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Training During the Covid-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes From 142 Countries and Six Continents Publisher Pubmed



Washif JA1 ; Farooq A2 ; Krug I3 ; Pyne DB4 ; Verhagen E5 ; Taylor L6, 7, 8 ; Wong DP9 ; Mujika I10, 11 ; Cortis C12 ; Haddad M13 ; Ahmadian O14 ; Al Jufaili M15 ; Alhorani RA16 ; Almohannadi AS17 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Washif JA1
  2. Farooq A2
  3. Krug I3
  4. Pyne DB4
  5. Verhagen E5
  6. Taylor L6, 7, 8
  7. Wong DP9
  8. Mujika I10, 11
  9. Cortis C12
  10. Haddad M13
  11. Ahmadian O14
  12. Al Jufaili M15
  13. Alhorani RA16
  14. Almohannadi AS17
  15. Aloui A18, 19
  16. Ammar A20, 21
  17. Arifi F22, 23
  18. Aziz AR24
  19. Batuev M25
  20. Beaven CM26
  21. Beneke R27
  22. Bici A28
  23. Bishnoi P29
  24. Bogwasi L30, 31
  25. Bok D32
  26. Boukhris O18, 33
  27. Boullosa D34, 35
  28. Bragazzi N36
  29. Brito J37
  30. Cartagena RPP38
  31. Chaouachi A39, 40
  32. Cheung SS41
  33. Chtourou H18, 33
  34. Cosma G42
  35. Debevec T43, 44
  36. Delang MD45
  37. Dellal A46, 47
  38. Donmez G48
  39. Driss T21
  40. Pena Duque JD49
  41. Eirale C50
  42. Elloumi M51
  43. Foster C52
  44. Franchini E53
  45. Fusco A12
  46. Galy O54
  47. Gastin PB55
  48. Gill N26, 56
  49. Girard O57
  50. Gregov C32
  51. Halson S58
  52. Hammouda O59, 60
  53. Hanzlikova I26
  54. Hassanmirzaei B61, 62
  55. Haugen T63
  56. Hebertlosier K26
  57. Munoz Helu H64
  58. Herreravalenzuela T65, 66
  59. Hettinga FJ25
  60. Holtzhausen L2, 67, 68, 69
  61. Hue O70
  62. Dello Iacono A71
  63. Ihalainen JK72
  64. James C1
  65. Janse Van Rensburg DC68, 73
  66. Joseph S74
  67. Kamoun K39
  68. Khaled M75
  69. Khalladi K2
  70. Kim KJ76
  71. Kok LY77
  72. Macmillan L78
  73. Matarunadossantos LJ79, 80, 81
  74. Matsunaga R82, 83
  75. Memishi S84
  76. Millet GP85
  77. Moussachamari I13
  78. Musa DI86
  79. Nguyen HMT87
  80. Nikolaidis PT88
  81. Owen A89, 90
  82. Padulo J91
  83. Pagaduan JC92
  84. Perera NP93, 94, 95
  85. Perezgomez J96
  86. Pillay L68, 97
  87. Popa A98
  88. Pudasaini A99
  89. Rabbani A100
  90. Rahayu T101
  91. Romdhani M18
  92. Salamh P102
  93. Sarkar AS103
  94. Schillinger A104
  95. Seiler S105
  96. Setyawati H101
  97. Shrestha N99, 106
  98. Suraya F101
  99. Tabben M2
  100. Trabelsi K33, 107
  101. Urhausen A108, 109, 110
  102. Valtonen M111
  103. Weber J112, 113
  104. Whiteley R2, 114
  105. Zrane A115, 116, 117
  106. Zerguini Y118, 119
  107. Zmijewski P120
  108. Sandbakk O121
  109. Ben Saad H122, 123
  110. Chamari K2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  2. 2. Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
  3. 3. Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  4. 4. Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  5. 5. Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  6. 6. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
  7. 7. Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
  8. 8. Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  9. 9. School of Nursing and Health Studies, The Open University of Hong Kong, Ho Man Tin, Hong Kong
  10. 10. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
  11. 11. Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
  12. 12. Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy
  13. 13. Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  14. 14. Medical Committee of Tehran Football Association, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Emergency Medicine Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Alkhoudh, Oman
  16. 16. Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  17. 17. World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
  18. 18. Physical Activity, Sport & Health Research Unit (UR18JS01), National Sport Observatory, Tunis, Tunisia
  19. 19. High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia
  20. 20. Institute of Sport Sciences, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39104, Germany
  21. 21. Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
  22. 22. Physical Culture, Sports and Recreation, College Universi, Pristina, Kosovo
  23. 23. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Tetova, Tetovo, North Macedonia
  24. 24. Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Sport Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  25. 25. Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  26. 26. Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
  27. 27. Division of Medicine, Training and Health, Institute of Sport Science and Motology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
  28. 28. Applied Motion Department, Institute of Sport Research, Sports University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
  29. 29. Physiotherapy Department, Minerva Punjab Academy and Football Club, Punjab, Mohali, India
  30. 30. Department of Orthopedics, Nyangabgwe Hospital, Francistown, Botswana
  31. 31. Botswana Football Association Medical Committee, Gaborone, Botswana
  32. 32. Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  33. 33. High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
  34. 34. INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
  35. 35. Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  36. 36. Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada
  37. 37. Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
  38. 38. Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
  39. 39. Tunisian Research Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimisation, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
  40. 40. Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
  41. 41. Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
  42. 42. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
  43. 43. Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  44. 44. Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  45. 45. Right to Dream Academy, Old Akrade, Ghana
  46. 46. Sport Science and Research Department, Centre Orthopedique Santy, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Lyon, France
  47. 47. Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricite (LIBM EA 7424), Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
  48. 48. Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  49. 49. Al Hilal Football Club, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  50. 50. Paris Saint Germain FC, Paris, France
  51. 51. Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  52. 52. Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
  53. 53. Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  54. 54. Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Avenue James Cook, Noumea, 98800, New Caledonia
  55. 55. Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  56. 56. New Zealand All Blacks, New Zealand Rugby, Wellington, New Zealand
  57. 57. School of Human Science (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  58. 58. School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, McAuley at Banyo, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  59. 59. Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UPL, UFR STAPS, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
  60. 60. Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LR19ES13, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
  61. 61. Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  62. 62. Iran Football Medical Assessments and Rehabilitation Center, IFMARC, Tehran, Iran
  63. 63. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  64. 64. Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Occidente, Sinaloa, Los Mochis, Mexico
  65. 65. Department of Sport Science and Health, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
  66. 66. University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Sciences of Physical Activity, Sports and Health School, Santiago, Chile
  67. 67. Weil-Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  68. 68. Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  69. 69. Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
  70. 70. Laboratoire ACTES, UFR-STAPS, Universite Des Antilles, Pointe a Pitre, France
  71. 71. School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
  72. 72. Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
  73. 73. Medical Board Member, International Netball Federation, Manchester, United Kingdom
  74. 74. High Performance Director, Sports Authority of India, Bangalore, India
  75. 75. SEHA, Singapore, Singapore
  76. 76. Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  77. 77. Department of Sport Science, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  78. 78. Sport Science Department, Fulham Football Club, Fulham, London, United Kingdom
  79. 79. Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relation, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  80. 80. Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Management, Canadian University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  81. 81. Programa Avancado de Cultura Contemporanea, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  82. 82. Antlers Sports Clinic, Ibaraki, Kashima, Japan
  83. 83. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
  84. 84. Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tetovo, Tetovo, North Macedonia
  85. 85. Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  86. 86. Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
  87. 87. Ho Chi Minh City University of Sport, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
  88. 88. School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Attica, Greece
  89. 89. University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
  90. 90. Seattle Sounders Football Club, Seattle, WA, United States
  91. 91. Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universita Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
  92. 92. School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
  93. 93. Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia
  94. 94. University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
  95. 95. Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  96. 96. Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
  97. 97. University of Witwatersrand, Wits Institute for Sports Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
  98. 98. Health and Sport Science Department, Educational Faculty, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
  99. 99. Medical Department, All Nepal Football Association (ANFA), Lalitpur, Nepal
  100. 100. Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
  101. 101. Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
  102. 102. Krannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
  103. 103. Bashundhara Kings, Nilphamari, Bangladesh
  104. 104. Miskawaan Health Group, Bangkok, Thailand
  105. 105. Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
  106. 106. Physiotherapy Department, BP Eyes Foundation CHEERS Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal
  107. 107. Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
  108. 108. Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Clinique d‘Eich, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
  109. 109. Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
  110. 110. Human Motion, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
  111. 111. Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyvaskyla, Finland
  112. 112. Institute for Sports Science, CAU of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
  113. 113. Neurocognition and Action, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
  114. 114. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  115. 115. Department of Physiology and Lung Function Testing, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
  116. 116. Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
  117. 117. High Institute of Sports, Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
  118. 118. FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
  119. 119. Medical Committee, Confederation of African Football, Giza, Egypt
  120. 120. Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  121. 121. Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian, University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  122. 122. Laboratoire de Recherche “Insuffisance Cardiaque� (LR12SP09), Hopital Farhat HACHED, Universite de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
  123. 123. Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculte de Medicine de Sousse, Universite de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia

Source: Sports Medicine Published:2022


Abstract

Objective: Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods: Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March–June 2020). Results: Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to “maintain training,” and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is “okay to not train during lockdown,” with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes. In total, 60% of athletes considered “coaching by correspondence (remote coaching)” to be sufficient (highest amongst world-class athletes). During lockdown, < 40% were able to maintain sport-specific training (e.g., long endurance [39%], interval training [35%], weightlifting [33%], plyometric exercise [30%]) at pre-lockdown levels (higher among world-class, international, and national athletes), with most (83%) training for “general fitness and health maintenance” during lockdown. Athletes trained alone (80%) and focused on bodyweight (65%) and cardiovascular (59%) exercise/training during lockdown. Compared with before lockdown, most athletes reported reduced training frequency (from between five and seven sessions per week to four or fewer), shorter training sessions (from ≥ 60 to < 60 min), and lower sport-specific intensity (~ 38% reduction), irrespective of athlete classification. Conclusions: COVID-19-related lockdowns saw marked reductions in athletic training specificity, intensity, frequency, and duration, with notable within-sample differences (by athlete classification). Higher classification athletes had the strongest desire to “maintain” training and the greatest opposition to “not training” during lockdowns. These higher classification athletes retained training specificity to a greater degree than others, probably because of preferential access to limited training resources. More higher classification athletes considered “coaching by correspondence” as sufficient than did lower classification athletes. These lockdown-mediated changes in training were not conducive to maintenance or progression of athletes’ physical capacities and were also likely detrimental to athletes’ mental health. These data can be used by policy makers, athletes, and their multidisciplinary teams to modulate their practice, with a degree of individualization, in the current and continued pandemic-related scenario. Furthermore, the data may drive training-related educational resources for athletes and their multidisciplinary teams. Such upskilling would provide athletes with evidence to inform their training modifications in response to germane situations (e.g., COVID related, injury, and illness). © 2021, The Author(s).
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