
  126. Coates MM1
  127. Coffeng LE1
  128. Coggeshall MS1
  129. Colistro V155, 156
  130. Colquhoun SM24, 157
  131. Cooke GS6
  132. Cooper C158
  133. Cooper LT160
  134. Coppola LM161
  135. Cortinovis M86
  136. Criqui MH159
  137. Crump JA162
  138. Cuevasnasu L71
  139. Danawi H166
  140. Dandona L1, 167
  141. Dandona R167
  142. Dansereau E1
  143. Dargan PI168
  144. Davey G169
  145. Davis A170
  146. Davitoiu DV171
  147. Dayama A172
  148. De Leo D174
  149. Degenhardt L112
  150. Del Pozocruz B78
  151. Dellavalle RP175
  152. Deribe K95, 176
  153. Derrett S163, 165
  154. Des Jarlais DC177, 178
  155. Dessalegn M179
  156. Dharmaratne SD180
  157. Dherani MK182
  158. Diaztorne C183
  159. Dicker D1
  160. Ding EL16
  161. Dokova K184
  162. Dorsey ER185
  163. Driscoll TR104
  164. Duan L297
  165. Duber HC1
  166. Ebel BE2
  167. Edmond KM186
  168. Elshrek YM187
  169. Endres M50
  170. Ermakov SP188, 189
  171. Erskine HE146
  172. Eshrati B190
  173. Esteghamati A191
  174. Estep K1
  175. Faraon EJA194
  176. Farzadfar F191
  177. Fay DF170
  178. Feigin VL195
  179. Felson DT197
  180. Fereshtehnejad SM45
  181. Fernandes JG198
  182. Ferrari AJ146
  183. Fitzmaurice C1
  184. Flaxman AD1
  185. Fleming TD1
  186. Foigt N199
  187. Forouzanfar MH1
  188. Fowkes FGR200
  189. Paleo UF29
  190. Franklin RC201
  191. Furst T5
  192. Gabbe B127
  193. Gaffikin L82
  194. Gankpe FG202, 203
  195. Geleijnse JM204
  196. Gessner BD205
  197. Gething P40
  198. Gibney KB42, 127
  199. Giroud M206
  200. Giussani G86
  201. Dantes HG71
  202. Gona P207
  203. Gonzalezmedina D1
  204. Gosselin RA128
  205. Gotay CC209
  206. Goto A210
  207. Gouda HN146
  208. Graetz N1
  209. Gugnani HC211
  210. Gupta R212
  211. Gupta R212
  212. Gutierrez RA89
  213. Haagsma J1
  214. Hafezinejad N191
  215. Hagan H93
  216. Halasa YA214
  217. Hamadeh RR215
  218. Hamavid H1
  219. Hammami M216
  220. Hancock J1
  221. Hankey GJ186
  222. Hansen GM1
  223. Hao Y217
  224. Harb HL58
  225. Haro JM219, 220
  226. Havmoeller R48
  227. Hay SI1, 41
  228. Hay RJ94, 221
  229. Herediapi IB71
  230. Heuton KR1
  231. Heydarpour P192
  232. Higashi H1
  233. Hijar M222
  234. Hoek HW54, 223
  235. Hoffman HJ225
  236. Hosgood HD228, 229
  237. Hossain M230
  238. Hotez PJ231
  239. Hoy DG143, 232
  240. Hsairi M233
  241. Hu G234
  242. Huang C235
  243. Huang JJ88
  244. Husseini A236
  245. Huynh C1
  246. Iannarone ML1
  247. Iburg KM237
  248. Innos K238
  249. Inoue M239
  250. Islami F242
  251. Jacobsen KH243
  252. Jarvis DL6
  253. Jassal SK159
  254. Jee SH244
  255. Jeemon P245
  256. Jensen PN4
  257. Jha V99
  258. Jiang G246
  259. Jiang Y148, 149, 150
  260. Jonas JB247
  261. Juel K248
  262. Kan H250
  263. Karch A251, 252
  264. Karema CK253
  265. Karimkhani C254
  266. Karthikeyan G255
  267. Kassebaum NJ1, 3
  268. Kaul A256
  269. Kawakami N240
  270. Kazanjan K257
  271. Kemp AH90, 105
  272. Kengne AP258, 261
  273. Keren A262
  274. Khader YS263
  275. Khalifa SEA264
  276. Khan EA265, 266
  277. Khan G267
  278. Khang YH268
  279. Kieling C269
  280. Kim D270
  281. Kim S271
  282. Kim Y272
  283. Kinfu Y273
  284. Kinge JM275
  285. Kivipelto M47
  286. Knibbs LD144
  287. Knudsen AK274
  288. Kokubo Y276
  289. Kosen S277
  290. Krishnaswami S278
  291. Defo BK279
  292. Bicer BK8
  293. Kuipers EJ280
  294. Kulkarni C281
  295. Kulkarni VS282
  296. Kumar GA167
  297. Kyu HH1
  298. Lai T283
  299. Lalloo R173, 284
  300. Lallukka T285, 287
  301. Lam H288
  302. Lan Q289
  303. Lansingh VC290, 291
  304. Larsson A292
  305. Lawrynowicz AEB293
  306. Leasher JL294
  307. Leigh J105
  308. Leung R295
  309. Levitz CE1
  310. Li B296
  311. Li Y297
  312. Li Y297
  313. Lim SS1
  314. Lind M1
  315. Lipshultz SE299
  316. Liu S297
  317. Liu Y301
  318. Lloyd BK126, 302
  319. Lofgren KT1
  320. Logroscino G303
  321. Looker KJ304
  322. Lortettieulent J305
  323. Lotufo PA90
  324. Lozano R1, 71
  325. Lucas RM306
  326. Lunevicius R181, 307
  327. Lyons RA308
  328. Ma S309, 310
  329. Macintyre MF1
  330. Mackay MT312
  331. Majdan M118
  332. Malekzadeh R313, 314
  333. Marcenes W315
  334. Margolis DJ317
  335. Margono C1
  336. Marzan MB318
  337. Masci JR319
  338. Mashal MT320
  339. Matzopoulos R258, 260
  340. Mayosi BM261
  341. Mazorodze TT321
  342. Mcgill NW322
  343. Mcgrath JJ146
  344. Mckee M230
  345. Mclain A1
  346. Meaney PA316, 323
  347. Medina C71
  348. Mehndiratta MM324
  349. Mekonnen W96
  350. Melaku YA325
  351. Meltzer M326
  352. Memish ZA327
  353. Mensah GA226
  354. Meretoja A23, 328
  355. Mhimbira FA329
  356. Micha R30
  357. Miller TR330, 331
  358. Mills EJ332
  359. Mitchell PB112
  360. Mock CN4
  361. Ibrahim NM333
  362. Mohammad KA334
  363. Mokdad AH1
  364. Mola GLD335
  365. Monasta L336
  366. Hernandez JCM71
  367. Montico M336
  368. Montine TJ4
  369. Mooney MD1
  370. Moore AR337
  371. Moradilakeh M1, 338
  372. Moran AE224
  373. Mori R339
  374. Moschandreas J341
  375. Moturi WN342
  376. Moyer ML1
  377. Mozaffarian D30
  378. Msemburi WT1, 258
  379. Mueller UO343
  380. Mukaigawara M344
  381. Mullany EC1
  382. Murdoch ME345
  383. Murray J151
  384. Murthy KS167
  385. Naghavi M1
  386. Naheed A33
  387. Naidoo KS346
  388. Naldi L347
  389. Nand D348
  390. Nangia V349
  391. Narayan KMV301
  392. Nejjari C350
  393. Neupane SP351
  394. Newton CR352
  395. Ng M1
  396. Ngalesoni FN353
  397. Nguyen G1
  398. Nisar MI101
  399. Nolte S354, 355
  400. Norheim OF357
  401. Norman RE358
  402. Norrving B359
  403. Nyakarahuka L360
  404. Oh IH361
  405. Ohkubo T362
  406. Ohno SL1
  407. Olusanya BO363
  408. Opio JN364
  409. Ortblad K1
  410. Ortiz A365
  411. Pain AW1
  412. Pandian JD366
  413. Panelo CIA61
  414. Papachristou C354
  415. Park EK367
  416. Park JH368
  417. Patten SB130
  418. Patton GC24
  419. Paul VK255
  420. Pavlin BI369
  421. Pearce N230
  422. Pereira DM370
  423. Perezpadilla R371
  424. Perezruiz F372, 373
  425. Perico N374
  426. Pervaiz A375
  427. Pesudovs K376
  428. Peterson CB377
  429. Petzold M378, 379
  430. Phillips MR380, 381
  431. Phillips BK1
  432. Phillips DE1
  433. Piel FB41
  434. Plass D382
  435. Poenaru D383, 384
