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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Meningitis and Its Aetiologies, 1990–2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Wunrow HY2 ; Bender RG2 ; Vongpradith A2 ; Sirota SB2 ; Swetschinski LR2 ; Novotney A2 ; Gray AP2 ; Ikuta KS2, 5 ; Sharara F6 ; Wool EE2 ; Aali A7 ; Abdelsalam S10 ; Abdollahi A11, 14 ; Abdul Aziz JM17, 18 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Wunrow HY2
  2. Bender RG2
  3. Vongpradith A2
  4. Sirota SB2
  5. Swetschinski LR2
  6. Novotney A2
  7. Gray AP2
  8. Ikuta KS2, 5
  9. Sharara F6
  10. Wool EE2
  11. Aali A7
  12. Abdelsalam S10
  13. Abdollahi A11, 14
  14. Abdul Aziz JM17, 18
  15. Abidi H19
  16. Aboagye RG21
  17. Abolhassani H22, 37
  18. Abugharbieh E38
  19. Adamu LH42
  20. Adane TD43
  21. Addo IY45, 46
  22. Adegboye OA47
  23. Adekiya TA48
  24. Adnan M49
  25. Adnani QES50
  26. Afzal S53, 54
  27. Aghamiri S55
  28. Aghdam ZB68
  29. Agodi A76
  30. Ahinkorah BO78
  31. Ahmad A79
  32. Ahmad S81
  33. Ahmadzade M56
  34. Ahmed A82, 83, 84, 86
  35. Ahmed A82, 83, 84, 86
  36. Ahmed JQ87
  37. Ahmed MS82
  38. Akinosoglou K89, 90
  39. Aklilu A91
  40. Akonde M96
  41. Alahdab F97
  42. Alahdal TMA98
  43. Alanezi FM99
  44. Albelbeisi AH100, 101
  45. Alemayehu TBB102
  46. Alene KA103, 104
  47. Aleyadhy A105
  48. Algheethi AAS107, 109
  49. Ali A110
  50. Ali BA111, 112
  51. Ali L113
  52. Ali SS115
  53. Alimohamadi Y116
  54. Alipour V117, 118
  55. Aljunid SM121, 122
  56. Almustanyir S123, 125
  57. Alraddadi RM126
  58. Alvisguzman N129, 130
  59. Alworafi YM131, 132
  60. Aly H133
  61. Ameyaw EK136
  62. Ancuceanu R137
  63. Ansar A141, 142
  64. Ansari G12
  65. Anyasodor AE143
  66. Arabloo J117
  67. Aravkin AY1, 2, 3
  68. Areda D144, 145
  69. Artamonov AA146
  70. Arulappan J147
  71. Aruleba RT148
  72. Asaduzzaman M150
  73. Atalell KA152
  74. Athari SS155
  75. Atlaw D156
  76. Atout MMW157
  77. Attia S158
  78. Awoke T159
  79. Ayalew MK160, 164
  80. Ayana TM92
  81. Ayele AD165
  82. Azadnajafabad S23
  83. Azizian K169
  84. Badar M170
  85. Badiye AD171
  86. Baghcheghi N172
  87. Bagheri M175
  88. Bagherieh S176
  89. Bahadory S180, 181
  90. Baig AA182
  91. Barac A183, 184
  92. Barati S173
  93. Bardhan M185, 186
  94. Basharat Z189
  95. Bashiri A15
  96. Basnyat B190, 191
  97. Bassat Q192, 194
  98. Basu S195
  99. Bayileyegn NS196
  100. Bedi N197, 200
  101. Behnoush AH23, 24
  102. Bekel AA161
  103. Belete MA201
  104. Bello OO203
  105. Bhagavathula AS205
  106. Bhandari D206, 207
  107. Bhardwaj P209, 210
  108. Bhaskar S213, 214
  109. Bhat AN215
  110. Bijani A216
  111. Bineshfar N57
  112. Boloor A217
  113. Bouaoud S222, 224
  114. Buonsenso D225, 227
  115. Burkart K2, 3
  116. Camera LA229, 231
  117. Castanedaorjuela CA232, 233
  118. Cernigliaro A235
  119. Charan J211
  120. Chattu VK236, 237
  121. Ching PR239
  122. Chopra H240
  123. Choudhari SG241
  124. Christopher DJ242
  125. Chu DT243
  126. Couto RAS244
  127. Cruzmartins N245, 247
  128. Dadras O249, 250
  129. Dai X2, 3
  130. Dandona L2, 3, 188, 251
  131. Dandona R2, 3
  132. Das S252
  133. Dash NR38
  134. Dashti M69
  135. De La Hoz FP234
  136. Debela SA254
  137. Dejen D256, 257
  138. Dejene H258
  139. Demeke D162
  140. Demeke FM159
  141. Demessa BH259
  142. Demetriades AK260, 263
  143. Demissie S93
  144. Dereje D264
  145. Dervisevic E268, 270
  146. Desai HD271
  147. Dessie AM166
  148. Desta F272
  149. Dhama K273
  150. Djalalinia S274
  151. Do TC275
  152. Dodangeh M119, 276
  153. Dodangeh M119, 276
  154. Dominguez RMV2
  155. Dongarwar D277
  156. Dsouza HL218, 278
  157. Durojaiye OC279
  158. Dziedzic AM280
  159. Ekat MH281
  160. Ekholuenetale M282, 283
  161. Ekundayo TC204
  162. Zaki MES286
  163. Elabid H289
  164. Elhadi M290
  165. Elhajj VG291, 292
  166. Elhuneidi W39
  167. Elsakka AA293
  168. Esayas HL94
  169. Fagbamigbe AF282, 294
  170. Falahi S295
  171. Fares J296
  172. Fatehizadeh A177
  173. Fatima SAF150, 297
  174. Feasey NA298, 299
  175. Fekadu G300, 301
  176. Fetensa G302
  177. Feyissa D304
  178. Fischer F305
  179. Foroutan B307
  180. Gaal PA309, 310
  181. Gadanya MA311, 312
  182. Gaipov A313
  183. Ganesan B314, 315
  184. Gebrehiwot M202
  185. Gebrekidan KG316
  186. Gebremeskel TG319, 321
  187. Gedef GM153
  188. Gela YY154
  189. Gerema U265
  190. Gessner BD323, 324
  191. Getachew ME265, 303
  192. Ghadiri K325, 326
  193. Ghaffari K327
  194. Ghamari SH23, 58
  195. Ghanbari R328
  196. Ghazy RMM331, 332
  197. Ghozali G333
  198. Gizaw ABAB266
  199. Glushkova EV334
  200. Goldust M335
  201. Golechha M337
  202. Guadie HA163
  203. Guled RA338
  204. Gupta M134
  205. Gupta S339
  206. Gupta VB340
  207. Gupta VK341, 342
  208. Gupta VK341, 342
  209. Hadi NR344
  210. Hajmirzaian A59, 60
  211. Haller S345, 346
  212. Hamidi S347
  213. Haque S198
  214. Harapan H348
  215. Hasaballah AI350
  216. Hasan I351
  217. Hasani H352
  218. Hasanian M353
  219. Hassankhani H70
  220. Hassen MB2, 355
  221. Hayat K356, 357
  222. Heidari M358
  223. Heidariforoozan M61, 359
  224. Heidarisoureshjani R36
  225. Hezam K361, 362
  226. Holla R363
  227. Horita N366, 367
  228. Hossain MM368, 369
  229. Hosseini MS71
  230. Hosseinzadeh M370
  231. Hostiuc S138, 371
  232. Hussain S372, 373
  233. Hussein NR376
  234. Ibitoye SE284
  235. Ilesanmi OS285, 377
  236. Ilic IM184
  237. Ilic MD378
  238. Imam MT379
  239. Iregbu KC380, 381
  240. Ismail NE383
  241. Iwu CCD384
  242. Jaja C385
  243. Jakovljevic M387, 388
  244. Jamshidi E62, 389
  245. Mamaghani AJ63, 72
  246. Javidnia J390
  247. Jokar M392, 394
  248. Jomehzadeh N395
  249. Joseph N219
  250. Joshua CE397
  251. Jozwiak JJ398
  252. Kabir Z399
  253. Kalankesh LR400
  254. Kalhor R329, 330
  255. Kamal VK187, 401
  256. Kandel H402, 404
  257. Karaye IM405
  258. Karch A406
  259. Karimi H23
  260. Kaur H251
  261. Kaur N407
  262. Keykhaei M23, 25
  263. Khajuria H408
  264. Khalaji A24, 360
  265. Khan A410
  266. Khan IA411
  267. Khan M199
  268. Khan T412
  269. Khatab K414
  270. Khatatbeh MM415
  271. Kashani HRK64
  272. Khubchandani J416
  273. Kim MS417, 418
  274. Kisa A419, 420
  275. Kisa S421
  276. Kompani F26
  277. Koohestani HR174
  278. Kothari N212
  279. Krishan K422
  280. Krishnamoorthy Y424
  281. Kulimbet M425, 426
  282. Kumar M423, 427
  283. Kumaran SD364
  284. Kuttikkattu A428
  285. Kwarteng A429
  286. Laksono T430, 431
  287. Landires I432, 435
  288. Laryea DO436
  289. Lawal BK437
  290. Le TTT438
  291. Ledda C77
  292. Lee SW370, 440
  293. Lee S370, 440
  294. Lema GK317
  295. Levi M441, 442
  296. Lim SS2, 3
  297. Liu X135, 443
  298. Lopes G445
  299. Saute RL446
  300. Teixeira PHM447
  301. Mahmoodpoor A73
  302. Mahmoud MA448
  303. Rad EM27
  304. Malhotra K449
  305. Malik AA127, 182
  306. Martinezguerra BA450
  307. Martorell M451, 452
  308. Mathur V453
  309. Mayeli M24
  310. Medina JRC454, 455
  311. Melese A159
  312. Memish ZA123, 124
  313. Mentis AFA456
  314. Merza MA88
  315. Mestrovic T2, 457
  316. Michalek IM458, 459
  317. Minh LHN460, 461
  318. Mirahmadi A65
  319. Mirmosayyeb O178, 462
  320. Misganaw A3, 355
  321. Misra AK463
  322. Moghadasi J393
  323. Mohamed NS464, 465
  324. Mohammad Y106
  325. Mohammadi E28, 36
