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The Overlapping Burden of the Three Leading Causes of Disability and Death in Sub-Saharan African Children Publisher Pubmed



Welgan CA1 ; Troeger CE1 ; Baumann MM1 ; Weiss DJ3 ; Deshpande A1 ; Blacker BF1 ; Millerpetrie MK1 ; Earl L1 ; Bhatt S4 ; Abolhassani H5, 6 ; Abosetugn AE7 ; Abugharbieh E8 ; Adekanmbi V9 ; Adetokunboh OO10, 11 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Welgan CA1
  2. Troeger CE1
  3. Baumann MM1
  4. Weiss DJ3
  5. Deshpande A1
  6. Blacker BF1
  7. Millerpetrie MK1
  8. Earl L1
  9. Bhatt S4
  10. Abolhassani H5, 6
  11. Abosetugn AE7
  12. Abugharbieh E8
  13. Adekanmbi V9
  14. Adetokunboh OO10, 11
  15. Aghaali M12
  16. Aji B13
  17. Alahdab F14
  18. Alaly Z15, 16
  19. Alhassan RK17
  20. Ali S18
  21. Alizade H19
  22. Aljunid SM20, 21
  23. Almasihashiani A22
  24. Almekhlafi HM23, 24
  25. Altirkawi KA25
  26. Alvisguzman N26, 27
  27. Amare AT28, 29
  28. Amini S30
  29. Amugsi DA31
  30. Ancuceanu R32
  31. Andrei CL33
  32. Ansari F34, 35
  33. Anvari D36, 37
  34. Appiah SCY38, 39
  35. Arabloo J40
  36. Aremu O41
  37. Atout MMW42
  38. Ausloos M43, 44
  39. Ausloos F45
  40. Ayanore MA46
  41. Aynalem YA47
  42. Azene ZN48
  43. Badawi A49, 50
  44. Baig AA51
  45. Banach M52, 53
  46. Bedi N54, 55
  47. Bhagavathula AS56, 57
  48. Bhandari D58, 59
  49. Bhardwaj N60
  50. Bhardwaj P61, 62
  51. Bhattacharyya K63, 64
  52. Bhutta ZA65, 66
  53. Bijani A67
  54. Birhanu TTM68
  55. Bitew ZW69
  56. Boloor A71
  57. Brady OJ72
  58. Butt ZA73, 74
  59. Car J75, 76
  60. Carvalho F77
  61. Casey DC1
  62. Chattu VK78, 79
  63. Chowdhury MAK80, 81
  64. Chu DT82
  65. Coelho CH83
  66. Cook AJ1
  67. Damiani G84, 85
  68. Daoud F1
  69. Gela JD86
  70. Darwish AH87
  71. Daryani A88
  72. Das JK89
  73. Davis Weaver N1
  74. Deribe K90, 91
  75. Desalew A92
  76. Dharmaratne SD1, 2, 93
  77. Dianatinasab M94, 95
  78. Diaz D96, 97
  79. Djalalinia S98
  80. Dorostkar F99
  81. Dubljanin E100
  82. Duko B101, 102
  83. Dwyerlindgren L1, 2
  84. Effiong A103
  85. El Sayed Zaki M104
  86. El Tantawi M105
  87. Enany S106
  88. Fattahi N107
  89. Feigin VL1, 108, 109
  90. Fernandes E110
  91. Ferrara P111
  92. Fischer F112
  93. Foigt NA113
  94. Folayan MO114
  95. Foroutan M115
  96. Frostad JJ1
  97. Fukumoto T116
  98. Gaidhane AM117
  99. Gebrekrstos HGGK118
  100. Gebremeskel L119, 120
  101. Gebreslassie AA121
  102. Gething PW122, 123
  103. Gezae KE124
  104. Ghadiri K125, 126
  105. Ghashghaee A40, 127
  106. Golechha M128
  107. Gubari MIM129
  108. Hadgu FB130
  109. Hamidi S131
  110. Handiso DW132
  111. Hashi A133
  112. Hassan S134, 135
  113. Hayat K136, 137
  114. Herteliu C44, 138
  115. Ho HC139
  116. Holla R140
  117. Hosseinzadeh M141, 142
  118. Househ M143
  119. Hussain R144
  120. Hwang BF145
  121. Ibitoye SE146
  122. Ilesanmi OS147, 148
  123. Ilic IM149
  124. Ilic MD150
  125. Irvani SSN151
  126. Jaafari J152
  127. Javaheri T153
  128. Jha RP154, 155
  129. Johnson KB1
  130. Jonas JB156, 157
  131. Jozwiak JJ158
  132. Kabir A159
  133. Kalhor R160, 161
  134. Kanchan T162
  135. Karch A163
  136. Kayode GA164, 165
  137. Keiyoro PN166
  138. Khader YS167
  139. Khalil IA168
  140. Khan MN169
  141. Khan M170
  142. Khan G171
  143. Khatab K172, 173
  144. Khater MM174
  145. Khatib MN175
  146. Kianipour N176
  147. Kim YJ177
  148. Kimokoti RW178
  149. Kisa S179
  150. Kisa A180, 181
  151. Kissoon N182
  152. Kochhar S168, 183
  153. Koolivand A184
  154. Kopec JA185, 186
  155. Koyanagi A187, 188
  156. Krishan K189
  157. Kumar P190
  158. Kurmi OP191, 192
  159. Kusuma D193, 194
  160. Lal DK195
  161. Lami FH196
  162. Landires I197, 198
  163. Lansingh VC199, 200
  164. Lasrado S201
  165. La Vecchia C202
  166. Lazzaratwood A1
  167. Lee PH203
  168. Legrand KE1
  169. Lewycka S204, 205
  170. Li B206
  171. Lim SS1, 2
  172. Lindstedt PA1
  173. Liu X207
  174. Longbottom J208
  175. Lopez AD209
  176. Magdy Abd El Razek H210
  177. Mahasha PW211
  178. Maleki A212, 213
  179. Mamun AA214
  180. Mansournia MA215
  181. Marczak LB1
  182. Martinsmelo FR216
  183. Mayala BK1, 217
  184. Meharie BG218
  185. Melese A219
  186. Mendoza W220
  187. Menezes RG221
  188. Mengesha EW222
  189. Mensah GA223, 224
  190. Meretoja TJ225, 226
  191. Mestrovic T227, 228
  192. Miller TR102, 229
  193. Mirrakhimov EM230, 231
  194. Moazen B232, 233
  195. Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N234
  196. Mohammadi S213, 235
  197. Mohammed S232, 236
  198. Mokdad AH1, 2
  199. Moradi M107
  200. Moradzadeh R22
  201. Moraga P237
  202. Mosser JF1
  203. Murray CJL1, 2
  204. Naderi M238
  205. Nagarajan AJ239, 240
  206. Nazari J241
  207. Ndejjo R242
  208. Negoi I243, 244
  209. Ngunjiri JW245
  210. Nguyen QAP1
  211. Nguyen HLT246
  212. Nnaji CA247, 248
  213. Noubiap JJ249
  214. Nunezsamudio V250, 251
  215. Olagunju AT252, 253
  216. Olusanya JO254
  217. Olusanya BO254
  218. Omer MO133
  219. Onwujekwe OE255
  220. Otstavnov N256
  221. Otstavnov SS256, 257
  222. Owolabi MO258, 259
  223. P A M260
  224. Padubidri JR261
  225. Pana A44, 262
  226. Peprah EK263
  227. Pham HQ246
  228. Pigott DM1, 2
  229. Pirestani M264
  230. Postma MJ265, 266
  231. Pottoo FH267
  232. Pourjafar H268, 269
  233. Quazi Syed Z117
  234. Rahim F270, 271
  235. Rahimimovaghar V272
  236. Rahman MHU273
  237. Rao SJ274
  238. Rao PC1
  239. Rathi P140
  240. Rawaf S76, 275
  241. Rawaf DL276, 277
  242. Rawal L278
  243. Rawassizadeh R279
  244. Regassa LD280
  245. Renzaho AMN281, 282
  246. Rezaei N6, 283
  247. Rezai MS284
  248. Ribeiro AI285
  249. Rickard J286, 287
  250. Riosgonzalez CM288, 289
  251. Rumisha SF3, 290
  252. Sabour S291
  253. Sajadi SM292, 293
  254. Salomon JA294
  255. Samadi Kafil H295
  256. Samy AM296
  257. Sanabria J297, 298
  258. Sartorius B2, 299
  259. Saxena D117, 300
  260. Schaeffer LE301, 302
  261. Senthilkumaran S303
  262. Sha F304
  263. Shaheen AA305
  264. Shaikh MA306
  265. Sharma R307
  266. Sheikh A308, 309
  267. Shibuya K310
  268. Shigematsu M311
  269. Il Shin J312
  270. Simonetti B313, 314
  271. Singh JA315, 316
  272. Smith DL1, 2
  273. Soheili A317
  274. Sokhan A318
  275. Spurlock EE1
  276. Sreeramareddy CT319
  277. Sufiyan MB320
  278. Swartz SJ321, 322
  279. Tadesse DB323
  280. Tamiru AT324
  281. Tefera YG325
  282. Temsah MH25
  283. Tessema ZT326
  284. Titova MV327, 328
  285. Tran BX329
  286. Truong PN330
  287. Unnikrishnan B331
  288. Upadhyay E332
  289. Vasankari TJ333
  290. Vasseghian Y141
  291. Violante FS334, 335
  292. Vu GT336
  293. Waheed Y337
  294. Wamai RG338, 339
  295. Wassie EG340
  296. Welay FT341
  297. Wickramasinghe ND342
  298. Wiens KE343
  299. Wijeratne T344, 345
  300. Wiysonge CS247, 248
  301. Wondmeneh TG346
  302. Yamada T347
  303. Yaya S348, 349
  304. Yeshitila YG350
  305. Yip P351, 352
  306. Yonemoto N353, 354
  307. Yu C355
  308. Yuce D356
  309. Yusefzadeh H357
  310. Zaidi Z358
  311. Zamanian M22
  312. Zangeneh A359
  313. Zhang ZJ360
  314. Zhang Y361, 362
  315. Ziapour A363
  316. Hay SI1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Malaria Atlas Project, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  4. 4. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  5. 5. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  6. 6. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  8. 8. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  9. 9. Population Health Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  10. 10. Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  11. 11. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  12. 12. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  13. 13. Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