  436. Polinder S280
  437. Pope D182
  438. Popova S385
  439. Poulton RG164
  440. Pourmalek F208
  441. Prabhakaran D245
  442. Prasad NM386
  443. Pullan RL230
  444. Qato DM387
  445. Quistberg DA4
  446. Rafay A388, 391
  447. Rahimi K41
  448. Rahman SU389
  449. Raju M390
  450. Rana SM391, 392
  451. Razavi H393
  452. Reddy KS167
  453. Refaat A394
  454. Remuzzi G395
  455. Resnikoff S111, 396
  456. Ribeiro AL397
  457. Richardson L1
  458. Richardus JH280
  459. Roberts DA1
  460. Rojasrueda D398
  461. Ronfani L336
  462. Roth GA1
  463. Rothenbacher D399
  464. Rothstein DH400
  465. Rowley JT401
  466. Roy N44, 402
  467. Ruhago GM403
  468. Saeedi MY49
  469. Saha S404
  470. Sahraian MA192
  471. Sampson UKA227
  472. Sanabria JR405, 406
  473. Sandar L1
  474. Santos IS90
  475. Satpathy M255
  476. Sawhney M407
  477. Scarborough P41
  478. Schneider IJ408
  479. Schottker B121
  480. Schumacher AE1
  481. Schwebel DC409
  482. Scott JG145
  483. Seedat S410
  484. Sepanlou SG193
  485. Serina PT1
  486. Servanmori EE71
  487. Shackelford KA1
  488. Shaheen A411
  489. Shahraz S412
  490. Levy TS71
  491. Shangguan S31, 413
  492. She J249
  493. Sheikhbahaei S191
  494. Shi P31
  495. Shibuya K241
  496. Shinohara Y414
  497. Shiri R286, 415
  498. Shishani K416
  499. Shiue I417, 418
  500. Shrime MG17
  501. Sigfusdottir ID419
  502. Silberberg DH317
  503. Simard EP300
  504. Sindi S48
  505. Singh A420
  506. Singh JA409
  507. Singh L1
  508. Skirbekk V275
  509. Slepak EL1
  510. Sliwa K259
  511. Soneji S421
  512. Soreide K422
  513. Soshnikov S423
  514. Sposato LA424
  515. Sreeramareddy CT425
  516. Stanaway JD1
  517. Stathopoulou V426
  518. Stein DJ258, 261
  519. Stein MB159
  520. Steiner C1
  521. Steiner TJ428
  522. Stevens A1
  523. Stewart A1
  524. Stovner LJ427, 429
  525. Stroumpoulis K430, 431
  526. Sunguya BF403
  527. Swaminathan S432
  528. Swaroop M433
  529. Sykes BL434
  530. Tabb KM435
  531. Takahashi K149, 150
  532. Tandon N255
  533. Tanne D436, 437
  534. Tanner M26
  535. Tavakkoli M438
  536. Taylor HR24
  537. Te Ao BJ196
  538. Tediosi F26
  539. Temesgen AM1
  540. Templin T1
  541. Ten Have M439
  542. Tenkorang EY440
  543. Terkawi AS441, 442, 443
  544. Thomson B1
  545. Thornelyman AL15, 444
  546. Thrift AG127
  547. Thurston GD92
  548. Tillmann T230
  549. Tonelli M130
  550. Topouzis F445
  551. Toyoshima H446
  552. Traebert J447
  553. Tran BX448, 449
  554. Trillini M374
  555. Truelsen T450
  556. Tsilimbaris M340
  557. Tuzcu EM451
  558. Uchendu US452
  559. Ukwaja KN453
  560. Undurraga EA214
  561. Uzun SB107
  562. Van Brakel WH454
  563. Van De Vijver S455
  564. Van Gool CH456
  565. Van Os J457
  566. Vasankari TJ458
  567. Venketasubramanian N459
  568. Violante FS460
  569. Vlassov VV461
  570. Vollset SE275, 356
  571. Wagner GR16, 462
  572. Wagner J1
  573. Waller SG463
  574. Wan X1, 464
  575. Wang H1
  576. Wang J130
  577. Wang L297
  578. Warouw TS466
  579. Weichenthal S467
  580. Weiderpass E46
  581. Weintraub RG24, 311
  582. Wenzhi W468
  583. Werdecker A469
  584. Westerman R470, 471
  585. Whiteford HA146
  586. Wilkinson JD472
  587. Williams TN6
  588. Wolfe CD94
  589. Wolock TM1
  590. Woolf AD473
  591. Wulf S1
  592. Wurtz B1
  593. Xu G474
  594. Yan LL475
  595. Yano Y433, 476
  596. Ye P297
  597. Yentur GK106
  598. Yip P477
  599. Yonemoto N478
  600. Yoon SJ479
  601. Younis MZ480
  602. Yu C481, 482
  603. Zaki ME483
  604. Zhao Y484
  605. Zheng Y218
  606. Zonies D278
  607. Zou X465
  608. Salomon JA17
  609. Lopez AD24
  610. Vos T1
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States
  2. 2. Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, United States
  3. 3. Seattle Children's Hospital, United States
  4. 4. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, United States
  6. 6. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  7. 7. Institute of Population Studies, United Kingdom
  8. 8. Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  9. 9. Faculty of Medicine, Cairo-University, Cairo, Egypt
  10. 10. School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  11. 11. Kilte Awlaelo-Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  12. 12. Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
  13. 13. Family Medicine Residency Program at California Hospital, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  14. 14. Institute for Global Health, Boston, MA, United States
  15. 15. Department of Nutrition, Boston, MA, United States
  16. 16. School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
  17. 17. Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  18. 18. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, United States
  19. 19. University College London, London, United Kingdom
  20. 20. Weill Cornell Medical College Ar-Rayyan Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  21. 21. Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
  22. 22. General Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre, Palestine
  23. 23. Department of Medicine and the Florey, Palestine
  24. 24. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  25. 25. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  26. 26. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland
  27. 27. Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
  28. 28. Association Ivoirienne pour le Bien-tre Familial, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
  29. 29. University of Extremadura, Cceres, Spain
  30. 30. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States
  31. 31. Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
  32. 32. Institution of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
  33. 33. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
  34. 34. Ministry of Health, Al Khuwair, Oman
  35. 35. Independent, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
  36. 36. Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Social, Syrian Arab Republic
  37. 37. Universidad de la RepblicaFacultad de Medicina, Montevideo, Uruguay
  38. 38. Debre Markos University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  39. 39. King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  40. 40. Department of Zoology, United Kingdom
