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Global, Regional, and National Sex Differences in the Global Burden of Tuberculosis by Hiv Status, 1990–2019: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Ledesma JR1 ; Ma J1 ; Vongpradith A1 ; Maddison ER1 ; Novotney A1 ; Biehl MH6 ; Legrand KE1 ; Ross JM1, 2, 3 ; Jahagirdar D1 ; Bryazka D1 ; Feldman R1 ; Abolhassani H7, 8 ; Abosetugn AE13 ; Abugharbieh E14 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Ledesma JR1
  2. Ma J1
  3. Vongpradith A1
  4. Maddison ER1
  5. Novotney A1
  6. Biehl MH6
  7. Legrand KE1
  8. Ross JM1, 2, 3
  9. Jahagirdar D1
  10. Bryazka D1
  11. Feldman R1
  12. Abolhassani H7, 8
  13. Abosetugn AE13
  14. Abugharbieh E14
  15. Adebayo OM16
  16. Adnani QES17, 18
  17. Afzal S19, 20
  18. Ahinkorah BO21
  19. Ahmad SA22
  20. Ahmadi S23
  21. Rashid TA25
  22. Salih YA26, 27
  23. Aklilu A28
  24. Akunna CJ31, 32
  25. Al Hamad H33, 34
  26. Alahdab F35
  27. Alemayehu Y29
  28. Alene KA36, 37
  29. Ali BA38, 39
  30. Ali L40
  31. Alipour V42, 43
  32. Alizade H46
  33. Alraddadi RM47
  34. Alvisguzman N49, 50
  35. Amini S51
  36. Amit AML53, 54
  37. Anderson JA1
  38. Androudi S56
  39. Antonio CAT55, 57
  40. Antony CM1
  41. Anwer R58
  42. Arabloo J42
  43. Arja A60
  44. Asemahagn MA61
  45. Atre SR64, 65
  46. Azhar GS1, 69
  47. Darshan BB1
  48. Babar ZUD75
  49. Baig AA76
  50. Banach M77, 78
  51. Barqawi HJ15
  52. Barra F79
  53. Barrow A81, 82
  54. Basu S83, 85
  55. Belgaumi UI88
  56. Bhagavathula AS89, 90
  57. Bhardwaj N91
  58. Bhardwaj P92, 93
  59. Bhattacharjee NV1
  60. Bhattacharyya K97, 98
  61. Bijani A99
  62. Bikbov B100
  63. Boloor A101
  64. Briko NI104
  65. Buonsenso D105, 106
  66. Nagaraja SB1
  67. Butt ZA108, 109
  68. Carter A1
  69. Carvalho F110
  70. Charan J94
  71. Chatterjee S112
  72. Chattu SK113
  73. Chattu VK114, 115
  74. Christopher DJ116
  75. Chu DT117
  76. Claassens MM118, 119
  77. Dadras O120, 121
  78. Dagnew AB62
  79. Dai X1
  80. Dandona L1, 122, 123
  81. Dandona R1, 4, 122
  82. Daneshpajouhnejad P66, 124
  83. Darwesh AM126
  84. Dhamnetiya D127
  85. Dianatinasab M128, 129
  86. Diaz D132, 133
  87. Doan LP134, 135
  88. Eftekharzadeh S136
  89. Elhadi M137
  90. Emami A130
  91. Enany S138
  92. Faraon EJA55
  93. Farzadfar F9
  94. Fernandes E111
  95. Desideri LF80
  96. Filip I139, 140
  97. Fischer F141
  98. Foroutan M142
  99. Frank TD143
  100. Garciabasteiro AL144, 145
  101. Garciacalavaro C146
  102. Garg T147
  103. Geberemariyam BS148
  104. Ghadiri K149, 150
  105. Ghashghaee A42, 44
  106. Golechha M152
  107. Goodridge A153
  108. Gupta B154
  109. Gupta S155
  110. Gupta VB156
  111. Gupta VK157
  112. Haider MR158
  113. Hamidi S159
  114. Hanif A160
  115. Haque S161
  116. Harapan H162
  117. Hargono A163
  118. Hasaballah AI164
  119. Hashi A165
  120. Hassan S166, 167
  121. Hassankhani H168
  122. Hayat K173, 174
  123. Hezam K175, 176
  124. Holla R70
  125. Hosseinzadeh M42
  126. Hostiuc M177
  127. Househ M178
  128. Hussain R179
  129. Ibitoye SE180
  130. Ilic IM181
  131. Ilic MD182
  132. Irvani SSN172
  133. Ismail NE183
  134. Itumalla R184
  135. Jaafari J185
  136. Jacobsen KH188
  137. Jain V189
  138. Javanmardi F131
  139. Jayapal SK191
  140. Jayaram S192
  141. Jha RP193, 194
  142. Jonas JB195, 196
  143. Joseph N102
  144. Joukar F186, 187
  145. Kabir Z197
  146. Kamath A70, 74
  147. Kanchan T95
  148. Kandel H198, 199
  149. Katoto PDMC200, 202
  150. Kayode GA203, 204
  151. Kendrick PJ1
  152. Kerbo AA205
  153. Khajuria H206
  154. Khalilov R207, 208
  155. Khatab K209, 210
  156. Khoja AT59, 67
  157. Khubchandani J211, 217
  158. Kim MS212
  159. Kim YJ213, 214
  160. Kisa A1
  161. Kisa S215, 216, 217
  162. Kosen S218
  163. Koul PA219
  164. Laxminarayana SLK220
  165. Koyanagi A221, 222
  166. Krishan K223
  167. Bicer BK224
  168. Kumar A225
  169. Kumar GA122
  170. Kumar N102, 226
  171. Kumar N102, 226
  172. Kwarteng A227
  173. Lak HM189
  174. Lal DK122
  175. Landires I228, 231
  176. Lasrado S232
  177. Lee SWH233, 234
  178. Lee WC235
  179. Lin C1
  180. Liu X190, 236
  181. Lopukhov PD104
  182. Lozano R1, 4
  183. Machado DB237, 238
  184. Kunjathur SM239
  185. Madi D101
  186. Mahajan PB240
  187. Majeed A86
  188. Malik AA48, 160
  189. Martinsmelo FR241
  190. Mehta S242
  191. Memish ZA243, 244
  192. Mendoza W245
  193. Menezes RG246
  194. Merie HE248
  195. Mersha AG249, 251
  196. Mesregah MK254, 255
  197. Mestrovic T256, 257
  198. Mheidly NM258
  199. Misra S96
  200. Mithra P102
  201. Moghadaszadeh M169, 170
  202. Mohammadi M259
  203. Mohammadianhafshejani A260
  204. Mohammed S261, 263
  205. Molokhia M264
  206. Moni MA265
  207. Al Montasir A266, 267
  208. Moore CE268
  209. Nagarajan AJ107, 271, 272
  210. Nair S71
  211. Nair S71
  212. Naqvi AA247, 275
  213. Swamy SN276
  214. Nayak BP206
  215. Nazari J52
  216. Kandel SN277
  217. Nguyen TH134, 135
  218. Nixon MR1
  219. Nnaji CA278, 279
  220. Ntsekhe M280, 281
  221. Nunezsamudio V229, 230
  222. Oancea B282
  223. Odukoya OO283, 284
  224. Olagunju AT285, 286
  225. Oren E5, 287
  226. Mahesh PA288
  227. Parthasarathi R289
  228. Kan FP45
  229. Pattanshetty SM72
  230. Paudel R290
  231. Paul P291
  232. Pawar S292
  233. Pepito VCF293
  234. Perico N294
  235. Pirestani M295
  236. Polibin RV104
  237. Postma MJ296, 297
  238. Pourshams A10
  239. Prashant A298
  240. Pribadi DRA299
  241. Radfar A300
  242. Rafei A301, 302
  243. Rahim F304
  244. Rahimimovaghar V11, 12
  245. Rahman M305
  246. Rahman M305
  247. Rahmani AM307
  248. Ranasinghe P308
  249. Rao CR73
  250. Rawaf DL87, 310
  251. Rawaf S86, 311
  252. Reitsma MB1
  253. Remuzzi G294
  254. Renzaho AMN312, 313
  255. Reta MA314, 315
  256. Rezaei N8, 316
  257. Rezahosseini O317
  258. Rezai MS303
  259. Rezapour A42
  260. Roshandel G318
  261. Roshchin DO319
  262. Sabour S24
  263. Saifurrahman KM320, 321
  264. Salam N322
  265. Kafl HS171
  266. Samaei M323
  267. Samy AM324
  268. Saroshe S325
  269. Sartorius B4, 269, 270
  270. Sathian B33, 326
  271. Sawyer SM327, 328
  272. Senthilkumaran S329
  273. Seylani A330
  274. Shafaat O68, 125
  275. Shaikh MA331
  276. Sharaf K151
  277. Shetty RS73
  278. Shigematsu M332
  279. Shin JI333
  280. Silva JP110
  281. Singh JK334
  282. Sinha S103
  283. Skryabin VY335
  284. Skryabina AA337
  285. Spurlock EE1
  286. Sreeramareddy CT338
  287. Steiropoulos P339
  288. Sufyan MB262
  289. Tabuchi T340
  290. Tadesse EG30
  291. Tamir Z341
  292. Tarkang EE342, 343
  293. Tekalegn Y148
  294. Tesfay FH344, 346
  295. Tessema B252
  296. Thapar R102
  297. Tleyjeh II347, 348
  298. Tobegai R349
  299. Tran BX350
  300. Tsegaye B351
  301. Tsegaye GW63
  302. Ullah A41
  303. Umeokonkwo CD352
  304. Tahbaz SV353, 354
  305. Vo B355
  306. Vu GT356
  307. Waheed Y22
  308. Walters MK1
  309. Whisnant JL1
  310. Woldekidan MA60
  311. Wubishet BL250, 345
  312. Jabbari SHY353
  313. Yazie TSY357
  314. Yeshaw Y253
  315. Yi S358, 359
  316. Yigit V360
  317. Yonemoto N361, 362
  318. Yu C363
  319. Yunusa I84, 365
