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Covid-19 Lockdown: A Global Study Investigating the Effect of Athletes' Sport Classification and Sex on Training Practices Publisher Pubmed



Washif JA1 ; Sandbakk O2 ; Seiler S3 ; Haugen T4 ; Farooq A5 ; Quarrie K6 ; Janse Van Rensburg DC7, 8 ; Krug I9 ; Verhagen E10 ; Wong DP11 ; Mujika I12, 13 ; Cortis C14 ; Haddad M15 ; Ahmadian O16 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Washif JA1
  2. Sandbakk O2
  3. Seiler S3
  4. Haugen T4
  5. Farooq A5
  6. Quarrie K6
  7. Janse Van Rensburg DC7, 8
  8. Krug I9
  9. Verhagen E10
  10. Wong DP11
  11. Mujika I12, 13
  12. Cortis C14
  13. Haddad M15
  14. Ahmadian O16
  15. Jufaili MA17
  16. Alhorani RA18
  17. Almohannadi AS19
  18. Aloui A20, 21
  19. Ammar A22, 23
  20. Arifi F24, 25
  21. Aziz AR26
  22. Batuev M27
  23. Beaven CM28
  24. Beneke R29
  25. Bici A30
  26. Bishnoi P31
  27. Bogwasi L32, 33
  28. Bok D34
  29. Boukhris O20, 35
  30. Boullosa D36, 37
  31. Bragazzi N38
  32. Brito J39
  33. Cartagena RPP40
  34. Chaouachi A41, 42
  35. Cheung SS43
  36. Chtourou H20, 35
  37. Cosma G44
  38. Debevec T45, 46
  39. Delang MD47
  40. Dellal A48, 49
  41. Donmez G50
  42. Driss T23
  43. Duque JDP51
  44. Eirale C52
  45. Elloumi M53
  46. Foster C54
  47. Franchini E55
  48. Fusco A14
  49. Galy O56
  50. Gastin PB57
  51. Gill N28
  52. Girard O58
  53. Gregov C34
  54. Halson S59
  55. Hammouda O23, 60
  56. Hanzlikova I28
  57. Hassanmirzaei B61, 62
  58. Hebertlosier K28
  59. Helu HM63
  60. Herreravalenzuela T64, 65
  61. Hettinga FJ27
  62. Holtzhausen L5, 7, 66, 67
  63. Hue O68
  64. Dello Iacono A69
  65. Ihalainen JK70
  66. James C1
  67. Joseph S71
  68. Kamoun K41
  69. Khaled M72
  70. Khalladi K5
  71. Kim KJ73
  72. Kok LY74
  73. Macmillan L75
  74. Matarunadossantos LJ76, 77, 78
  75. Matsunaga R79, 80
  76. Memishi S81
  77. Millet GP82
  78. Moussachamari I15
  79. Musa DI83
  80. Nguyen HMT84
  81. Nikolaidis PT85
  82. Owen A86, 87
  83. Padulo J88
  84. Pagaduan JC89
  85. Perera NP90, 91, 92
  86. Pillay L7, 94
  87. Popa A95
  88. Pudasaini A96
  89. Rabbani A97
  90. Rahayu T98
  91. Romdhani M20
  92. Perezgomez J93
  93. Salamh P99
  94. Sarkar AS100
  95. Schillinger A101
  96. Setyawati H98
  97. Shrestha N96, 102
  98. Tabben M5
  99. Trabelsi K35, 103
  100. Urhausen A104, 105, 106
  101. Suraya F98
  102. Valtonen M107
  103. Weber J108, 109
  104. Whiteley R5, 110
  105. Zrane A111, 112, 113
  106. Zerguini Y114, 115
  107. Zmijewski P116
  108. Saad HB117, 118
  109. Pyne DB91
  110. Taylor L119, 120, 121
  111. Chamari K5
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  2. 2. Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  3. 3. Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
  4. 4. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  5. 5. Aspetar, Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
  6. 6. New Zealand Rugby, Wellington, New Zealand
  7. 7. Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  8. 8. World Netball, Manchester, United Kingdom
  9. 9. Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  10. 10. Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  11. 11. School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong
  12. 12. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Basque, Leioa, Spain
  13. 13. Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
  14. 14. Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy
  15. 15. Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  16. 16. Medical Committee of Tehran Football Association, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Emergency Medicine Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Alkhoudh, Oman
  18. 18. Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  19. 19. World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
  20. 20. Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
  21. 21. High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia
  22. 22. Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
  23. 23. Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
  24. 24. Physical Culture, Sports and Recreation, College Universi, Kosovo, Prishtina, Serbia
  25. 25. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Tetova, Tetovo, North Macedonia
  26. 26. Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Sport Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  27. 27. Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  28. 28. Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
  29. 29. Division of Medicine, Training and Health, Institute of Sport Science and Motology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
  30. 30. Applied Motion Department, Institute of Sport Research, Sports University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
  31. 31. Physiotherapy Department, Minerva Punjab Academy and Football Club, Mohali, India
  32. 32. Department of Orthopedics, Nyangabgwe Hospital, Francistown, Botswana
  33. 33. Botswana Football Association Medical Committee, Gaborone, Botswana
  34. 34. Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  35. 35. High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
  36. 36. INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
  37. 37. Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  38. 38. Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
  39. 39. Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
  40. 40. Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
  41. 41. Tunisian Research Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimisation, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
  42. 42. Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Aukland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  43. 43. Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
  44. 44. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
  45. 45. Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  46. 46. Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  47. 47. Right to Dream Academy, Old Akrade, Ghana
  48. 48. Sport Science and Research Department, Centre Orthopedique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Lyon, France
  49. 49. Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricite (LIBM EA), Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
  50. 50. Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  51. 51. Al Hilal Football Club, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  52. 52. Paris Saint-Germain FC, Paris, France
  53. 53. Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  54. 54. Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
  55. 55. Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  56. 56. Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
  57. 57. Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  58. 58. School of Human Science (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  59. 59. School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, McAuley at Banyo, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  60. 60. Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
  61. 61. Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  62. 62. Iran Football Medical Assessments and Rehabilitation Center (IF-MARC), FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran
  63. 63. Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Occidente, Sinaloa, Los Mochis, Mexico
  64. 64. Department of Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
  65. 65. Sciences of Physical Activity, Sports and Health School, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
  66. 66. Weil-Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  67. 67. Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
  68. 68. Laboratoire ACTES, UFR-STAPS, Universite des Antilles, Pointe a Pitre, France
  69. 69. School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
  70. 70. Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
  71. 71. Sports Authority of India, Bangalore, India
  72. 72. SEHA, Singapore, Singapore
  73. 73. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  74. 74. Department of Sport Science, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  75. 75. Sport Science Department, Fulham Football Club, London, United Kingdom
  76. 76. Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relation, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  77. 77. Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Management, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  78. 78. Programa Avancado de Cultura Contemporanea, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  79. 79. Antlers Sports Clinic, Kashima, Japan
  80. 80. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki, Japan
  81. 81. Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tetova, Tetovo, North Macedonia
  82. 82. Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  83. 83. Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
  84. 84. Ho Chi Minh City University of Sport, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
  85. 85. School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
  86. 86. Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
  87. 87. Seattle Sounders Football Club, Seattle, WA, United States
  88. 88. Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
  89. 89. School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
  90. 90. Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia
  91. 91. University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
  92. 92. Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  93. 93. Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
  94. 94. Wits Institute for Sports Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  95. 95. Health and Sport Science Department, Educational Faculty, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
  96. 96. Medical Department, All Nepal Football Association (ANFA), Lalitpur, Nepal
  97. 97. Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
  98. 98. Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
  99. 99. Krannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
  100. 100. Bashundhara Kings, Nilphamari, Bangladesh
  101. 101. Miskawaan Health Group, Bangkok, Thailand
  102. 102. Physiotherapy Department, BP Eyes Foundation, CHEERS Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal
  103. 103. Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
  104. 104. Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Clinique d'Eich, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
  105. 105. Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
  106. 106. Human Motion, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
  107. 107. Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyvaskyla, Finland
  108. 108. Institute for Sports Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
  109. 109. Neurocognition and Action, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
  110. 110. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  111. 111. Department of Physiology and Lung Function Testing, Faculty ofMedicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
  112. 112. Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
  113. 113. High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Said, University ofManouba, Manouba, Tunisia
  114. 114. FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Algiers, Algeria
  115. 115. Medical Committee, Confederation of African Football, Egypt
  116. 116. Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  117. 117. Laboratoire de Recherche “Insuffisance Cardiaque� (LR12SP09), Hopital Farhat HACHED, Universite de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
  118. 118. Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculte de Medicine de Sousse, Universite de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
  119. 119. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
  120. 120. Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  121. 121. Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Source: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Published:2022


