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Mapping Child Growth Failure Across Low- and Middle-Income Countries Publisher Pubmed



Kinyoki DK1, 304 ; Osgoodzimmerman AE304 ; Pickering BV304 ; Schaeffer LE304 ; Marczak LB304 ; Lazzaratwood A304 ; Collison ML304 ; Henry NJ304 ; Abebe Z2 ; Adamu AA3, 4 ; Adekanmbi V5 ; Ahmadi K6 ; Ajumobi O7, 8 ; Aleyadhy A9 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Kinyoki DK1, 304
  2. Osgoodzimmerman AE304
  3. Pickering BV304
  4. Schaeffer LE304
  5. Marczak LB304
  6. Lazzaratwood A304
  7. Collison ML304
  8. Henry NJ304
  9. Abebe Z2
  10. Adamu AA3, 4
  11. Adekanmbi V5
  12. Ahmadi K6
  13. Ajumobi O7, 8
  14. Aleyadhy A9
  15. Alraddadi RM10
  16. Alahdab F11
  17. Alijanzadeh M12
  18. Alipour V13, 14
  19. Altirkawi K15
  20. Amini S16
  21. Andrei CL17
  22. Antonio CAT18, 19
  23. Arabloo J14
  24. Aremu O20
  25. Asadialiabadi M21
  26. Atique S22
  27. Ausloos M23, 24, 111
  28. Avila M25
  29. Awasthi A26, 27
  30. Quintanilla BPA28, 29
  31. Azari S14
  32. Badawi A30, 31
  33. Barnighausen TW32, 33
  34. Bassat Q34, 35
  35. Baye K36
  36. Bedi N37, 38
  37. Bekele BB39, 40
  38. Bell ML41
  39. Bhattacharjee NV304
  40. Bhattacharyya K42, 43
  41. Bhattarai S44
  42. Bhutta ZA45, 46
  43. Biadgo B47
  44. Bikbov B48
  45. Briko AN49
  46. Britton G50
  47. Burstein R304
  48. Butt ZA51, 52
  49. Car J53, 54
  50. Castanedaorjuela CA55, 56
  51. Castro F57
  52. Cerin E58, 59
  53. Chipeta MG60
  54. Chu DT61
  55. Cork MA304
  56. Cromwell EA1, 304
  57. Cuevasnasu L25
  58. Dandona L27, 304
  59. Dandona R27, 304
  60. Daoud F304
  61. Gupta RD62, 63
  62. Weaver ND304
  63. Leo DD64
  64. Neve JWD32
  65. Deribe K65, 66
  66. Desalegn BB67
  67. Deshpande A304
  68. Desta M68, 69
  69. Diaz D69, 70
  70. Dinberu MT71
  71. Doku DT72, 73
  72. Dubey M74
  73. Duraes AR75, 76
  74. Dwyerlindgren L1, 304
  75. Earl L304
  76. Effiong A77
  77. Zaki MES78
  78. Tantawi ME79
  79. Elkhatib Z80, 81
  80. Eshrati B82, 83
  81. Fareed M84
  82. Faro A85
  83. Fereshtehnejad SM86, 87
  84. Filip I88, 89
  85. Fischer F90
  86. Foigt NA91
  87. Folayan MO92
  88. Fukumoto T93, 94
  89. Gebrehiwot TT95
  90. Gezae KE96
  91. Ghajar A97, 98
  92. Gill PS99
  93. Gona PN100
  94. Gopalani SV101, 102
  95. Grada A103
  96. Guo Y104, 105
  97. Hajmirzaian A106, 107
  98. Hajmirzaian A106, 107
  99. Hall JB304
  100. Hamidi S109
  101. Henok A40
  102. Prado BH1, 304
  103. Herrero M110
  104. Herteliu C24, 111
  105. Hoang CL112
  106. Hole MK113
  107. Hossain N114, 115
  108. Hosseinzadeh M116, 117
  109. Hu G118
  110. Islam SMS119, 120
  111. Jakovljevic M121
  112. Jha RP122
  113. Jonas JB123, 124
  114. Jozwiak JJ125
  115. Kahsay A126
  116. Kanchan T127
  117. Karami M128
  118. Kasaeian A129, 130
  119. Khader YS131
  120. Khan EA132
  121. Khater MM133
  122. Kim YJ134
  123. Kimokoti RW135
  124. Kisa A136
  125. Kochhar S137, 138
  126. Kosen S139
  127. Koyanagi A35, 140
  128. Krishan K141
  129. Defo BK142, 143
  130. Kumar GA27
  131. Kumar M144, 145
  132. Lad SD146
  133. Lami FH147
  134. Lee PH148
  135. Levine AJ304
  136. Li S104
  137. Linn S149
  138. Lodha R150
  139. El Razek HMA151
  140. Abd El Razek MM152
  141. Majdan M153
  142. Majeed A154
  143. Malekzadeh R155, 156
  144. Malta DC157
  145. Mamun AA158
  146. Mansournia MA159
  147. Martinsmelo FR160
  148. Masaka A161
  149. Massenburg BB162
  150. Mayala BK304
  151. Mejiarodriguez F163
  152. Melku M39
  153. Mendoza W164
  154. Mensah GA165, 166
  155. Miazgowski T167
  156. Miller TR168, 169
  157. Mini GK170, 171
  158. Mirrakhimov EM172, 173
  159. Moazen B32, 174
  160. Darwesh AM175
  161. Mohammed S32, 176
  162. Mohebi F177
  163. Mokdad AH1, 304
  164. Moodley Y178
  165. Moradi G179, 180
  166. Moradilakeh M21
  167. Moraga P181
  168. Morrison SD182
  169. Mosser JF304
  170. Mousavi SM183, 184
  171. Mueller UO185, 186
  172. Murray CJL1, 304
  173. Mustafa G187, 188
  174. Naderi M189
  175. Naghavi M1, 304
  176. Najafi F190
  177. Nangia V191
  178. Ndwandwe DE4
  179. Negoi I192
  180. Ngunjiri JW193
  181. Nguyen HLT194
  182. Nguyen LH112
  183. Nguyen SH112
  184. Nie J195
  185. Nnaji CA4, 196
  186. Noubiap JJ166
  187. Shiadeh MN197
  188. Nyasulu PS198
  189. Ogbo FA199
  190. Olagunju AT200, 201
  191. Olusanya BO202
  192. Olusanya JO202
  193. Ortizpanozo E203, 204
  194. Otstavnov SS205, 206
  195. P A M207
  196. Pana A24, 111, 208
  197. Pandey A27
  198. Pati S209
  199. Patil ST210
  200. Patton GC211, 212
  201. Perico N213
  202. Pigott DM1, 304
  203. Pirsaheb M214
  204. Piwoz EG215
  205. Postma MJ216, 217
  206. Pourshams A155
  207. Prakash S218
  208. Quintana H57
  209. Radfar A219, 220
  210. Rafiei A221, 222
  211. Rahimimovaghar V223
  212. Rai RK224, 225
  213. Rajati F214
  214. Rawaf DL226, 227
  215. Rawaf S228, 229
  216. Rawat R215
  217. Remuzzi G213
  218. Renzaho AMN230, 231
  219. Riosgonzalez C232, 233
  220. Roever L234
  221. Ross JM137, 304
  222. Rostami A235
  223. Sadat N304
  224. Safari Y214
  225. Safdarian M223, 236
  226. Sahebkar A237, 238
  227. Salam N239
  228. Salamati P223
  229. Salimi Y190, 240
  230. Salimzadeh H155
  231. Samy AM241
  232. Sartorius B1, 242
  233. Sathian B243, 244
  234. Schipp MF304
  235. Schwebel DC245
  236. Senbeta AM246
  237. Sepanlou SG155, 156
  238. Shaikh MA247
  239. Levy TS25
  240. Shamsi M248
  241. Sharafi K214
  242. Sharma R249
  243. Sheikh A250, 251
  244. Shil A252
  245. Silva DAS253
  246. Singh JA254, 255
  247. Sinha DN256, 257
  248. Soofi M240
  249. Sudaryanto A258, 259
  250. Sufiyan MB260
  251. Tabaresseisdedos R261, 262
  252. Tadesse BT263, 264, 266
  253. Temsah MH265, 266
  254. Terkawi AS267, 268
  255. Tessema ZT269
  256. Thornelyman AL270
  257. Tovanipalone MR271
  258. Tran BX272
  259. Tran KB273, 274
  260. Ullah I275, 276
  261. Uthman OA277
  262. Vaezghasemi M278
  263. Vaezi A279
  264. Valdez PR280, 281
  265. Vanderheide J304
  266. Veisani Y282
  267. Violante FS283, 284
  268. Vlassov V285
  269. Vu GT112
  270. Vu LG112
  271. Waheed Y286
  272. Walson JL137
  273. Wang Y287
  274. Wang YP288
  275. Wangia EN289
  276. Werdecker A185, 186
  277. Xu G290
  278. Yamada T291
  279. Yisma E292
  280. Yonemoto N293
  281. Younis MZ294, 295
  282. Yousefifard M296
  283. Yu C287, 297
  284. Zaman SB298, 299
  285. Zamani M300
  286. Zhang Y301, 302
  287. Kassebaum NJ303, 304
  288. Hay SI1, 304
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Human Nutrition Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  3. 3. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  4. 4. Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  5. 5. School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
  6. 6. Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
  7. 7. School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
