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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Hepatitis B, 1990–2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Sheena BS1 ; Hiebert L5, 6 ; Han H1 ; Ippolito H2 ; Abbasikangevari M7 ; Abbasikangevari Z7, 15 ; Abbastabar H16 ; Abdoli A29 ; Abubaker Ali H30 ; Adane MM32 ; Adegboye OA35 ; Adnani QES36 ; Advani SM37, 38 ; Afzal MS39 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Sheena BS1
  2. Hiebert L5, 6
  3. Han H1
  4. Ippolito H2
  5. Abbasikangevari M7
  6. Abbasikangevari Z7, 15
  7. Abbastabar H16
  8. Abdoli A29
  9. Abubaker Ali H30
  10. Adane MM32
  11. Adegboye OA35
  12. Adnani QES36
  13. Advani SM37, 38
  14. Afzal MS39
  15. Afzal S40, 41
  16. Aghaie Meybodi M42
  17. Ahadinezhad B44
  18. Ahinkorah BO48
  19. Ahmad S49
  20. Ahmad T50
  21. Ahmadi S8
  22. Ahmed H51
  23. Ahmed MB52, 53
  24. Rashid TA54
  25. Akalu GT55, 57
  26. Aklilu A58
  27. Akram T62
  28. Al Hamad H63, 64
  29. Alahdab F65
  30. Alem A66
  31. Alem DT73
  32. Alhalaiqa FAN74, 75
  33. Alhassan RK76
  34. Ali L78
  35. Ali MA79
  36. Alimohamadi Y17, 80
  37. Alipour V81, 82
  38. Alkhayyat M93
  39. Almustanyir S96, 97
  40. Alraddadi RM98
  41. Altawalah H101, 102
  42. Amini S103
  43. Amu H77
  44. Ancuceanu R104
  45. Andrei CL105
  46. Andrei T109
  47. Anoushiravani A18
  48. Ansar A110, 111
  49. Anyasodor AE112
  50. Arabloo J81
  51. Arabzozani M113
  52. Argaw AM114
  53. Argaw ZG59
  54. Arshad M117
  55. Artamonov AA118
  56. Ashraf T119
  57. Atlaw D115
  58. Ausloos F121
  59. Ausloos M109, 122
  60. Azadnajafabad S15
  61. Azangoukhyavy M7, 19
  62. Azari Jafari A123
  63. Azarian G124
  64. Bagheri S20
  65. Bahadory S127, 129
  66. Baig AA130
  67. Banach M131, 132
  68. Barati N133
  69. Barrow A134, 135
  70. Batiha AMM74
  71. Bejarano Ramirez DF136, 137
  72. Belgaumi UI138
  73. Berhie AY33
  74. Bhagat DS139
  75. Bhardwaj N140
  76. Bhardwaj P141, 142
  77. Bhattacharyya K145, 146
  78. Bhojaraja VS147
  79. Bijani A149
  80. Biondi A151
  81. Bodicha BBA60
  82. Bojia HA153
  83. Boloor A157
  84. Bosetti C160
  85. Braithwaite D162, 163
  86. Briko NI164
  87. Butt ZA165, 166
  88. Camera LA167, 168
  89. Chakinala RC169
  90. Chakraborty PA170
  91. Charan J143
  92. Chen S171
  93. Choi JYJ172
  94. Choudhari SG173
  95. Chowdhury FR176
  96. Chu DT177
  97. Chung SC178, 179
  98. Cortesi PA180
  99. Cowie BC181, 183
  100. Culbreth GT1
  101. Dadras O184
  102. Dai X1, 3
  103. Dandona L1, 185, 186
  104. Dandona R1, 3, 185
  105. De La Hoz FP187
  106. Debela SA188
  107. Dedefo MG189
  108. Demeke FM34
  109. Demie TGG56, 190
  110. Demissie GD67
  111. Derbew Molla M68
  112. Desta AA69
  113. Dhamnetiya D191
  114. Dhimal ML192, 193
  115. Dhimal M194
  116. Didehdar M196
  117. Doan LP199, 200
  118. Dorostkar F83
  119. Drake TM202
  120. Eghbalian F125
  121. Ekholuenetale M203, 204
  122. El Sayed I207
  123. El Sayed Zaki M208
  124. Elhadi M209
  125. Elmonem MA210
  126. Elsharkawy A211
  127. Enany S213
  128. Enyew DB154
  129. Erkhembayar R214
  130. Eskandarieh S21
  131. Esmaeilzadeh F215
  132. Ezzikouri S216
  133. Farrokhpour H22, 217
  134. Fetensa G220
  135. Fischer F221
  136. Foroutan M222, 223
  137. Gad MM94, 224
  138. Gaidhane AM173
  139. Gaidhane S174
  140. Galles NC1
  141. Gallus S161
  142. Gebremeskel TG225
  143. Gebreyohannes EA70, 226
  144. Ghadiri K227, 228
  145. Ghaffari K230
  146. Ghafourifard M231
  147. Ghamari SH7, 15
  148. Ghashghaee A45
  149. Gholami A237, 238
  150. Gholizadeh A239
  151. Gilani A240, 241
  152. Goel A242
  153. Golechha M243
  154. Goleij P244
  155. Golinelli D245
  156. Gorini G246
  157. Goshu YA247
  158. Griswold MG1
  159. Gubari MIM248
  160. Gupta B249
  161. Gupta S250
  162. Gupta VB251
  163. Gupta VK252
  164. Haddadi R126
  165. Halwani R253, 254
  166. Hamid SS257
  167. Hamidi S258
  168. Hanif A120
  169. Haque S259
  170. Harapan H260
  171. Hargono A261
  172. Hariri S18, 262
  173. Hasaballah AI263
  174. Hasan SMM264
  175. Hassanipour S265, 266
  176. Hassankhani H232
  177. Hay SI1, 3
  178. Hayat K267, 268
  179. Heidari G269
  180. Herteliu C109, 270
  181. Heyi DZ116
  182. Hezam K271, 272
  183. Holla R273
  184. Hosseini MS17
  185. Hosseini M23, 233
  186. Hosseinzadeh M30, 201
  187. Hostiuc M106
  188. Househ M276
  189. Huang J277
  190. Hussein NR278
  191. Iavicoli I279
  192. Ibitoye SE205
  193. Ilesanmi OS206, 280
  194. Ilic IM281
  195. Ilic MD283
  196. Irham LM284, 285
  197. Islam JY286
  198. Ismail NE287
  199. Jacobsen KH288
  200. Jadidiniaragh F234
  201. Javadi Mamaghani A9, 235
  202. Jayaram S289
  203. Jayawardena R290, 292
  204. Jebai R294
  205. Jha RP191, 295
  206. Joseph N158
  207. Joukar F265, 266
  208. Kaambwa B296, 297
  209. Kabir A84
  210. Kabir Z298
  211. Kalhor R43, 46
  212. Kandel H299, 300
  213. Kanko TKT60
  214. Kantar RS301, 302
  215. Karaye IM303
  216. Kassa BG247
  217. Kemp Bohan PM304
  218. Keykhaei M15, 24
  219. Khader YS305
  220. Khajuria H306
  221. Khan G307
  222. Khan IA308
  223. Khan J309
  224. Khan MA310, 311
  225. Khanali J7, 15
  226. Khater AM212
  227. Khatib MN175
  228. Khodadost M312, 313
  229. Khoja AT314
  230. Khosravizadeh O47, 315
  231. Khubchandani J316
  232. Kim GR317
  233. Kim H321
  234. Kim MS322, 323
  235. Kim YJ324
  236. Kocarnik JM1
  237. Kolahi AA7, 10
  238. Koteeswaran R325
  239. Kumar GA185
  240. La Vecchia C326
  241. Lal DK185
  242. Landires I327, 330
  243. Lasrado S331
  244. Lazarus JV332
  245. Ledda C152
  246. Lee DW318, 319
  247. Lee SW333
  248. Lee YY334, 335
  249. Levi M336, 337
  250. Li J338
  251. Lim SS1, 3
  252. Lobo SW339, 341
  253. Lopukhov PD164
  254. Loureiro JA342, 343
  255. Maclachlan JH182
  256. Magdy Abd El Razek H344
  257. Magdy Abd El Razek M345
  258. Majeed A346
  259. Makki A255
  260. Malekpour MR15
  261. Malekzadeh R18, 348
  262. Malik AA99, 120
  263. Mansourghanaei F265, 266
  264. Mansournia MA17
  265. Martinsmelo FR350
  266. Matthews PC351, 352
  267. Mendoza W353
  268. Menezes RG354
  269. Meretoja TJ355, 356
  270. Mersha AG71, 357
  271. Mestrovic T359, 360
  272. Miller TR361, 362
  273. Minh LHN363
  274. Mirica A109
  275. Mirmoeeni S123
  276. Mirrakhimov EM364, 365
  277. Misra S144
  278. Mithra P158
  279. Moazen B366, 367