  14. 14. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  15. 15. John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  16. 16. Clinical Epidemiology Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States
  17. 17. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  18. 18. Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  19. 19. Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
  20. 20. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  21. 21. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  22. 22. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  23. 23. Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  24. 24. Department of Parasitology, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
  25. 25. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  26. 26. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  27. 27. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, ALZAK Foundation, Cartagena, Colombia
  28. 28. School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  29. 29. College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  30. 30. Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  31. 31. Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  32. 32. Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  33. 33. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  34. 34. Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  35. 35. Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
  36. 36. Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  37. 37. Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  38. 38. Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  39. 39. Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  40. 40. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  41. 41. Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  42. 42. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  43. 43. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  44. 44. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  45. 45. Gastro-enterology Department, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
  46. 46. Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  47. 47. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  48. 48. Department of Reproductive Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  49. 49. Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  50. 50. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  51. 51. Unit of Biochemistry, Sultan Zainal Abidin University (Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  52. 52. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  53. 53. Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  54. 54. Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
  55. 55. Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  56. 56. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
  57. 57. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  58. 58. School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  59. 59. Public Health Research Laboratory, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  60. 60. Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India
  61. 61. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  62. 62. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  63. 63. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  64. 64. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  65. 65. Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  66. 66. Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  67. 67. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  68. 68. Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  69. 69. Nutrition Department, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  70. 70. St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  71. 71. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  72. 72. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  73. 73. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  74. 74. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  75. 75. Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  76. 76. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  77. 77. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  78. 78. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  79. 79. Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Thiruvananthapuram, India
  80. 80. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  81. 81. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  82. 82. Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  83. 83. Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  84. 84. Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  85. 85. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  86. 86. Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
  87. 87. Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
  88. 88. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  89. 89. Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  90. 90. Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  91. 91. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  92. 92. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  93. 93. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  94. 94. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  95. 95. Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  96. 96. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  97. 97. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  98. 98. Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  99. 99. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  100. 100. Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  101. 101. School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  102. 102. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  103. 103. Centre Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  104. 104. Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities Hospitals, Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Cairo, Egypt
  105. 105. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  106. 106. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
  107. 107. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  108. 108. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  109. 109. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  110. 110. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  111. 111. Research Center on Public Health, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  112. 112. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  113. 113. Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  114. 114. Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
  115. 115. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  116. 116. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  117. 117. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  118. 118. Department of Pediatric Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  119. 119. School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  120. 120. Department of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  121. 121. Department of Reproductive Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  122. 122. Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  123. 123. Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
  124. 124. Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  125. 125. Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  126. 126. Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  127. 127. Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  128. 128. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
  129. 129. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
  130. 130. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  131. 131. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  132. 132. Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
  133. 133. Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