  326. Mohammed S466, 468
  327. Sani MM13, 29
  328. Mojiriforushani H21, 396
  329. Mokdad AH2, 3
  330. Momtazmanesh S23, 24
  331. Monasta L469
  332. Moni MA470
  333. Mossialos E471, 472
  334. Mostafavi E474, 475
  335. Motaghinejad M66
  336. Khaneghah AM476
  337. Mubarik S477
  338. Muccioli L479
  339. Muhammad JS480
  340. Mulita F481, 482
  341. Mulugeta T267
  342. Murillozamora E483, 484
  343. Mustafa G80, 485
  344. Muthupandian S318, 486
  345. Nagarajan AJ488, 489
  346. Nainu F490
  347. Nair TS491
  348. Nargus S182, 492
  349. Nassereldine H2
  350. Natto ZS128, 493
  351. Nayak BP408
  352. Negoi I139, 495
  353. Negoi RI140, 496
  354. Nejadghaderi SA67, 359
  355. Nguyen HQ497
  356. Nguyen PT498
  357. Nguyen VT439
  358. Niazi RK499
  359. Noroozi N30
  360. Nouraei H16
  361. Nunezsamudio V433, 434
  362. Nuruzzaman KM403, 500
  363. Nwatah VE382, 501
  364. Nzoputam CI502
  365. Nzoputam OJ503, 504
  366. Oancea B505
  367. Obaidur RM506, 507
  368. Odetokun IA508
  369. Ogunsakin RE509
  370. Okonji OC510
  371. Olagunju AT511, 512
  372. Olana LT2, 355
  373. Olufadewa II283, 513
  374. Oluwafemi YD203
  375. Oumer KS2
  376. Ouyahia A223, 515
  377. Mahesh PA516
  378. Pakshir K16
  379. Palange PN517
  380. Pardhan S518
  381. Parikh RR519
  382. Patel J261, 520
  383. Patel UK521
  384. Patil S238, 522
  385. Paudel U208, 523
  386. Pawar S336
  387. Pensato U525
  388. Perdigao J526
  389. Pereira M527
  390. Peres MFP528, 529
  391. Petcu IR530
  392. Pinheiro M246
  393. Piracha ZZ531
  394. Pokhrel N524
  395. Postma MJ44, 51
  396. Prates EJS532
  397. Qattea I444
  398. Raghav PR209
  399. Rahbarnia L74
  400. Rahimimovaghar V31
  401. Rahman M141, 534, 535
  402. Rahman MA141, 534, 535
  403. Rahmanian V536
  404. Rahnavard N7
  405. Ramadan H287
  406. Ramasubramani P537
  407. Rani U538
  408. Rao IR365
  409. Rapaka D539
  410. Ratan ZA540, 541
  411. Rawaf S473, 542
  412. Redwan EMM543, 544
  413. Rezaei N23
  414. Riad A372, 374
  415. Da Silva TM533
  416. Roberts T545, 547
  417. Aguilar GR548
  418. Rodriguez JAB550
  419. Rosenthal VD551
  420. Saddik B40
  421. Sadeghian S552
  422. Saeed U531, 554
  423. Safary A75
  424. Sharifaskari FS41
  425. Sharifaskari NS38
  426. Sahebkar A8, 9
  427. Sahu M556
  428. Sajedi SA557
  429. Saki M553
  430. Salahi S120, 558, 559
  431. Salahi S120, 558, 559
  432. Saleh MA38, 288
  433. Sallam M560, 561
  434. Samadzadeh S562, 563
  435. Samy AM564, 565
  436. Sanjeev RK566
  437. Satpathy M568, 569
  438. Seylani A570
  439. Shaaban A571
  440. Shafie M32
  441. Shah PA573, 574
  442. Shahrokhi S33, 575
  443. Shahzamani K576
  444. Shaikh MA577
  445. Sham S578
  446. Shannawaz M409
  447. Sheikh A262, 494
  448. Shenoy SM579
  449. Shetty PH220
  450. Shin JI580
  451. Shokri F581
  452. Shorofi SA320, 391
  453. Shrestha S582
  454. Sibhat MM583
  455. Siddig EE85, 584
  456. Silva LMLR585, 586
  457. Singh H587
  458. Singh JA588, 589
  459. Singh P590
  460. Singh S211
  461. Sinto R591, 592
  462. Skryabina AA593
  463. Socea B139, 594
  464. Sokhan A595
  465. Solanki R596, 597
  466. Solomon Y598
  467. Sood P599
  468. Soshnikov S600, 601
  469. Stergachis A3, 4
  470. Sufiyan MB467
  471. Abdulkader RS602
  472. Sultana A603, 604
  473. Ty SS605
  474. Taheri E177
  475. Taki E34
  476. Lukenze Tamuzi JJL386, 606
  477. Tan KK607
  478. Tat NY609, 610
  479. Temsah MH105
  480. Terefa DR303, 611
  481. Thangaraju P612
  482. Tibebu NS167
  483. Ticoalu JHV613
  484. Tillawi T546
  485. Tincho MB149, 614
  486. Tleyjeh II615, 616
  487. Toghroli R617
  488. Tovanipalone MR487, 618
  489. Tufa DG255
  490. Turner P549, 619
  491. Ullah I620
  492. Umeokonkwo CD621
  493. Unnikrishnan B221
  494. Vahabi SM28, 35
  495. Vaithinathan AG622
  496. Valizadeh R623
  497. Varthya SB211
  498. Vos T2, 3
  499. Waheed Y624, 625
  500. Walde MT626
  501. Wang C627
  502. Weerakoon KG628
  503. Wickramasinghe ND555
  504. Winkler AS151, 375
  505. Woldemariam M95
  506. Worku NA2, 355
  507. Wright C322
  508. Yada DY2
  509. Yaghoubi S308
  510. Yahya GATY87
  511. Yenew CYY168, 514
  512. Yesiltepe M230, 253
  513. Yi S228, 608
  514. Yigit V226
  515. You Y343, 402
  516. Yusuf H35
  517. Zakham F193, 572
  518. Zaman M349
  519. Bin Zaman S248, 306
  520. Zare I52
  521. Zareshahrabadi Z16
  522. Zarrintan A69
  523. Zastrozhin MS179, 413
  524. Zhang H567
  525. Zhang J269
  526. Zhang ZJ478
  527. Zheng P2, 3
  528. Zoladl M20
  529. Zumla A108, 114
  530. Hay SI2, 3
  531. Murray CJL2, 3
  532. Naghavi M2, 3
  533. Kyu HH2, 3
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  6. 6. Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  8. 8. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  9. 9. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  10. 10. Tropical Medicine Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
  11. 11. Cardiovascular Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  12. 12. Radiology Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  13. 13. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  14. 14. Department of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  15. 15. Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  16. 16. Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  17. 17. Medical Laboratory of Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  18. 18. Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  19. 19. Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  20. 20. Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  21. 21. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  22. 22. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran, Iran
  23. 23. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  24. 24. School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Children's Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
  27. 27. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  30. 30. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
  31. 31. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  32. 32. Department of Neurology, Tehran, Iran
  33. 33. Department of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran
  34. 34. Department of Microbiology, Tehran, Iran
  35. 35. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
  36. 36. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  38. 38. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  39. 39. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  40. 40. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  41. 41. Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  42. 42. Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
  43. 43. Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  44. 44. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  45. 45. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  46. 46. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  47. 47. Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  48. 48. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  49. 49. Department of Neonatology, Indiana University Health Ball Memorial Hospital, Muncie, IN, United States