  8. 8. National Malaria Elimination Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
  9. 9. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  10. 10. Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  11. 11. Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  12. 12. Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  13. 13. Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  16. 16. Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  17. 17. Carol Davila University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  18. 18. Department of Health Policy & Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  19. 19. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  20. 20. School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  21. 21. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Department of Health Informatics, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
  23. 23. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  24. 24. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  25. 25. Center for Research in Evaluation and Surveys, National Public Health Institute, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  26. 26. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  27. 27. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  28. 28. The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  29. 29. General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
  30. 30. Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  31. 31. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  32. 32. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  33. 33. T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  34. 34. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  35. 35. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  36. 36. Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  37. 37. Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
  38. 38. Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  39. 39. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  40. 40. Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
  41. 41. School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  42. 42. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  43. 43. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  44. 44. Department of Global Health, Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
  45. 45. Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  46. 46. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  47. 47. Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  48. 48. Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Ranica, Italy
  49. 49. Biomedical Technologies, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  50. 50. Center for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Panama
  51. 51. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  52. 52. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  53. 53. Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  54. 54. Global Health Unit, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  55. 55. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  56. 56. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  57. 57. Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama
  58. 58. Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  59. 59. School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  60. 60. Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  61. 61. Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  62. 62. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  63. 63. James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  64. 64. Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
  65. 65. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  66. 66. Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  67. 67. School of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  68. 68. Department of Midwifery, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  69. 69. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  70. 70. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  71. 71. Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  72. 72. Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  73. 73. Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
  74. 74. World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
  75. 75. Medical Board, Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
  76. 76. Department of Internal Medicine, Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
  77. 77. Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  78. 78. Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  79. 79. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  80. 80. Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  81. 81. World Health Programme, Universite du Quebec en Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
  82. 82. School of Public Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  83. 83. Center of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  84. 84. College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  85. 85. Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
  86. 86. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  87. 87. Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  88. 88. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  89. 89. Department of Health Sciences, A. T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  90. 90. Department of Population Health Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  91. 91. Laboratory of Population Aging, Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  92. 92. Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
  93. 93. Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  94. 94. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  95. 95. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  96. 96. Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  97. 97. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  98. 98. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  99. 99. Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  100. 100. Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  101. 101. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  102. 102. Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  103. 103. Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  104. 104. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  105. 105. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
  106. 106. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  107. 107. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  108. 108. Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  109. 109. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  110. 110. Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