  320. Zastrozhin MS336, 366
  321. Zastrozhina A367
  322. Zhang ZJ364
  323. Zumla A309, 368
  324. Mokdad AH1, 4
  325. Salomon JA369
  326. Lim SS1, 4
  327. Naghavi M1, 4
  328. Vos T1, 4
  329. Hay SI1, 4
  330. Murray CJL1, 4
  331. Kyu HH1, 4
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Division of Data, Analytics, and Delivery for Impact, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneve, Switzerland
  7. 7. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  8. 8. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Brehan, Ethiopia
  14. 14. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  15. 15. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  16. 16. College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  17. 17. Department of Midwifery, Karya Husada Institute of Health Sciences, Kediri, Indonesia
  18. 18. Department of Midwifery, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  19. 19. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  20. 20. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  21. 21. The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  22. 22. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  23. 23. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  24. 24. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
  26. 26. Database Technology Department, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  27. 27. College of Informatics, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  28. 28. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  29. 29. Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  30. 30. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  31. 31. Department of Public Health, The Intercountry Centre for Oral Health (ICOH) for Africa, Jos, Nigeria
  32. 32. Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria
  33. 33. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  34. 34. Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  35. 35. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  36. 36. Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  37. 37. Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
  38. 38. Erbil Technical Health College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
  39. 39. School of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
  40. 40. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  41. 41. Multidisciplinary Department, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  42. 42. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  43. 43. Department of Health Economics, Tehran, Iran
  44. 44. Student Research Committee, Tehran, Iran
  45. 45. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  46. 46. Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
  47. 47. Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  48. 48. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  49. 49. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  50. 50. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  51. 51. Department of Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  52. 52. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  53. 53. School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Manila, Philippines
  54. 54. College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  55. 55. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  56. 56. Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
  57. 57. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  58. 58. Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  59. 59. Department of Public Health, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  60. 60. National Data Management Center for Health (NDMC), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  61. 61. School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  62. 62. Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  63. 63. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  64. 64. Dr DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Pune, India
  65. 65. Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  66. 66. Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  67. 67. Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  68. 68. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  69. 69. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) (Central Bureau of Statistics), The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States
  70. 70. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Mangalore, India
  71. 71. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
  72. 72. Department of Health Policy, Manipal, India
  73. 73. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal, India
  74. 74. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  75. 75. Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfeld, Huddersfeld, United Kingdom
  76. 76. Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  77. 77. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  78. 78. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  79. 79. Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  80. 80. University Eye Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  81. 81. Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  82. 82. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  83. 83. Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  84. 84. TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  85. 85. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  86. 86. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  87. 87. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  88. 88. Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed To Be University, Karad, India
  89. 89. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
  90. 90. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  91. 91. Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India
  92. 92. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  93. 93. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  94. 94. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  95. 95. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  96. 96. Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  97. 97. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  98. 98. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  99. 99. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  100. 100. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
  101. 101. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  102. 102. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  103. 103. Department of Anaesthesiology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  104. 104. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  105. 105. Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Roma, Italy
  106. 106. Global Health Research Institute, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Roma, Italy
  107. 107. Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India