  134. 134. Center for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  135. 135. Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting (BCEPS), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  136. 136. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  137. 137. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  138. 138. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  139. 139. Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  140. 140. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  141. 141. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  142. 142. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  143. 143. College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  144. 144. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  145. 145. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  146. 146. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  147. 147. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  148. 148. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  149. 149. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  150. 150. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  151. 151. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  152. 152. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  153. 153. Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  154. 154. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  155. 155. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  156. 156. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  157. 157. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  158. 158. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  159. 159. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  160. 160. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  161. 161. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  162. 162. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  163. 163. Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  164. 164. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  165. 165. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  166. 166. Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  167. 167. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  168. 168. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  169. 169. Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  170. 170. Epidemiology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  171. 171. Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  172. 172. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  173. 173. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  174. 174. Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  175. 175. Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  176. 176. Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  177. 177. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  178. 178. Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
  179. 179. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  180. 180. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  181. 181. Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  182. 182. Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  183. 183. Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India
  184. 184. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  185. 185. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  186. 186. Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada
  187. 187. CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  188. 188. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  189. 189. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  190. 190. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  191. 191. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  192. 192. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  193. 193. Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  194. 194. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  195. 195. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  196. 196. Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
  197. 197. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  198. 198. Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  199. 199. Medical Director, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States
  200. 200. General Director, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
  201. 201. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  202. 202. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  203. 203. School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  204. 204. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  205. 205. Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  206. 206. Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
  207. 207. Department of Systems, Populations, and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  208. 208. Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  209. 209. Independent Consultant, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  210. 210. Radiology Department, Egypt Ministry of Health and Population, Mansoura, Egypt
  211. 211. Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  212. 212. Environmental Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  213. 213. Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  214. 214. Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
  215. 215. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  216. 216. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Campus Caucaia, Caucaia, Brazil
  217. 217. ICF International, DHS Program, Rockville, MD, United States
  218. 218. Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  219. 219. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  220. 220. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  221. 221. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  222. 222. Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  223. 223. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  224. 224. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  225. 225. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  226. 226. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  227. 227. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  228. 228. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  229. 229. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  230. 230. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  231. 231. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  232. 232. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  233. 233. Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  234. 234. Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  235. 235. Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj City, Iran
  236. 236. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  237. 237. Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  238. 238. Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  239. 239. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  240. 240. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  241. 241. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  242. 242. Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  243. 243. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  244. 244. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  245. 245. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
