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Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study Publisher Pubmed



Kassebaum N1 ; Kyu HH1 ; Zoeckler L1 ; Olsen HE1 ; Thomas K1 ; Pinho C1 ; Bhutta ZA2 ; Dandona L1, 3 ; Ferrari A4 ; Ghiwot TT5 ; Hay SI1, 6 ; Kinfu Y7 ; Liang X8 ; Lopez A9 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Kassebaum N1
  2. Kyu HH1
  3. Zoeckler L1
  4. Olsen HE1
  5. Thomas K1
  6. Pinho C1
  7. Bhutta ZA2
  8. Dandona L1, 3
  9. Ferrari A4
  10. Ghiwot TT5
  11. Hay SI1, 6
  12. Kinfu Y7
  13. Liang X8
  14. Lopez A9
  15. Malta DC10
  16. Mokdad AH1
  17. Naghavi M1
  18. Patton GC11
  19. Salomon J12
  20. Sartorius B13
  21. Topormadry R14
  22. Vollset SE15
  23. Werdecker A16
  24. Whiteford HA4
  25. Abate KH5
  26. Abbas K17
  27. Damtew SA18
  28. Ahmed MB5
  29. Akseer N19
  30. Alraddadi R20
  31. Alemayohu MA21
  32. Altirkawi K22
  33. Abajobir AA4
  34. Amare AT23
  35. Antonio CAT24
  36. Arnlov J25, 26
  37. Artaman A27
  38. Asayesh H28
  39. Avokpaho EFGA29
  40. Awasthi A30
  41. Quintanilla BPA31
  42. Bacha U32
  43. Betsu BD21
  44. Barac A33
  45. Barnighausen TW12
  46. Baye E34
  47. Bedi N35
  48. Bensenor IM36
  49. Berhane A37
  50. Bernabe E38
  51. Bernal OA39
  52. Beyene AS40
  53. Biadgilign S41
  54. Bikbov B42
  55. Boyce CA43
  56. Brazinova A44
  57. Hailu GB21
  58. Carter A1
  59. Castanedaorjuela CA45
  60. Catalalopez F46, 47
  61. Charlson FJ4
  62. Chitheer AA48
  63. Choi JYJ49
  64. Ciobanu LG23
  65. Crump J50
  66. Dandona R51
  67. Dellavalle RP52
  68. Deribew A53
  69. Deveber G19
  70. Dicker D1
  71. Ding EL12
  72. Dubey M54
  73. Endries AY55
  74. Erskine HE56
  75. Faraon EJA24
  76. Faro A57
  77. Farzadfar F58
  78. Fernandes JC59
  79. Fijabi DO60
  80. Fitzmaurice C1
  81. Fleming TD1
  82. Flor LS61
  83. Foreman KJ1
  84. Franklin RC62
  85. Fraser MS1
  86. Frostad JJ1
  87. Fullman N1
  88. Gebregergs GB21
  89. Gebru AA21
  90. Geleijnse JM63
  91. Gibney KB64
  92. Yihdego MG65, 66
  93. Ginawi IAM67
  94. Gishu MD41
  95. Gizachew TA23
  96. Glaser E60
  97. Gold AL1
  98. Goldberg E1
  99. Gona P68
  100. Goto A69
  101. Gugnani HC70
  102. Jiang G71
  103. Gupta R72
  104. Tesfay FH21
  105. Hankey GJ73
  106. Havmoeller R74
  107. Hijar M75
  108. Horino M76
  109. Hosgood HD77
  110. Hu G78
  111. Jacobsen KH79
  112. Jakovljevic MB80
  113. Jayaraman SP81
  114. Jha V82, 83
  115. Jibat T63, 65
  116. Johnson CO1
  117. Jonas J84
  118. Kasaeian A58
  119. Kawakami N85
  120. Keiyoro PN86
  121. Khalil I1
  122. Khang YH49
  123. Khubchandani J87
  124. Kiadaliri AAA88
  125. Kieling C89, 90
  126. Kim D91
  127. Kissoon N92
  128. Knibbs LD4
  129. Koyanagi A93
  130. Krohn KJ1
  131. Defo BK94
  132. Bicer BK95
  133. Kulikoff R1
  134. Kumar GA51
  135. Lal DK51
  136. Lam HY96
  137. Larson HJ4, 97
  138. Larsson A25
  139. Laryea DO98
  140. Leung J4
  141. Lim SS1
  142. Lo LT99, 100
  143. Lo WD101
  144. Looker KJ102
  145. Lotufo PA37
  146. El Razek HMA103
  147. Malekzadeh R58
  148. Shifti DM104
  149. Mazidi M105
  150. Meaney PA106
  151. Meles KG21
  152. Memiah P107
  153. Mendoza W108
  154. Mengistie MA5
  155. Mengistu GW21
  156. Mensah GA43
  157. Miller TR109
  158. Mock C110
  159. Mohammadi A111
  160. Mohammed S66
  161. Monasta L113
  162. Mueller U16
  163. Nagata C114
  164. Naheed A115
  165. Nguyen G1
  166. Le Nguyen Q116
  167. Nsoesie E1
  168. Oh IH117
  169. Okoro A118
  170. Olusanya JO119
  171. Olusanya BO120
  172. Ortiz A120
  173. Paudel D121
  174. Pereira DM122
  175. Perico N123
  176. Petzold M124
  177. Phillips MR125
  178. Polanczyk GV36
  179. Pourmalek F92
  180. Qorbani M126
  181. Rafay A127
  182. Rahimimovaghar V58
  183. Rahman M128
  184. Rai RK129
  185. Ram U54
  186. Rankin Z1
  187. Remuzzi G130
  188. Renzaho AMN131
  189. Roba HS40
  190. Rojasrueda D132
  191. Ronfani L113
  192. Sagar R133
  193. Sanabria JR134
  194. Mohammed MSK112
  195. Santos IS36
  196. Satpathy M133
  197. Sawhney M134
  198. Schottker B135, 136
  199. Schwebel DC137
  200. Scott JG138
  201. Sepanlou SG58
  202. Shaheen A139
  203. Shaikh MA2
  204. She J140
  205. Shiri R141
  206. Shiue I142
  207. Sigfusdottir ID143
  208. Singh J137
  209. Silpakit N1
  210. Smith A1
  211. Sreeramareddy C144
  212. Stanaway JD1
  213. Stein DJ145
  214. Steiner C1
  215. Sufiyan MB111
  216. Swaminathan S146
  217. Tabaresseisdedos R46
  218. Tabb KM147
  219. Tadese F148
  220. Tavakkoli M149
  221. Taye B150
  222. Teeple S1
  223. Tegegne TK148
  224. Shifa GT55
  225. Terkawi AS151
  226. Thomas B1
  227. Thomson AJ152
  228. Tobegai R114
  229. Tonelli M153
  230. Tran BX154
  231. Troeger C1
  232. Ukwaja KN155
  233. Uthman O156
  234. Vasankari T157
  235. Venketasubramanian N158
  236. Vlassov VV159
  237. Weiderpass E160, 161
  238. Weintraub R162
  239. Gebrehiwot SW21
  240. Westerman R16
  241. Williams HC163
  242. Wolfe CDA39
  243. Woodbrook R1
  244. Yano Y164
  245. Yonemoto N165
  246. Yoon SJ166
  247. Younis MZ167
  248. Yu C168
  249. El Sayed Zaki M103
  250. Zegeye EA169
  251. Zuhlke LJ170
  252. Murray CJL1
  253. Vos T1
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States
  2. 2. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  3. 3. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, National Capital Region, 122002, India
  4. 4. School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  5. 5. Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  6. 6. Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  7. 7. Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
  8. 8. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  9. 9. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  10. 10. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  11. 11. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  12. 12. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  13. 13. School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South African Medical Research Council, University of KwaZulu-Natal Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Durban, South Africa
  14. 14. Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  15. 15. Center for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  16. 16. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  17. 17. Department of Population Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, United States
  18. 18. Wolaita Soda University, Wolaita Soda, Ethiopia
  19. 19. Hospital for Sick Children, Centre for Child Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
  20. 20. Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  21. 21. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  22. 22. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  23. 23. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
  24. 24. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of Philippines - Manila, Manila, Philippines