  280. Mohamadkhani A18
  281. Mohammadi M368
  282. Mohammed S369, 370
  283. Moka N371, 372
  284. Mokdad AH1, 3
  285. Moludi J229, 236
  286. Momtazmanesh S15, 22
  287. Monasta L373
  288. Moradi G374, 375
  289. Moradzadeh M376
  290. Moradzadeh R197
  291. Moraga P377
  292. Mostafavi E378, 379
  293. Mubarik S380
  294. Muniyandi M381
  295. Murray CJL1, 3
  296. Naghavi M1, 3
  297. Naimzada MD382, 383
  298. Narasimha Swamy S384
  299. Natto ZS100, 385
  300. Nayak BP307
  301. Nazari J198
  302. Negoi I107, 386
  303. Negru SM387
  304. Nejadghaderi SA11, 218
  305. Neupane Kandel S388
  306. Nguyen HLT389
  307. Ngwa CH390
  308. Niazi RK391
  309. Nnaji CA392, 393
  310. Noubiap JJ394
  311. Nowroozi A22
  312. Nunezsamudio V328, 329
  313. Oancea B395
  314. Ochir C214, 396
  315. Odukoya OO397, 398
  316. Oh IH399
  317. Olagunju AT400, 401
  318. Olakunde BO402
  319. Omar Bali A31
  320. Omer E403
  321. Otstavnov SS382, 404
  322. Oumer B405
  323. Padubidri JR274
  324. Pana A109, 406
  325. Pandey A185
  326. Park EC317, 318
  327. Pashazadeh Kan F92
  328. Patel UK407
  329. Paudel U195, 408
  330. Petcu IR109
  331. Piracha ZZ409
  332. Pollok RCG410
  333. Postma MJ411, 412
  334. Pourshams A18
  335. Poustchi H18
  336. Rabiee M413
  337. Rabiee N414
  338. Rafiei A415, 416
  339. Rafiei S47
  340. Raghuram PM157
  341. Rahman M417
  342. Rahmani AM418
  343. Rahmawaty S419
  344. Rajesh A420
  345. Ranasinghe P291
  346. Rao CR275
  347. Rao SJ421
  348. Rashidi M7, 422
  349. Rashidi MM15
  350. Rawaf DL347, 423
  351. Rawaf S346, 424
  352. Rawassizadeh R425
  353. Rezaei N15, 25
  354. Rezapour A81
  355. Rezazadehkhadem S15
  356. Rodriguez JAB426
  357. Rwegerera GM427
  358. Sabour S12
  359. Saddik B256
  360. Saeb MR428
  361. Saeed U429, 430
  362. Sahebkar A431, 432
  363. Saifurrahman KM433, 434
  364. Salahi S84, 435
  365. Salimzadeh H18
  366. Sampath C340
  367. Samy AM436
  368. Sanabria J437, 438
  369. Sanmarchi F245
  370. Santricmilicevic MM281, 282
  371. Sarveazad A85
  372. Sathian B62, 440
  373. Sawhney M441
  374. Seidu AA442, 443
  375. Sepanlou SG18, 348
  376. Seylani A444
  377. Shahabi S349
  378. Shaikh MA445
  379. Shaker E26, 218
  380. Shakhmardanov MZ446
  381. Shannawaz M448
  382. Shenoy SM273
  383. Shetty JK148
  384. Shetty PH159
  385. Shibuya K449
  386. Shin JI320
  387. Shobeiri P26, 219
  388. Sibhat MM450
  389. Singh AD95
  390. Singh JA451, 452
  391. Singh S143
  392. Skryabin VY453
  393. Skryabina AA447
  394. Sohrabpour AA27
  395. Song S454
  396. Tabaeian SP86
  397. Tadesse EG60
  398. Taheri M13, 87
  399. Tampa M108, 455
  400. Tan KK456
  401. Tavakoli A88, 89
  402. Tbakhi A457
  403. Tefera BN155
  404. Tehranibanihashemi A90, 91
  405. Tesfaw HM458
  406. Thapar R158
  407. Thavamani A439, 459
  408. Tohidast SA460
  409. Tollosa DN358
  410. Tosti ME461
  411. Tovanipalone MR462, 463
  412. Traini E373, 464
  413. Tran MTN293, 465
  414. Trihandini I466
  415. Tusa BS467
  416. Ullah I468, 469
  417. Vacante M151
  418. Valadan Tahbaz S470, 471
  419. Valdez PR168, 473
  420. Varthya SB143
  421. Vo B474
  422. Waheed Y475
  423. Weldesenbet AB156
  424. Woldemariam M61
  425. Xu S476, 477
  426. Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH470
  427. Yaseri M14, 17
  428. Yeshaw Y66
  429. Yigit V478
  430. Yirdaw BW72
  431. Yonemoto N479, 480
  432. Yu C380
  433. Yunusa I481
  434. Zahir M28, 472
  435. Zaki L128
  436. Zamani M150
  437. Zamanian M197
  438. Zastrozhin MS482, 483
  439. Vos T1, 3
  440. Ward JW5, 484
  441. Dirac MA1, 3, 4
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
  7. 7. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Department of Parasitology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Department of Health and Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Paediatrics Centre of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  23. 23. Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  24. 24. Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  27. 27. Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  30. 30. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  31. 31. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  32. 32. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  33. 33. School of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  34. 34. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, James Cook University, Towsville, QLD, Australia
  35. 35. Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Towsville, QLD, Australia
  36. 36. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  37. 37. Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  38. 38. School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  39. 39. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  40. 40. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  41. 41. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  42. 42. Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
  43. 43. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  44. 44. Research Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  45. 45. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  46. 46. Institute for Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  47. 47. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  48. 48. Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  49. 49. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  50. 50. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
  51. 51. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  52. 52. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  53. 53. Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  54. 54. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