  246. 246. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  247. 247. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  248. 248. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  249. 249. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  250. 250. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  251. 251. Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  252. 252. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  253. 253. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  254. 254. Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  255. 255. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  256. 256. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  257. 257. Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  258. 258. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  259. 259. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  260. 260. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  261. 261. Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  262. 262. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  263. 263. School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  264. 264. Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  265. 265. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  266. 266. School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  267. 267. Department of Pharmacology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  268. 268. Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  269. 269. Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  270. 270. Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  271. 271. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  272. 272. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  273. 273. Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College & Hospital, Solan, India
  274. 274. Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
  275. 275. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  276. 276. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  277. 277. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  278. 278. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  279. 279. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  280. 280. School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  281. 281. School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  282. 282. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  283. 283. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  284. 284. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  285. 285. Epidemiology Research Unit Institute of Public Health (EPIUnit-ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  286. 286. Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  287. 287. Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
  288. 288. Faculty of Medical Sciences, Research Department, National University of Caaguazu, Cnel. Oviedo, Paraguay
  289. 289. Department of Research and Publications, National Institute of Health, Asuncion, Paraguay
  290. 290. Department of Health Statistics, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  291. 291. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  292. 292. Department of Phytochemistry, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
  293. 293. Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
  294. 294. Center for Health Policy & Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  295. 295. Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  296. 296. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  297. 297. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  298. 298. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  299. 299. Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  300. 300. Department of Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  301. 301. Global Programs, Medical Teams International, Seattle, WA, United States
  302. 302. Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  303. 303. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  304. 304. Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
  305. 305. Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
  306. 306. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  307. 307. University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
  308. 308. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  309. 309. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  310. 310. Institute for Population Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  311. 311. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  312. 312. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  313. 313. Department of Law, Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
  314. 314. WSB University in Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
  315. 315. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  316. 316. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  317. 317. Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  318. 318. Department of Infectious Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  319. 319. Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  320. 320. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  321. 321. School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  322. 322. Joint Medical Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
  323. 323. Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  324. 324. Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  325. 325. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  326. 326. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  327. 327. K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  328. 328. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  329. 329. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  330. 330. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
  331. 331. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  332. 332. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
  333. 333. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  334. 334. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  335. 335. Occupational Health Unit, Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  336. 336. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  337. 337. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  338. 338. Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, & Integrated Initiative for Global Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  339. 339. School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  340. 340. Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  341. 341. Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  342. 342. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  343. 343. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  344. 344. Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  345. 345. Department of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura Anuradhapuraya, Sri Lanka
  346. 346. Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
  347. 347. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  348. 348. School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  349. 349. The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  350. 350. Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  351. 351. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  352. 352. Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  353. 353. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  354. 354. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  355. 355. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  356. 356. Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  357. 357. Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  358. 358. Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  359. 359. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  360. 360. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  361. 361. School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  362. 362. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  363. 363. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Source: Nature Communications Published:2022


Abstract

Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival. © 2022, The Author(s).
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