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Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Treatment Strategies Publisher Pubmed



Mueller AL1 ; Payandeh Z2 ; Mohammadkhani N3, 4 ; Mubarak SMH5 ; Zakeri A6 ; Bahrami AA7 ; Brockmueller A1 ; Shakibaei M1
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, 80336, Germany
  2. 2. Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166-15731, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717443, Iran
  4. 4. Children’s Medical Center, Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, 1419733151, Iran
  5. 5. Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, 1967365271, Iraq
  6. 6. Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, 1678815811, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717443, Iran

Source: Cells Published:2021


Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a chronic systemic, multi-factorial, inflammatory, and progressive autoimmune disease affecting many people worldwide. While patients show very individual courses of disease, with RA focusing on the musculoskeletal system, joints are often se-verely affected, leading to local inflammation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. To prevent joint damage and physical disability as one of many symptoms of RA, early diagnosis is critical. Auto-antibodies play a pivotal clinical role in patients with systemic RA. As biomarkers, they could help to make a more efficient diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decision. Besides auto-antibodies, several other factors are involved in the progression of RA, such as epigenetic alterations, post-translational modifications, glycosylation, autophagy, and T-cells. Understanding the interplay between these factors would contribute to a deeper insight into the causes, mechanisms, progression, and treatment of the disease. In this review, the latest RA research findings are discussed to better understand the pathogenesis, and finally, treatment strategies for RA therapy are presented, including both conventional approaches and new methods that have been developed in recent years or are currently under investigation. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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