  41. 41. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  42. 42. Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  43. 43. School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
  44. 44. Department of Public Health Sciences, France
  45. 45. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), France
  46. 46. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, France
  47. 47. Aging Research Center, France
  48. 48. Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  49. 49. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  50. 50. Charit University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  51. 51. Government, Madrid, Spain
  52. 52. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  53. 53. Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  54. 54. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  55. 55. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  56. 56. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  57. 57. Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  58. 58. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  59. 59. St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  60. 60. Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, United Kingdom
  61. 61. University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  62. 62. Self Employee, Kabul, Afghanistan
  63. 63. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  64. 64. Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  65. 65. School of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  66. 66. University Children's Hospital Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  67. 67. Consultant, Windsor, ON, Canada
  68. 68. South Asian Public Health Forum, Islamabad, Pakistan
  69. 69. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  70. 70. Wellness, Human Services and Gender Relations, Ministry of Health, Castries, Saint Lucia
  71. 71. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  72. 72. Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
  73. 73. Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  74. 74. INECO Neurociencias, Rosario, Argentina
  75. 75. Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
  76. 76. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  77. 77. School of Psychology, United Kingdom
  78. 78. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  79. 79. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  80. 80. Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
  81. 81. School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
  82. 82. School of Medicine, United States
  83. 83. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  84. 84. Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, United Kingdom
  85. 85. College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  86. 86. IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
  87. 87. Madawalabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
  88. 88. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  89. 89. National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muiz, Mexico City, Mexico
  90. 90. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  91. 91. Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, College of Dentistry, Brazil
  92. 92. Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, United States
  93. 93. New York University, New York, NY, United States
  94. 94. King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  95. 95. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  96. 96. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  97. 97. Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  98. 98. University of Otago Medical School, New Zealand
  99. 99. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  100. 100. Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan
  101. 101. Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  102. 102. A.I.Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
  103. 103. Academician V.I.Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russian Federation
  104. 104. Sydney School of Public Health, Australia
  105. 105. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  106. 106. General Directorate of Health Research, Australia
  107. 107. Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
  108. 108. Tel Aviv Saurasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
  109. 109. World Bank, Washington, DC, United States
  110. 110. Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, United States
  111. 111. BHVI, Australia
  112. 112. University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  113. 113. Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  114. 114. Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  115. 115. Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
  116. 116. Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  117. 117. Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, United Kingdom
  118. 118. Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  119. 119. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  120. 120. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  121. 121. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, United States
  122. 122. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  123. 123. University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  124. 124. Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  125. 125. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, United States
  126. 126. Eastern Health Clinical School, United States
  127. 127. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  128. 128. University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  129. 129. Texas AandM University, College Station, TX, United States
  130. 130. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  131. 131. University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  132. 132. Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, WA, Australia
  133. 133. Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
