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Oncolytic Virotherapy As Promising Immunotherapy Against Cancer: Mechanisms of Resistance to Oncolytic Viruses Publisher Pubmed



Goradel NH1 ; Alizadeh A2 ; Hosseinzadeh S3 ; Taghipour M4 ; Ghesmati Z5 ; Arashkia A6 ; Negahdari B1
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
  5. 5. Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran

Source: Future Oncology Published:2022


Abstract

Oncolytic virotherapy has currently emerged as a powerful therapeutic approach in cancer treatment. Although the history of using viruses goes back to the early 20th century, the approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015 increased interest in oncolytic viruses (OVs). OVs are multifaceted biotherapeutic agents because they replicate in and kill tumor cells and augment immune responses by releasing immunostimulatory molecules from lysed cells. Despite promising results, some limitations hinder the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. The delivery challenges and the upregulation of checkpoints following oncolytic virotherapy also mediate resistance to OVs by diminishing immune responses. Furthermore, the localization of receptors of viruses in the tight junctions, interferon responses, and the aberrant expression of genes involved in the cell cycle of the virus, including their infection and replication, reduce the efficacy of OVs. In this review, we present different mechanisms of resistance to OVs and strategies to overcome them. © 2021 Future Medicine Ltd.
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