  111. 111. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  112. 112. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  113. 113. Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States
  114. 114. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  115. 115. Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
  116. 116. Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad Univeristy, Tehran, Iran
  117. 117. Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
  118. 118. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
  119. 119. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  120. 120. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  121. 121. Department of Health Care and Public Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  122. 122. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  123. 123. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  124. 124. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  125. 125. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  126. 126. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  127. 127. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  128. 128. Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  129. 129. Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  130. 130. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  131. 131. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  132. 132. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  133. 133. Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  134. 134. School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  135. 135. Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
  136. 136. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  137. 137. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  138. 138. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  139. 139. Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia
  140. 140. CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain
  141. 141. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  142. 142. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  143. 143. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  144. 144. Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  145. 145. Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  146. 146. Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  147. 147. Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
  148. 148. School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
  149. 149. School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  150. 150. Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  151. 151. Radiology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
  152. 152. Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt
  153. 153. Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  154. 154. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  155. 155. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  156. 156. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  157. 157. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  158. 158. Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  159. 159. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  160. 160. Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Caucaia, Brazil
  161. 161. Public Health Department, Botho University-Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  162. 162. Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  163. 163. Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  164. 164. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  165. 165. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  166. 166. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  167. 167. Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  168. 168. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  169. 169. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  170. 170. Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  171. 171. Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India
  172. 172. Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  173. 173. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  174. 174. Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  175. 175. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  176. 176. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  177. 177. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  178. 178. Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  179. 179. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  180. 180. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  181. 181. Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
  182. 182. Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  183. 183. Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  184. 184. Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah Univeristy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  185. 185. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  186. 186. Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
  187. 187. Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
  188. 188. Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  189. 189. Clinical Research Development Centre, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  190. 190. Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  191. 191. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  192. 192. General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  193. 193. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
  194. 194. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  195. 195. Department of Sociology & Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
  196. 196. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  197. 197. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  198. 198. Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  199. 199. UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  200. 200. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  201. 201. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  202. 202. Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  203. 203. Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  204. 204. School of Health and Welfare, Jonkoping University, Jonkoping, Sweden
  205. 205. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  206. 206. Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  207. 207. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  208. 208. Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  209. 209. Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
  210. 210. Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, India
  211. 211. Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  212. 212. Population Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  213. 213. Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
