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The Immunologic Outcomes and Adverse Events of Covid-19 Vaccine Booster Dose in Immunosuppressed People: A Systematic Review Publisher



Seyedalinaghi S1 ; Dashti M2 ; Afzalian A3 ; Siami H4 ; Ghasemzadeh A2 ; Varshochi S3 ; Parikhani SN3 ; Amrollah MF1 ; Nourian A5 ; Mehraeen E6 ; Dadras O1
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  3. 3. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Department of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran

Source: Preventive Medicine Reports Published:2024


Abstract

Introduction: This study examines the efficacy and safety of three COVID-19 booster vaccines including mRNA-based vaccines (BNT162b2 (BioNTech/Pfizer) and/or mRNA-1273 (Moderna)), Non-Replicating Viral-Vector vaccines (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AstraZeneca) and/or Ad26. COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson)), and Protein Subunit vaccine (SpikoGen) in immunosuppressed patients. Methods: Relevant articles were systematically searched using medical subject heading (MeSH) and keywords “COVID‐19” and “booster dose” or “booster vaccine” or ‘’fourth dose” in the online databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. To identify eligible studies, a two-phase screening process was implemented. Initially, three researchers evaluated the studies based on the relevancy of the title and abstract. Results: A total of 58 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The findings suggest that booster doses offer greater protection against the disease than the primary dose. The study also compared various vaccine types, revealing that viral vector and nucleic acid vaccines outperformed inactivated vaccines. Results indicated that individuals receiving booster doses experienced superior outcomes compared to those without boosters. Vaccination against COVID-19 emerged as the most effective preventive measure against infection and symptom severity. Elevated antibody levels post-booster dose vaccination in the population signaled robust immune responses, underscoring the benefits of supplementary vaccine doses. Conclusion: This systematic review highlights preliminary evidence supporting the immunologic outcomes and safety of COVID-19 vaccine boosters in enhancing immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. However, further research is needed to determine optimal timing intervals between primary vaccination series and boosters while considering global equity issues and variant-specific considerations. © 2024 The Author(s)