  50. 50. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  51. 51. Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  52. 52. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  53. 53. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  54. 54. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  55. 55. Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  56. 56. Urology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  57. 57. Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  58. 58. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  59. 59. Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  60. 60. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  61. 61. Department of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  62. 62. Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  63. 63. Parasitology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  64. 64. Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  65. 65. Department of Orthopedics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  66. 66. Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  67. 67. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  68. 68. Medical Imaging Sciences Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  69. 69. Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  70. 70. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  71. 71. Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  72. 72. Department of Parasitology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  73. 73. Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  74. 74. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  75. 75. Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  76. 76. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  77. 77. Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  78. 78. School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  79. 79. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  80. 80. Department of Pediatrics, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  81. 81. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  82. 82. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  83. 83. Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  84. 84. Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  85. 85. Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  86. 86. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  87. 87. Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  88. 88. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  89. 89. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Greece, Patras, Greece
  90. 90. Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  91. 91. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  92. 92. School of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  93. 93. Department of Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  94. 94. Department Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  95. 95. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  96. 96. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  97. 97. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  98. 98. Institute of Global Health, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
  99. 99. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  100. 100. Health Sciences Department, Israa University, Gaza, Palestine
  101. 101. Inspection and Auditing Department, Ministry of Health, Gaza, Palestine
  102. 102. College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  103. 103. Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  104. 104. Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
  105. 105. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  106. 106. Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  107. 107. Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia
  108. 108. NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  109. 109. Camborne School of Mines, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
  110. 110. Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
  111. 111. Erbil Technical Health College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
  112. 112. School of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
  113. 113. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  114. 114. Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  115. 115. Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
  116. 116. Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  117. 117. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  118. 118. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  119. 119. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  120. 120. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  121. 121. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait
  122. 122. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  123. 123. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  124. 124. Research & Innovation Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  125. 125. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  126. 126. Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  127. 127. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  128. 128. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  129. 129. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  130. 130. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  131. 131. Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen
  132. 132. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
  133. 133. Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  134. 134. Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  135. 135. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  136. 136. School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
  137. 137. Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  138. 138. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  139. 139. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  140. 140. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  141. 141. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  142. 142. Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  143. 143. School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
  144. 144. College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
  145. 145. College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
  146. 146. Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  147. 147. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  148. 148. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  149. 149. Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  150. 150. Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  151. 151. Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  152. 152. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  153. 153. Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  154. 154. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  155. 155. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  156. 156. Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  157. 157. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  158. 158. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