Abstract

Purpose: To investigate differences in athletes' knowledge, beliefs, and training practices during COVID-19 lockdowns with reference to sport classification and sex. This work extends an initial descriptive evaluation focusing on athlete classification. Methods: Athletes (12,526; 66% male; 142 countries) completed an online survey (May-July 2020) assessing knowledge, beliefs, and practices toward training. Sports were classified as team sports (45%), endurance (20%), power/technical (10%), combat (9%), aquatic (6%), recreational (4%), racquet (3%), precision (2%), parasports (1%), and others (1%). Further analysis by sex was performed. Results: During lockdown, athletes practiced body-weight-based exercises routinely (67% females and 64% males), ranging from 50% (precision) to 78% (parasports). More sport-specific technical skills were performed in combat, parasports, and precision (∼50%) than other sports (∼35%). Most athletes (range: 50% [parasports] to 75% [endurance]) performed cardiorespiratory training (trivial sex differences). Compared to prelockdown, perceived training intensity was reduced by 29% to 41%, depending on sport (largest decline: ∼38% in team sports, unaffected by sex). Some athletes (range: 7%-49%) maintained their training intensity for strength, endurance, speed, plyometric, change-of-direction, and technical training. Athletes who previously trained ≥5 sessions per week reduced their volume (range: 18%-28%) during lockdown. The proportion of athletes (81%) training ≥60 min/session reduced by 31% to 43% during lockdown. Males and females had comparable moderate levels of training knowledge (56% vs 58%) and beliefs/attitudes (54% vs 56%). Conclusions: Changes in athletes' training practices were sport-specific, with few or no sex differences. Team-based sports were generally more susceptible to changes than individual sports. Policy makers should provide athletes with specific training arrangements and educational resources to facilitate remote and/or home-based training during lockdown-type events. © 2022 Human Kinetics Publishers Inc.. All rights reserved.
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