  134. 134. University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  135. 135. University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
  136. 136. Colombian National Health Observatory, Bogota, Colombia
  137. 137. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidades Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  138. 138. Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
  139. 139. Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency (AEMPS), Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
  140. 140. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia/CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
  141. 141. National Tuberculosis Institute, Bengaluru, India
  142. 142. College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  143. 143. School of Population Health, Taiwan
  144. 144. School of Public Health, Taiwan
  145. 145. Centre for Clinical Research, Taiwan
  146. 146. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  147. 147. Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
  148. 148. Department of Health Development, United States
  149. 149. Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, United States
  150. 150. Department of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
  151. 151. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  152. 152. Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
  153. 153. Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
  154. 154. University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
  155. 155. Universidad de la Repblica, Montevideo, Uruguay
  156. 156. Ministerio de Salud Pblica, Montevideo, Uruguay
  157. 157. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  158. 158. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  159. 159. University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
  160. 160. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  161. 161. Hospital Municipal Ramon Santamarina, Tandil, Argentina
  162. 162. Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand
  163. 163. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand
  164. 164. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  165. 165. School of Public Health, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
  166. 166. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  167. 167. Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
  168. 168. Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  169. 169. Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton, United Kingdom
  170. 170. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  171. 171. University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  172. 172. Department of Surgery, Jacobi Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
  173. 173. School of Dentistry and Oral Health, United States
  174. 174. Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  175. 175. US Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO, United States
  176. 176. Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  177. 177. Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, United States
  178. 178. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
  179. 179. Africa Medical and Research Foundation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  180. 180. University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  181. 181. School of Medicine, Sri Lanka
  182. 182. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  183. 183. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
  184. 184. Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical UniversityVarna, Varna, Bulgaria
  185. 185. University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
  186. 186. University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  187. 187. Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  188. 188. Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  189. 189. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  190. 190. Arak University of Medical Sciences and Health Affairs, Arak, Iran
  191. 191. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolic Research Institute, Iran
  192. 192. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Iran
  193. 193. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  194. 194. DHPA, UP College of Public Health, Manila, Philippines
  195. 195. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, New Zealand
  196. 196. Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  197. 197. Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  198. 198. Institute of Education and Sciences, German Hospital Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  199. 199. Institute of Gerontology, Academy of Medical Science, Kiev, Ukraine
  200. 200. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  201. 201. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  202. 202. Leras Afrique, Cotonou, Benin
  203. 203. CHU Hassan II, Fez, Morocco
  204. 204. Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  205. 205. Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France
  206. 206. University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
  207. 207. University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  208. 208. School of Population and Public Health, United States
  209. 209. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  210. 210. Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
  211. 211. Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Netherlands
  212. 212. West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
  213. 213. Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, India
  214. 214. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
  215. 215. Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  216. 216. Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States
  217. 217. School of Public Health, United States
  218. 218. Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yae-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
  219. 219. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de DuCIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
  220. 220. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  221. 221. International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom
  222. 222. Fundacion Entornos AC, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  223. 223. Department of Epidemiology, United States
  224. 224. Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  225. 225. Epidemiology and Statistics Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, United States
  226. 226. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, United States
  227. 227. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
  228. 228. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  229. 229. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  230. 230. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  231. 231. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  232. 232. Public Health Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia
  233. 233. National Institute of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia
  234. 234. School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
  235. 235. George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
  236. 236. Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  237. 237. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  238. 238. National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
  239. 239. Graduate School of Medicine, Estonia
  240. 240. School of Public Health, Estonia
  241. 241. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  242. 242. American Cancer Society, New York, NY, United States
  243. 243. George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  244. 244. Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  245. 245. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
  246. 246. Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
  247. 247. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  248. 248. National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
  249. 249. Zhongshan Hospital, China
  250. 250. Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  251. 251. Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  252. 252. Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
  253. 253. Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, Kigali City, Rwanda
  254. 254. Case Western University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States
  255. 255. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  256. 256. Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
  257. 257. National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
  258. 258. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  259. 259. Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, South Africa
  260. 260. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, South Africa
  261. 261. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  262. 262. Cardiology, Hadassah Ein Kerem University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
  263. 263. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  264. 264. Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Qatar
  265. 265. Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  266. 266. Expanded Programme on Immunization, Islamabad, Pakistan
  267. 267. UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  268. 268. Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  269. 269. Federal University of Rio Grande Do sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  270. 270. Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  271. 271. Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, South Korea
  272. 272. Southern University College, Johor, Malaysia
  273. 273. University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  274. 274. Department of Health Registries, Australia
  275. 275. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  276. 276. National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  277. 277. Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy and Humanities, NIHRD, Jakarta, Indonesia
  278. 278. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  279. 279. University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  280. 280. Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  281. 281. Rajrajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
  282. 282. Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
  283. 283. Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia
  284. 284. Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  285. 285. Disability Prevention Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
  286. 286. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  287. 287. Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  288. 288. Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
  289. 289. National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  290. 290. Help Me See, Inc, New York, NY, United States
  291. 291. Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia, Queretaro, Mexico
  292. 292. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  293. 293. Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologa Dr. Juan H. Jara, Mar del Plata, Argentina
  294. 294. Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  295. 295. SUNY-Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  296. 296. Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, China
  297. 297. National Center for Chronic and Noncommunible Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
  298. 298. Anolinx, LLC, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
  299. 299. Wayne State University, Miami, FL, United States
  300. 300. Rollins School of Public Health, United States
  301. 301. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  302. 302. Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  303. 303. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  304. 304. University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  305. 305. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
  306. 306. Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  307. 307. Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  308. 308. Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