  159. 159. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  160. 160. College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  161. 161. Department of Biomedical Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  162. 162. Department of Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  163. 163. Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  164. 164. Department of Epidemiology, Eyu-ethiopia, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  165. 165. Department of Midwifery, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  166. 166. Public Health, Reproductive Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  167. 167. Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  168. 168. Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  169. 169. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  170. 170. Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  171. 171. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  172. 172. Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  173. 173. Department of Anatomy, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  174. 174. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  175. 175. Department of Food Science and Technology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
  176. 176. School of Medicine, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  177. 177. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  178. 178. Department of Neurology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  179. 179. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  180. 180. Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  181. 181. Department of Parasitology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  182. 182. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  183. 183. Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
  184. 184. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  185. 185. Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
  186. 186. Molecular Microbiology, New Delhi, India
  187. 187. Department of Biostatistics, New Delhi, India
  188. 188. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  189. 189. Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
  190. 190. Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  191. 191. Tuberculosis Department, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, Nepal
  192. 192. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
  193. 193. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen
  194. 194. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
  195. 195. Academics Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India
  196. 196. Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  197. 197. School of Public Health, Dr D Y Patil University, Mumbai, India
  198. 198. Research & Scientific Studies Unit, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  199. 199. Epidemiology Department, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  200. 200. Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  201. 201. Medical Laboratory Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  202. 202. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  203. 203. Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  204. 204. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  205. 205. Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
  206. 206. School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  207. 207. Public Health Research Laboratory, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  208. 208. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  209. 209. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  210. 210. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  211. 211. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  212. 212. Anaesthesiology & Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  213. 213. Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  214. 214. Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  215. 215. Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  216. 216. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  217. 217. Department of Internal Medicine, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  218. 218. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  219. 219. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  220. 220. Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  221. 221. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  222. 222. Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  223. 223. Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  224. 224. Epidemiology and preventive medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria
  225. 225. Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy
  226. 226. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi (Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey
  227. 227. Global Health Research Institute, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy
  228. 228. KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Khana, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
  229. 229. Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  230. 230. Clinical Investigation Unit, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
  231. 231. Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  232. 232. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  233. 233. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  234. 234. Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  235. 235. Regional Epidemiological Observatory Department, Sicilian Regional Health Authority, Palermo, Italy
  236. 236. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
  237. 237. Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  238. 238. Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  239. 239. Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  240. 240. Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara Univeristy, Punjab, India
  241. 241. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  242. 242. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
  243. 243. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  244. 244. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  245. 245. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  246. 246. Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  247. 247. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal
  248. 248. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  249. 249. Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  250. 250. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  251. 251. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  252. 252. Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India
  253. 253. Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
  254. 254. School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
  255. 255. Public Health Department, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
  256. 256. School of Public Health, Wollo University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  257. 257. Amhara Regional Health Bureau CDC Project, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Woldia, Ethiopia
  258. 258. Department of Public Health, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia
  259. 259. USAID-JSI, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  260. 260. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  261. 261. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  262. 262. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  263. 263. Department of Neurosurgery, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  264. 264. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  265. 265. Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Oromia, Jimma, Ethiopia