  108. 108. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  109. 109. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  110. 110. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  111. 111. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  112. 112. Department of Microbiology & Infection Control, Medanta Medicity, Gurugram, India
  113. 113. Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
  114. 114. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  115. 115. Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Thiruvananthapuram, India
  116. 116. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  117. 117. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  118. 118. Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
  119. 119. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
  120. 120. School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
  121. 121. Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  122. 122. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  123. 123. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  124. 124. Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  125. 125. Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  126. 126. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  127. 127. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Sahib Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India
  128. 128. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  129. 129. Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  130. 130. Bacteriology and Virology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  131. 131. Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  132. 132. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  133. 133. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  134. 134. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  135. 135. Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  136. 136. Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  137. 137. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  138. 138. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
  139. 139. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  140. 140. School of Health Sciences, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  141. 141. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  142. 142. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  143. 143. Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
  144. 144. Department of Tuberculosis, Manhica Health Research Center (CISM), Manhica, Mozambique
  145. 145. Viral and Bacterial Infections Research Program, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  146. 146. Programa Centro de Salud Publica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, School of Public Health, University of Santiago Chile, Santiago, Chile
  147. 147. Department of Radiology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  148. 148. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  149. 149. Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  150. 150. Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  151. 151. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  152. 152. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  153. 153. Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama
  154. 154. Department of Public Health, Torrens University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  155. 155. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Delhi, India
  156. 156. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  157. 157. Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  158. 158. Department of Social and Public Health, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
  159. 159. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  160. 160. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  161. 161. Research & Scientific Studies Unit, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  162. 162. Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  163. 163. Department of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
  164. 164. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  165. 165. Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
  166. 166. Center for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  167. 167. Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting (BCEPS), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  168. 168. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  169. 169. Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  170. 170. Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  171. 171. Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  172. 172. Tabriz, Iran
  173. 173. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  174. 174. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  175. 175. Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  176. 176. Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  177. 177. Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  178. 178. College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  179. 179. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  180. 180. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  181. 181. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  182. 182. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  183. 183. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
  184. 184. Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  185. 185. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  186. 186. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  187. 187. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  188. 188. Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  189. 189. Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  190. 190. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  191. 191. Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  192. 192. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  193. 193. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  194. 194. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  195. 195. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  196. 196. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  197. 197. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  198. 198. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  199. 199. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  200. 200. Centre for Tropical Diseases and Global Health, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
  201. 201. Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  202. 202. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  203. 203. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  204. 204. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  205. 205. School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  206. 206. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  207. 207. Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  208. 208. Russian Institute for Advanced Study, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  209. 209. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Shefeld Hallam University, Shefeld, United Kingdom