  25. 25. Department of Medical Services, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  26. 26. Dalarna University, Uppsala, Sweden
  27. 27. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  28. 28. Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  29. 29. Institute de Recherche Clinique du Benin, Cotonou, Benin
  30. 30. Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  31. 31. Judith Lumley Centre for Mother, Infant, and Family Health Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  32. 32. School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  33. 33. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  34. 34. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  35. 35. College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  36. 36. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  37. 37. College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  38. 38. King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  39. 39. University Andes, Bogota, Colombia
  40. 40. Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  41. 41. Independent Public Health Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  42. 42. Department of Nephrology Issues of Transplanted Kidney, V. I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russian Federation
  43. 43. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  44. 44. Faculty of Health Sciences and Socia LWork, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  45. 45. Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
  46. 46. University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  47. 47. Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
  48. 48. Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
  49. 49. Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  50. 50. Departmenta Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  51. 51. Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
  52. 52. School of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, United States
  53. 53. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  54. 54. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  55. 55. Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  56. 56. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  57. 57. Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
  58. 58. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  59. 59. Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal
  60. 60. Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
  61. 61. Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  62. 62. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  63. 63. Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  64. 64. Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  65. 65. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  66. 66. Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Ethiopia
  67. 67. College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  68. 68. University of Massachusetts-Boston, United States
  69. 69. National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
  70. 70. Department of Microbiology, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St James School of Medicine, Quarter, Anguilla
  71. 71. School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
  72. 72. Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  73. 73. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
  74. 74. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  75. 75. Fundacion Entornos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
  76. 76. Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, United States
  77. 77. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  78. 78. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
  79. 79. Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  80. 80. University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  81. 81. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, United States
  82. 82. George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  83. 83. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  84. 84. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karlas University, Heidelberg, Germany
  85. 85. School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  86. 86. University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  87. 87. Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
  88. 88. Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  89. 89. Federal University of Rio Grande de sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  90. 90. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  91. 91. Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  92. 92. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  93. 93. Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
  94. 94. University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  95. 95. Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  96. 96. Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
  97. 97. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  98. 98. Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
  99. 99. Union Health Associates LLC, St Louis, MO, United States
  100. 100. Alton Mental Health Center, Alton, IL, United States
  101. 101. Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
  102. 102. University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  103. 103. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  104. 104. Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia
  105. 105. Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  106. 106. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
  107. 107. University of West Florida, Pensacola, United States
  108. 108. United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
  109. 109. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  110. 110. School of Medicine, School of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
  111. 111. Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  112. 112. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria
  113. 113. Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
  114. 114. National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
  115. 115. International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  116. 116. Institute for Global Health, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  117. 117. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  118. 118. Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria
  119. 119. Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  120. 120. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
  121. 121. UK Department for International Development, Lalitpur, Nepal
  122. 122. Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
  123. 123. Istituto di Richerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