  266. 266. Department of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  267. 267. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  268. 268. University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  269. 269. School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
  270. 270. Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  271. 271. Graduate Medical Education, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India
  272. 272. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
  273. 273. Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
  274. 274. Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  275. 275. Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  276. 276. Department of Biostatistics, Tehran, Iran
  277. 277. Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  278. 278. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India
  279. 279. Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  280. 280. Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
  281. 281. Infectious Diseases Unit, Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Brazzaville, Congo
  282. 282. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  283. 283. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  284. 284. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  285. 285. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  286. 286. Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  287. 287. Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  288. 288. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  289. 289. Direction de Lepidemiologie et la Lutte Contre les Maladies (Directorate of Epidemiology and Diseases Control), Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
  290. 290. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  291. 291. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  292. 292. Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
  293. 293. Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
  294. 294. Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  295. 295. Zoonotic Disease Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  296. 296. Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  297. 297. Department of Bacteriologi, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  298. 298. Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  299. 299. Bacteria and Drug Resistant Infections Group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
  300. 300. School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  301. 301. Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  302. 302. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  303. 303. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  304. 304. School of Pharmacy, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
  305. 305. Institute of Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  306. 306. Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  307. 307. Department of Pharmacology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  308. 308. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  309. 309. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  310. 310. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Targu-Mures, Romania
  311. 311. Community Medicine Department, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria
  312. 312. Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
  313. 313. Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
  314. 314. School of Global Health, Institute of Health & Management, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  315. 315. Department of Occupational Therapy, Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India
  316. 316. Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  317. 317. Department of Reproductive Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  318. 318. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  319. 319. Discipline of Population Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  320. 320. Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  321. 321. Department of Reproductive Health, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  322. 322. Research, Evidence and Policy Department, Meningitis Research Foundation, Bristol, United Kingdom
  323. 323. Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, PA, United States
  324. 324. Agency of Preventive Medicine, Paris, France
  325. 325. Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  326. 326. Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  327. 327. Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  328. 328. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  329. 329. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  330. 330. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  331. 331. Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  332. 332. Emergency Department, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
  333. 333. Department of Public Health, University of Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia
  334. 334. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  335. 335. Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  336. 336. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  337. 337. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  338. 338. College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
  339. 339. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Delhi, India
  340. 340. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  341. 341. Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  342. 342. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  343. 343. Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  344. 344. Dept of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
  345. 345. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
  346. 346. Department of Public Health, Charite Insitute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
  347. 347. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  348. 348. Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  349. 349. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  350. 350. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  351. 351. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  352. 352. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  353. 353. Department of Radiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  354. 354. Tabriz, Iran
  355. 355. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  356. 356. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  357. 357. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  358. 358. Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  359. 359. Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  360. 360. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  361. 361. Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  362. 362. Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  363. 363. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  364. 364. Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  365. 365. Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  366. 366. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