  210. 210. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  211. 211. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  212. 212. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea
  213. 213. Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
  214. 214. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  215. 215. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  216. 216. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  217. 217. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  218. 218. Jakarta, Indonesia
  219. 219. Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  220. 220. Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India
  221. 221. Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  222. 222. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  223. 223. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  224. 224. Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
  225. 225. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Jamshedpur, India
  226. 226. Department of Orthopaedics, Medanta Hospital, Lucknow, India
  227. 227. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  228. 228. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  229. 229. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  230. 230. Department of Public Health, Herrera, Panama
  231. 231. Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  232. 232. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  233. 233. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  234. 234. School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
  235. 235. The Office of Health Policy & Legislative Afairs, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  236. 236. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  237. 237. Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Oswald Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
  238. 238. Centre for Global Mental Health (CGMH), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  239. 239. Department of Biochemistry, BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, India
  240. 240. Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Karaikal, India
  241. 241. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Campus Caucaia, Caucaia, Brazil
  242. 242. Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
  243. 243. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  244. 244. Research & Innovation Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  245. 245. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  246. 246. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  247. 247. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  248. 248. Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  249. 249. School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  250. 250. Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  251. 251. School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  252. 252. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  253. 253. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  254. 254. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  255. 255. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Menoufa University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
  256. 256. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  257. 257. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  258. 258. Department of Communication and Journalism, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  259. 259. Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
  260. 260. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  261. 261. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  262. 262. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  263. 263. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  264. 264. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  265. 265. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh
  266. 266. Department of Medicine, TMSS Medical College, Bogura, Bangladesh
  267. 267. Department of Medicine, Sofa Ismail Memorial Medical Centre, Bogura, Bangladesh
  268. 268. Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  269. 269. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  270. 270. Nufeld Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  271. 271. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  272. 272. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  273. 273. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College Trivandrum, Trivandrum, India
  274. 274. Health Action by People, Trivandrum, India
  275. 275. Discipline of Social & Administrative Pharmacy, University of Science, Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  276. 276. Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India
  277. 277. Bupa Clemton Park, Bupa, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  278. 278. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  279. 279. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  280. 280. Division of Cardiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  281. 281. The Cardiac Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
  282. 282. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  283. 283. Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria
  284. 284. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
  285. 285. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  286. 286. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  287. 287. Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
  288. 288. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  289. 289. CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Lucknow, India
  290. 290. Central Department of Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  291. 291. Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
  292. 292. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  293. 293. Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
  294. 294. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
  295. 295. Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  296. 296. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  297. 297. School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  298. 298. Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
  299. 299. Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
  300. 300. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  301. 301. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  302. 302. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  303. 303. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  304. 304. Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  305. 305. Pure Earth, Dhaka, Bangladesh, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  306. 306. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  307. 307. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  308. 308. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  309. 309. NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), London, United Kingdom