  124. 124. Health Metrics Unit, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  125. 125. School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  126. 126. School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  127. 127. Contect International Health Consultants, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
  128. 128. Research and Evaluation Division, Building Resources Access Communities, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  129. 129. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  130. 130. International Society of Nephrology, Brussels, Belgium
  131. 131. Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
  132. 132. ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  133. 133. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  134. 134. Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  135. 135. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  136. 136. Institute of Health Care and Social Sciences, FOM University, Essen, Germany
  137. 137. University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
  138. 138. Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  139. 139. Department of Public Health, An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
  140. 140. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  141. 141. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Work Organizations, Disability Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  142. 142. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  143. 143. Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  144. 144. Department of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia
  145. 145. Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  146. 146. Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
  147. 147. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, United States
  148. 148. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  149. 149. New York Medical Center, Valhalla, United States
  150. 150. Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, United States
  151. 151. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
  152. 152. Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada
  153. 153. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  154. 154. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  155. 155. Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  156. 156. University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  157. 157. Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  158. 158. Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  159. 159. National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  160. 160. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  161. 161. Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
  162. 162. Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  163. 163. University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  164. 164. Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  165. 165. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  166. 166. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  167. 167. Jackson State University, Jackson, MO, United States
  168. 168. Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  169. 169. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  170. 170. Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Source: JAMA Pediatrics Published:2017


Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Comprehensive and timely monitoring of disease burden in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is essential for improving population health. OBJECTIVE: To quantify and describe levels and trends of mortality and nonfatal health outcomes among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2015 to provide a framework for policy discussion. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes were analyzed for 195 countries and territories by age group, sex, and year from 1990 to 2015 using standardized approaches for data processing and statistical modeling, with subsequent analysis of the findings to describe levels and trends across geography and time among children and adolescents 19 years or younger. A composite indicator of income, education, and fertility was developed (Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) for each geographic unit and year, which evaluates the historical association between SDI and health loss. FINDINGS: Global child and adolescent mortality decreased from 14.18 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 14.09 million to 14.28 million) deaths in 1990 to 7.26 million (95% UI, 7.14 million to 7.39 million) deaths in 2015, but progress has been unevenly distributed. Countries with a lower SDI had a larger proportion of mortality burden (75%) in 2015 than was the case in 1990 (61%). Most deaths in 2015 occurred in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Global trends were driven by reductions in mortality owing to infectious, nutritional, and neonatal disorders, which in the aggregate led to a relative increase in the importance of noncommunicable diseases and injuries in explaining global disease burden. The absolute burden of disability in children and adolescents increased 4.3%(95%UI, 3.1%-5.6%) from 1990 to 2015, with much of the increase owing to population growth and improved survival for children and adolescents to older ages. Other than infectious conditions, many top causes of disability are associated with long-term sequelae of conditions present at birth (eg, neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, and hemoglobinopathies) and complications of a variety of infections and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia, developmental intellectual disability, hearing loss, epilepsy, and vision loss are important contributors to childhood disability that can arise from multiple causes. Maternal and reproductive health remains a key cause of disease burden in adolescent females, especially in lower-SDI countries. In low-SDI countries, mortality is the primary driver of health loss for children and adolescents, whereas disability predominates in higher-SDI locations; the specific pattern of epidemiological transition varies across diseases and injuries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Consistent international attention and investment have led to sustained improvements in causes of health loss among children and adolescents in many countries, although progress has been uneven. The persistence of infectious diseases in some countries, coupled with ongoing epidemiologic transition to injuries and noncommunicable diseases, require all countries to carefully evaluate and implement appropriate strategies to maximize the health of their children and adolescents and for the international community to carefully consider which elements of child and adolescent health should be monitored. © 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
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