  367. 367. National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  368. 368. Social and Environmental Health Research, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh
  369. 369. Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
  370. 370. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
  371. 371. Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  372. 372. Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  373. 373. Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  374. 374. Department of Public Health, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  375. 375. Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
  376. 376. Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq
  377. 377. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  378. 378. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  379. 379. College Of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
  380. 380. Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
  381. 381. Department of Medical Microbiology, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
  382. 382. Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
  383. 383. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
  384. 384. School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  385. 385. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  386. 386. Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  387. 387. Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
  388. 388. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  389. 389. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
  390. 390. Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  391. 391. Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  392. 392. Zoonoses Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  393. 393. Department of Higher Education Management, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  394. 394. Department of Clinical Sciences, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  395. 395. Department of Microbiology, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  396. 396. Department of Pharmacology, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  397. 397. Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
  398. 398. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  399. 399. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  400. 400. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  401. 401. Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
  402. 402. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  403. 403. Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  404. 404. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  405. 405. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  406. 406. Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  407. 407. Department of Otolaryngology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Bathinda, Bathinda, India
  408. 408. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  409. 409. Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India
  410. 410. Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Oman, Nizwa, Oman
  411. 411. Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
  412. 412. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  413. 413. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  414. 414. Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  415. 415. Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  416. 416. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  417. 417. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Seoul, South Korea
  418. 418. Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
  419. 419. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  420. 420. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  421. 421. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  422. 422. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  423. 423. Centre for Public Health, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  424. 424. Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India
  425. 425. Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  426. 426. Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  427. 427. School of Public Health, Texila American University, Coimbatore, India
  428. 428. Department of Nephrology, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, India
  429. 429. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  430. 430. Department of Physiotherapy, Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  431. 431. Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
  432. 432. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  433. 433. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  434. 434. Department of Public Health, Herrera, Panama
  435. 435. Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  436. 436. Disease Control Department, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
  437. 437. Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
  438. 438. University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  439. 439. Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  440. 440. Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
  441. 441. Department of Prevention, USL Tuscany Center, Firenze, Italy
  442. 442. Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  443. 443. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  444. 444. Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  445. 445. Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
  446. 446. Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  447. 447. Nucleo de Desenvolvimento de Pesquisa, Faculty of Medicine of Itajuba, Itajuba, Brazil
  448. 448. Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia
  449. 449. Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
  450. 450. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
  451. 451. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
  452. 452. Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
  453. 453. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  454. 454. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  455. 455. Department of Global Health, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
  456. 456. International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
  457. 457. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  458. 458. Polish National Cancer Registry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
  459. 459. Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
  460. 460. College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  461. 461. Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  462. 462. Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
  463. 463. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India
  464. 464. Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
  465. 465. Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
  466. 466. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  467. 467. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  468. 468. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  469. 469. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  470. 470. School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  471. 471. Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