  55. 55. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  56. 56. Public Health Department, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  57. 57. Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  58. 58. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  59. 59. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  60. 60. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  61. 61. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  62. 62. School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  63. 63. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  64. 64. Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  65. 65. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  66. 66. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  67. 67. Institute of Public health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  68. 68. Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  69. 69. Department of Surgical Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  70. 70. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  71. 71. School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  72. 72. Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  73. 73. Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debremarkos, Ethiopia
  74. 74. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  75. 75. Psychological Sciences Association, Amman, Jordan
  76. 76. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  77. 77. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  78. 78. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  79. 79. Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
  80. 80. Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  81. 81. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  82. 82. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  83. 83. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  84. 84. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  85. 85. Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  86. 86. Department of Internal Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  87. 87. Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  88. 88. Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  89. 89. Department of Medical Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  90. 90. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  91. 91. Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  92. 92. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  93. 93. Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  94. 94. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  95. 95. Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  96. 96. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  97. 97. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  98. 98. Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  99. 99. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  100. 100. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  101. 101. Department of Microbiology, Kuwait University, Kuwait
  102. 102. Clinical Virology Unit, Ministry of Health of Kuwait, Kuwait
  103. 103. Department of Health Services Management, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  104. 104. Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  105. 105. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  106. 106. Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  107. 107. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  108. 108. Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  109. 109. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  110. 110. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  111. 111. Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  112. 112. School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
  113. 113. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  114. 114. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
  115. 115. Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
  116. 116. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
  117. 117. Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
  118. 118. Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  119. 119. University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  120. 120. University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  121. 121. Gastroenterology Department, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
  122. 122. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  123. 123. School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  124. 124. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  125. 125. Department of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  126. 126. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  127. 127. Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  128. 128. Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  129. 129. Department of Parasitology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  130. 130. Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  131. 131. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  132. 132. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  133. 133. Deputy of Research and Technology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
  134. 134. Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  135. 135. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  136. 136. Department of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia
  137. 137. Transplant Service, University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogota, Bogota, Colombia
  138. 138. Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed To Be University, Karad, India
  139. 139. Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad, Aurangabad, India
  140. 140. Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  141. 141. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  142. 142. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  143. 143. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  144. 144. Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  145. 145. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  146. 146. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  147. 147. Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
  148. 148. Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
  149. 149. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  150. 150. Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  151. 151. Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  152. 152. Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  153. 153. School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  154. 154. Deppartment of Health informatics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  155. 155. Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  156. 156. School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  157. 157. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  158. 158. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  159. 159. Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  160. 160. Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  161. 161. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  162. 162. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  163. 163. Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