  309. 309. Ministry of Health Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  310. 310. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  311. 311. Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  312. 312. Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  313. 313. Digestive Disease Reseach Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  314. 314. Shiraz University of Medical Scinces, Shiraz, Iran
  315. 315. Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
  316. 316. Pereleman School of Medicine, United States
  317. 317. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  318. 318. University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
  319. 319. Elmhurst Hospital Center, Mount Sinai Services, Elmhurst, NY, United States
  320. 320. Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
  321. 321. AIDC EC, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
  322. 322. Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
  323. 323. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  324. 324. Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
  325. 325. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  326. 326. Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  327. 327. Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  328. 328. Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  329. 329. Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
  330. 330. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  331. 331. Curtin University Centre for Population Health, Perth, WA, Australia
  332. 332. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  333. 333. Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  334. 334. University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
  335. 335. University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, Papua New Guinea
  336. 336. Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
  337. 337. University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
  338. 338. Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  339. 339. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
  340. 340. Department of Medicine, Japan
  341. 341. University of Crete, Crete, Greece
  342. 342. Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
  343. 343. Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
  344. 344. Okinawa Chubu Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
  345. 345. West Herts Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford, United Kingdom
  346. 346. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  347. 347. Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  348. 348. Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji
  349. 349. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  350. 350. Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco
  351. 351. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  352. 352. Kilifi, Kenya
  353. 353. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  354. 354. Charit Univarsity Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  355. 355. Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  356. 356. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Australia
  357. 357. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  358. 358. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  359. 359. Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  360. 360. Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  361. 361. Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  362. 362. Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
  363. 363. Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria
  364. 364. Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Uganda
  365. 365. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
  366. 366. Christian Medical College Ludhiana, Ludhiana, India
  367. 367. Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
  368. 368. School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
  369. 369. Independent Researcher, Boroko, Papua New Guinea
  370. 370. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratrio de Farmacognosia, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
  371. 371. National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
  372. 372. Hopsital Universitario Cruces, OSI EE-Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
  373. 373. Biocruces Health Research Institute, Baracaldo, Spain
  374. 374. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
  375. 375. Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  376. 376. Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  377. 377. Aalborg University, Aalborg Esst, Denmark
  378. 378. Health Metrics Unit, Gothenburg, Sweden
  379. 379. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  380. 380. Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  381. 381. Emory University Atlanta, GA, United States
  382. 382. Section Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, Federal Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
  383. 383. Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  384. 384. MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  385. 385. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
  386. 386. Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  387. 387. University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
  388. 388. Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
  389. 389. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  390. 390. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
  391. 391. Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  392. 392. Contech Internal Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
  393. 393. Center for Disease Analysis, Louisville, CO, United States
  394. 394. Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
  395. 395. Centro Anna Maria Astori, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
  396. 396. International Health and Development, Geneva, Switzerland
  397. 397. Hospital das Clinica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  398. 398. Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
  399. 399. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  400. 400. Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