  472. 472. Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  473. 473. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  474. 474. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  475. 475. Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  476. 476. Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof Wacllaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
  477. 477. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  478. 478. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  479. 479. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  480. 480. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  481. 481. Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  482. 482. Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  483. 483. Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico
  484. 484. Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
  485. 485. Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  486. 486. Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
  487. 487. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
  488. 488. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  489. 489. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  490. 490. Department of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
  491. 491. Health Workforce Department, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
  492. 492. Department of Psychiatry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, Iran
  493. 493. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  494. 494. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  495. 495. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  496. 496. Department of Cardiology and Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania
  497. 497. Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States
  498. 498. Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam
  499. 499. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  500. 500. Population Science Department, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  501. 501. Department of International Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  502. 502. Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
  503. 503. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
  504. 504. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
  505. 505. Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  506. 506. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, Tokyo, Japan
  507. 507. Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  508. 508. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
  509. 509. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban, South Africa
  510. 510. School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  511. 511. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  512. 512. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  513. 513. Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
  514. 514. Department of Public Health, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  515. 515. Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, setif, Algeria
  516. 516. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  517. 517. Department of Microbiology, Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences, Adilabad, India
  518. 518. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  519. 519. Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  520. 520. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  521. 521. Department of Neurology and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  522. 522. College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States
  523. 523. Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  524. 524. Research Department - Infectious Diseases, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  525. 525. Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
  526. 526. Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
  527. 527. Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  528. 528. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  529. 529. International Institute for Educational Planning, Albert Einstein Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  530. 530. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  531. 531. International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
  532. 532. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  533. 533. Escola de Enfermagem da UFMG, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  534. 534. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  535. 535. School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  536. 536. Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran
  537. 537. Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
  538. 538. Department of Health Innovation, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India
  539. 539. Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
  540. 540. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
  541. 541. School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
  542. 542. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  543. 543. Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  544. 544. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  545. 545. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, United Kingdom
  546. 546. Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
  547. 547. Department of Microbiology, Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos
  548. 548. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  549. 549. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  550. 550. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  551. 551. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  552. 552. Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  553. 553. Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  554. 554. Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  555. 555. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  556. 556. Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, Kolkata, India
  557. 557. Neurology Department, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  558. 558. Medical Laboratory, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  559. 559. Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Department, Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran
  560. 560. Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, Amman, Jordan
  561. 561. Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Amman, Jordan
  562. 562. Department of Neurology, Charite University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  563. 563. Department of Neurology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  564. 564. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  565. 565. Medical Ain Shams Research Institute, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  566. 566. Department of Pediatrics, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni (BK), India
  567. 567. School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