  164. 164. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  165. 165. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  166. 166. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  167. 167. Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  168. 168. Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  169. 169. Hospitalist Department, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, United States
  170. 170. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  171. 171. Center of Excellence for Population Ageing Research (CEPAR), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  172. 172. Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  173. 173. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  174. 174. Department of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  175. 175. Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  176. 176. Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  177. 177. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  178. 178. Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  179. 179. Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
  180. 180. School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  181. 181. WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  182. 182. Epidemiology Department, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  183. 183. Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  184. 184. Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  185. 185. Department of Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  186. 186. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  187. 187. Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  188. 188. School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
  189. 189. Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Wollega University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  190. 190. Emergency Operating Center (EOC), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  191. 191. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India
  192. 192. Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  193. 193. Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
  194. 194. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  195. 195. Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  196. 196. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  197. 197. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  198. 198. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  199. 199. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  200. 200. Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  201. 201. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  202. 202. Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  203. 203. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  204. 204. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  205. 205. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  206. 206. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  207. 207. Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  208. 208. Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities-Cairo, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Cairo, Egypt
  209. 209. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  210. 210. Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  211. 211. Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  212. 212. National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  213. 213. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
  214. 214. Department of International Cyber Education, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  215. 215. Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  216. 216. Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco
  217. 217. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  218. 218. Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  219. 219. Department of International Studies, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  220. 220. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  221. 221. Institute of Public Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  222. 222. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  223. 223. Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  224. 224. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  225. 225. Department of Reproductive and Family Health, Aksum University, Axum, Ethiopia
  226. 226. Division of Pharmacy, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  227. 227. Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  228. 228. Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  229. 229. Department of Nutrition, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  230. 230. Laboratory Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  231. 231. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  232. 232. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  233. 233. Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  234. 234. Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  235. 235. Department of Parasitology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  236. 236. Department of Nutritional Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  237. 237. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
  238. 238. Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
  239. 239. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
  240. 240. Department of Radiological Imaging Technology, Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  241. 241. Radiology Research Section, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  242. 242. Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  243. 243. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  244. 244. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  245. 245. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  246. 246. Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  247. 247. Department of Midwifery, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  248. 248. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