  401. 401. Independent Researcher, London, United Kingdom
  402. 402. BARC Hospital, HBNI University, Mumbai, India
  403. 403. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  404. 404. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  405. 405. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  406. 406. Cancer Treatment Centers of America, RFU Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
  407. 407. Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  408. 408. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianpolis, Brazil
  409. 409. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  410. 410. Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  411. 411. An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
  412. 412. Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  413. 413. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  414. 414. Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
  415. 415. Finnish Institute of Occupationel Health, Helsinki, Finland
  416. 416. Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
  417. 417. Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  418. 418. Alzheimer's Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  419. 419. Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  420. 420. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  421. 421. Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
  422. 422. Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
  423. 423. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  424. 424. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
  425. 425. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Cheras, Malaysia
  426. 426. Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
  427. 427. Department of Neuroscience, Greece
  428. 428. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  429. 429. Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
  430. 430. Alexandra General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
  431. 431. Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin, Cherbourg, France
  432. 432. National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
  433. 433. Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  434. 434. University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  435. 435. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
  436. 436. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
  437. 437. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  438. 438. Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States
  439. 439. Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands
  440. 440. Memorial University, St John's, NL, Canada
  441. 441. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  442. 442. Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, United States
  443. 443. Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  444. 444. WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
  445. 445. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  446. 446. Health Care Center of Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo City, Japan
  447. 447. University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoa, Brazil
  448. 448. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  449. 449. Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  450. 450. Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  451. 451. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  452. 452. Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
  453. 453. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  454. 454. Netherlands Leprosy Relief, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  455. 455. African Population and Health Research Center, Nariobi, Kenya
  456. 456. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
  457. 457. Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
  458. 458. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  459. 459. Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  460. 460. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  461. 461. Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  462. 462. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, United States
  463. 463. Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
  464. 464. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, United States
  465. 465. Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
  466. 466. NIHRD, Ministry of Health Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  467. 467. Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  468. 468. Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
  469. 469. Institute of Medical Sociology and Social Medicine, Marburg, Germany
  470. 470. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  471. 471. German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
  472. 472. Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
  473. 473. Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom
  474. 474. Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
  475. 475. Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  476. 476. Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
  477. 477. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong
  478. 478. National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  479. 479. Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  480. 480. Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  481. 481. School of Public Health, Wuhan, China
  482. 482. Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  483. 483. Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
  484. 484. Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

Source: The Lancet Published:2015


Abstract

Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3-7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6-29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non-communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition - in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden - is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
Experts (# of related papers)
Other Related Docs
35. The Global Burden of Anemia, Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America (2016)