  214. 214. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  215. 215. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
  216. 216. Department of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  217. 217. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  218. 218. Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  219. 219. College of Graduate Health Sciences, A. T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  220. 220. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  221. 221. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  222. 222. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  223. 223. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  224. 224. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  225. 225. Department of Economics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany
  226. 226. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  227. 227. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  228. 228. Academic Public Health, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  229. 229. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  230. 230. School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  231. 231. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  232. 232. Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando De La Mora, Paraguay
  233. 233. Research Direction, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazu, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay
  234. 234. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  235. 235. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  236. 236. Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  237. 237. Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  238. 238. Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
  239. 239. Department of Pathology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  240. 240. Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  241. 241. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  242. 242. Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  243. 243. Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  244. 244. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  245. 245. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  246. 246. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
  247. 247. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  248. 248. Department of Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  249. 249. University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
  250. 250. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  251. 251. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  252. 252. Department of Public Health, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
  253. 253. Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  254. 254. Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  255. 255. Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  256. 256. Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
  257. 257. Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
  258. 258. Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
  259. 259. Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  260. 260. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  261. 261. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  262. 262. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
  263. 263. Department of Pediatrics, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  264. 264. International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
  265. 265. Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  266. 266. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  267. 267. Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  268. 268. Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  269. 269. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  270. 270. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  271. 271. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  272. 272. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  273. 273. Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  274. 274. Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  275. 275. Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  276. 276. TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  277. 277. Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  278. 278. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Nutrition, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
  279. 279. Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  280. 280. Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad De Buenos Aires, Argentina
  281. 281. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  282. 282. Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  283. 283. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  284. 284. Occupational Health Unit, Sant’orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  285. 285. Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  286. 286. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  287. 287. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  288. 288. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  289. 289. University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  290. 290. School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
  291. 291. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  292. 292. School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  293. 293. Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
  294. 294. Health Economics & Finance, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  295. 295. School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  296. 296. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  297. 297. Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  298. 298. Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  299. 299. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  300. 300. Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  301. 301. School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  302. 302. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  303. 303. Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  304. 304. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States

Source: Nature Published:2020


Abstract

Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0–59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3–5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization’s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning interventions that are adapted locally and in efficiently directing resources towards reducing CGF and its health implications. © 2020, The Author(s).
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