  249. 249. Department of Public Health, Torrens University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  250. 250. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Delhi, India
  251. 251. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  252. 252. Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  253. 253. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  254. 254. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  255. 255. Mass Communication Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  256. 256. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  257. 257. Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  258. 258. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  259. 259. Research and Scientific Studies Unit, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  260. 260. Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  261. 261. Department of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
  262. 262. Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  263. 263. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  264. 264. Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Dhaka, Tangail, Bangladesh
  265. 265. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  266. 266. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  267. 267. University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  268. 268. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  269. 269. Santa Clara, CA, United States
  270. 270. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  271. 271. Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  272. 272. Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  273. 273. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  274. 274. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  275. 275. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  276. 276. College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  277. 277. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  278. 278. Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq
  279. 279. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  280. 280. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  281. 281. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  282. 282. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  283. 283. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  284. 284. School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  285. 285. Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  286. 286. H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
  287. 287. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
  288. 288. Department of Health Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
  289. 289. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  290. 290. Department of Physiology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  291. 291. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  292. 292. School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  293. 293. School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  294. 294. Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  295. 295. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  296. 296. Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  297. 297. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  298. 298. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  299. 299. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  300. 300. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  301. 301. Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
  302. 302. Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States
  303. 303. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  304. 304. Surgery Department, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
  305. 305. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  306. 306. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  307. 307. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  308. 308. Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  309. 309. Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
  310. 310. Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  311. 311. Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
  312. 312. Department of Epidemiology, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
  313. 313. Department of Public Health, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  314. 314. Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  315. 315. Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  316. 316. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  317. 317. Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  318. 318. Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  319. 319. Department of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  320. 320. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  321. 321. College of Medicine, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, South Korea
  322. 322. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea
  323. 323. Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
  324. 324. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  325. 325. Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology Department, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
  326. 326. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  327. 327. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  328. 328. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  329. 329. Department of Public Health, Herrera, Panama
  330. 330. Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  331. 331. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  332. 332. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  333. 333. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
  334. 334. Department of Medicine, University of Science Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
  335. 335. School of Medical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
  336. 336. Department of Prevention, USL Tuscany Center, Firenze, Italy