  568. 568. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  569. 569. Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
  570. 570. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  571. 571. Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
  572. 572. Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  573. 573. Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
  574. 574. HepatoPancreatoBiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant, HealthCare Global Limited Cancer Care Hospital, Bangalore, India
  575. 575. Department of Neuroimmunulogy, Universal Scientific Research Network, Tehran, Iran
  576. 576. Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram abad, Iran
  577. 577. Karachi, Pakistan
  578. 578. Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States
  579. 579. Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  580. 580. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  581. 581. Department of Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
  582. 582. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
  583. 583. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  584. 584. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  585. 585. Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
  586. 586. Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
  587. 587. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
  588. 588. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  589. 589. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, United States
  590. 590. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  591. 591. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
  592. 592. Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
  593. 593. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  594. 594. Department of Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Saint Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania
  595. 595. Department of Infectious Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  596. 596. Medical Foundations, Ross University School of Medicine, Bridgetown, Barbados
  597. 597. Pathology Department, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Saint Martin, United States
  598. 598. Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  599. 599. Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India
  600. 600. Public Health Department, Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
  601. 601. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  602. 602. National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
  603. 603. Mental Health Research, Khulna, Bangladesh
  604. 604. Division of Global Mental Health, EviSyn Health, Khulna, Bangladesh
  605. 605. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India
  606. 606. Department of Medicine, Northlands Health Groups and Medical Research, Omuthiya, Namibia
  607. 607. Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
  608. 608. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
  609. 609. Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
  610. 610. Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States
  611. 611. Outpatient Department, Wollega University, Bedele, Ethiopia
  612. 612. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India
  613. 613. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia
  614. 614. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
  615. 615. Infectious Diseases Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  616. 616. Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  617. 617. Social Determinants of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
  618. 618. Modestum, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
  619. 619. Angkor Hospital for Children, Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Siem Reap, Cambodia
  620. 620. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  621. 621. Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  622. 622. College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Salmanya, Bahrain
  623. 623. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  624. 624. Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  625. 625. Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
  626. 626. Department of Psychiatry, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  627. 627. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
  628. 628. Department of Parasitology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

Source: The Lancet Neurology Published:2023


Abstract

Background: Although meningitis is largely preventable, it still causes hundreds of thousands of deaths globally each year. WHO set ambitious goals to reduce meningitis cases by 2030, and assessing trends in the global meningitis burden can help track progress and identify gaps in achieving these goals. Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we aimed to assess incident cases and deaths due to acute infectious meningitis by aetiology and age from 1990 to 2019, for 204 countries and territories. Methods: We modelled meningitis mortality using vital registration, verbal autopsy, sample-based vital registration, and mortality surveillance data. Meningitis morbidity was modelled with a Bayesian compartmental model, using data from the published literature identified by a systematic review, as well as surveillance data, inpatient hospital admissions, health insurance claims, and cause-specific meningitis mortality estimates. For aetiology estimation, data from multiple causes of death, vital registration, hospital discharge, microbial laboratory, and literature studies were analysed by use of a network analysis model to estimate the proportion of meningitis deaths and cases attributable to the following aetiologies: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, viruses, and a residual other pathogen category. Findings: In 2019, there were an estimated 236 000 deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 204 000–277 000) and 2·51 million (2·11–2·99) incident cases due to meningitis globally. The burden was greatest in children younger than 5 years, with 112 000 deaths (87 400–145 000) and 1·28 million incident cases (0·947–1·71) in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates decreased from 7·5 (6·6–8·4) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 3·3 (2·8–3·9) per 100 000 population in 2019. The highest proportion of total all-age meningitis deaths in 2019 was attributable to S pneumoniae (18·1% [17·1–19·2]), followed by N meningitidis (13·6% [12·7–14·4]) and K pneumoniae (12·2% [10·2–14·3]). Between 1990 and 2019, H influenzae showed the largest reduction in the number of deaths among children younger than 5 years (76·5% [69·5–81·8]), followed by N meningitidis (72·3% [64·4–78·5]) and viruses (58·2% [47·1–67·3]). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing meningitis mortality over the past three decades. However, more meningitis-related deaths might be prevented by quickly scaling up immunisation and expanding access to health services. Further reduction in the global meningitis burden should be possible through low-cost multivalent vaccines, increased access to accurate and rapid diagnostic assays, enhanced surveillance, and early treatment. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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