  310. 310. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  311. 311. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  312. 312. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  313. 313. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  314. 314. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  315. 315. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  316. 316. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  317. 317. Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  318. 318. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (GRCGH), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  319. 319. Department of Lifestyle Research and Public Health, NA Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health, Moscow, Russian Federation
  320. 320. Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  321. 321. Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
  322. 322. Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
  323. 323. Emergency Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  324. 324. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  325. 325. Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore, India
  326. 326. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  327. 327. Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  328. 328. Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  329. 329. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  330. 330. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  331. 331. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  332. 332. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  333. 333. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  334. 334. Department of Community Medicine & Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Janakpur, Nepal
  335. 335. Department No. 16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  336. 336. Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  337. 337. Therapeutic Department, Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russian Federation
  338. 338. Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  339. 339. Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
  340. 340. Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
  341. 341. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  342. 342. Department of Population and Behavioral Science, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  343. 343. HIV Health Promotion Division, HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Network, Cameroon, Kumba, Cameroon
  344. 344. School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  345. 345. School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  346. 346. Southgate Institute for Health and Society, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  347. 347. Department of Medical Specialties, Infectious Diseases Section, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  348. 348. Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  349. 349. Department of Social Security Empirical Research, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Tokyo, Japan
  350. 350. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  351. 351. School of Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  352. 352. Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  353. 353. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  354. 354. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  355. 355. Faculty of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  356. 356. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  357. 357. Department of Pharmacy, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  358. 358. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  359. 359. KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Khana, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
  360. 360. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi (Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey
  361. 361. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  362. 362. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  363. 363. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  364. 364. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  365. 365. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  366. 366. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  367. 367. Pediatrics Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  368. 368. Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  369. 369. Center for Health Policy, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States

Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases Published:2022


Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. Findings: Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1·18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1·08–1·29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8·50 million (7·45–9·73) incident cases of tuberculosis. Among HIV-positive individuals, there were 217 000 (153 000–279 000) deaths due to tuberculosis and 1·15 million (1·01–1·32) incident cases in 2019. More deaths and incident cases occurred in males than in females among HIV-negative individuals globally in 2019, with 342 000 (234 000–425 000) more deaths and 1·01 million (0·82–1·23) more incident cases in males than in females. Among HIV-positive individuals, 6250 (1820–11 400) more deaths and 81 100 (63 300–100 000) more incident cases occurred among females than among males in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates among HIV-negative males were more than two times greater in 105 countries and age-standardised incidence rates were more than 1·5 times greater in 74 countries than among HIV-negative females in 2019. The fraction of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals attributable to alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes was 4·27 (3·69–5·02), 6·17 (5·48–7·02), and 1·17 (1·07–1·28) times higher, respectively, among males than among females in 2019. Among individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, the fraction of mortality attributable to injection drug use was 2·23 (2·03–2·44) times greater among males than females, whereas the fraction due to unsafe sex was 1·06 (1·05–1·08) times greater among females than males. Interpretation: As countries refine national tuberculosis programmes and strategies to end the tuberculosis epidemic, the excess burden experienced by males is important. Interventions are needed to actively communicate, especially to men, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. These interventions should occur in parallel with efforts to minimise excess HIV burden among women in the highest HIV burden countries that are contributing to excess HIV and tuberculosis coinfection burden for females. Placing a focus on tuberculosis burden among HIV-negative males and HIV and tuberculosis coinfection among females might help to diminish the overall burden of tuberculosis. This strategy will be crucial in reaching both equity and burden targets outlined by global health milestones. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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