  337. 337. Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  338. 338. Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
  339. 339. Department of Professional and Medical Education, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
  340. 340. ODS and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
  341. 341. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University, Macon, GA, United States
  342. 342. Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  343. 343. School of Health, Polytechnic Institute, Porto, Portugal
  344. 344. Radiology Department, Egypt Ministry of Health and Population, Mansoura, Egypt
  345. 345. Ophthalmology Department, Ministry of Health and Population, Aswan, Egypt
  346. 346. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  347. 347. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  348. 348. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  349. 349. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  350. 350. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Campus Caucaia, Caucaia, Brazil
  351. 351. Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  352. 352. Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
  353. 353. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  354. 354. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  355. 355. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  356. 356. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  357. 357. School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  358. 358. Department of Public Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  359. 359. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  360. 360. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  361. 361. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  362. 362. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  363. 363. Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  364. 364. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  365. 365. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  366. 366. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  367. 367. Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  368. 368. Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
  369. 369. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  370. 370. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  371. 371. Oncology Department, Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Hazard, KY, United States
  372. 372. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
  373. 373. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  374. 374. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  375. 375. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  376. 376. Joint, Bone, Connective tissue, Rheumatology Research Center (JBCRC), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  377. 377. Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  378. 378. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  379. 379. Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  380. 380. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  381. 381. Health Economics Department, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
  382. 382. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  383. 383. Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
  384. 384. Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India
  385. 385. Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, United States
  386. 386. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  387. 387. Department of Oncology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
  388. 388. Estia Health Blakehurst, Estia Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  389. 389. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  390. 390. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  391. 391. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  392. 392. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  393. 393. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  394. 394. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  395. 395. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  396. 396. Advisory Board, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  397. 397. Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria
  398. 398. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
  399. 399. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  400. 400. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  401. 401. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  402. 402. Community Prevention and Care Services, National AIDS Control Committee, Abuja, Nigeria
  403. 403. Mass Communication Department, Ajman University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  404. 404. Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  405. 405. Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch College of Health Science, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  406. 406. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  407. 407. Department of Neurology and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  408. 408. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  409. 409. Department of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  410. 410. Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
  411. 411. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  412. 412. School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  413. 413. Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  414. 414. Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  415. 415. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  416. 416. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  417. 417. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  418. 418. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  419. 419. Department of Nutrition Science, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
  420. 420. Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
  421. 421. Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India
  422. 422. Department of Clinical Science, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
  423. 423. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  424. 424. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  425. 425. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  426. 426. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  427. 427. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  428. 428. Department of Polymer Technology, Gdansk, Poland
  429. 429. Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
  430. 430. Biological Production Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
  431. 431. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  432. 432. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  433. 433. Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  434. 434. Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
  435. 435. Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Department, Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran
  436. 436. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  437. 437. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  438. 438. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  439. 439. Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  440. 440. Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  441. 441. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
  442. 442. Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  443. 443. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  444. 444. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  445. 445. Karachi, Pakistan
  446. 446. Infectious Diseases Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  447. 447. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  448. 448. Symbiosis Medical College for Women, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
  449. 449. Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan
  450. 450. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  451. 451. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  452. 452. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  453. 453. Department No 16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  454. 454. Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
  455. 455. Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
  456. 456. Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  457. 457. Department of Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
  458. 458. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbesa, Ethiopia
  459. 459. Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
  460. 460. Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  461. 461. National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
  462. 462. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  463. 463. Modestum LTD, London, United Kingdom
  464. 464. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  465. 465. Health Informatics Department, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
  466. 466. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  467. 467. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
  468. 468. Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  469. 469. Pakistan Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  470. 470. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  471. 471. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  472. 472. Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  473. 473. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  474. 474. Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  475. 475. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  476. 476. Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
  477. 477. Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
  478. 478. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi (Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey
  479. 479. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  480. 480. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  481. 481. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  482. 482. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  483. 483. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  484. 484. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States

Source: The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology Published:2022


Abstract

Background: Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. Methods: The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-of-sample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. Findings: In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4·1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 to 4·5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31·3% (29·0 to 33·9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76·8% (76·2 to 77·5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 000 global deaths (487 000 to 630 000) in 2019. The number of HBV-related deaths increased between 1990 and 2019 (by 5·9% [–5·6 to 19·2]) and between 2015 and 2019 (by 2·9% [–5·9 to 11·3]). By contrast, all-age and age-standardised death rates due to HBV-related diseases decreased during these periods. We compared estimates for 2019 in 194 WHO locations to WHO-GHSS 2020 targets, and found that four countries achieved a 10% reduction in deaths, 15 countries achieved a 30% reduction in new cases, and 147 countries achieved a 1% prevalence in children younger than 5 years. As of 2019, 68 of 194 countries had already achieved the 2030 target proposed in WHO Interim Guidance of an all-age HBV-related death rate of four per 100 000. Interpretation: The prevalence of chronic HBV infection declined over time, particularly in children younger than 5 years, since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination. HBV-related death rates also decreased, but HBV-related death counts increased as a result of population growth, ageing, and cohort effects. By 2019, many countries had met the interim seroprevalence target for children younger than 5 years, but few countries had met the WHO-GHSS interim targets for deaths and new cases. Progress according to all indicators must be accelerated to meet 2030 targets, and there are marked disparities in burden and progress across the world. HBV interventions, such as vaccination, testing, and treatment, must be strategically supported and scaled up to achieve elimination. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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