Covid-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes From 49 Countries, With Data-Driven Recommendations

Covid-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes From 49 Countries, With Data-Driven Recommendations Publisher Pubmed

Romdhani M^{1, 3} ; Rae DE⁴ ; Nedelec M⁵ ; Ammar A^{6, 7} ; Chtourou H^{1, 3} ; Al Horani R⁸ ; Ben Saad H⁹ ; Bragazzi N^{10, 11} ; Donmez G¹² ; Driss T¹³ ; Fullagar HHK¹⁴ ; Farooq A² ; Garbarino S^{15, 16} ; Hammouda O^{13, 17} Show All Authors

Romdhani M^{1, 3}
Rae DE⁴
Nedelec M⁵
Ammar A^{6, 7}
Chtourou H^{1, 3}
Al Horani R⁸
Ben Saad H⁹
Bragazzi N^{10, 11}
Donmez G¹²
Driss T¹³
Fullagar HHK¹⁴
Farooq A²
Garbarino S^{15, 16}
Hammouda O^{13, 17}
Hassanmirzaei B^{18, 19}
Khalladi K²
Khemila S^{3, 20}
Matarunadossantos LJ^{21, 22}
Moussachamari I²³
Mujika I^{24, 25}
Munoz Helu H²⁶
Norouzi Fashkhami A²⁷
Paineirasdomingos LL^{28, 29}
Rahbari Khaneghah M²⁷
Saita Y³⁰
Trabelsi K^{1, 31}
Vitale JA³²
Washif JA³³
Weber J^{34, 35}
Souissi N^{3, 20}
Taylor L^{36, 37}
Chamari K^{2, 20}

Show Affiliations

1. High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
2. Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
3. Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, BP 143 Olympic City, Tunis, 1003, Tunisia
4. Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
5. Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
6. Institute of Sport Science, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
7. Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, 55099, Germany
8. Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
9. Universite de Sousse, Hopital Farhat HACHED, Faculte de Medecine de Sousse, Laboratoire de Recherche (LR12SP09) â€œInsuffisance Cardiaqueâ€�, Sousse, Tunisia
10. Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
11. Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
12. Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
13. Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2) UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
14. School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
15. Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
16. Post-Graduate School of Occupational Medicine, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
17. Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
18. Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
19. Iran Football Medical Assessment and Rehabilitation Center - IFMARC, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran
20. High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Said Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
21. Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Management, Canadian University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
22. Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relation, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
23. Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
24. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
25. Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
26. Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Occidente, Sinaloa, Los Mochis, Mexico
27. Esteghlal Physiotherapy Clinic, EPC, Teheran, Iran
28. Programa de Pos-Graduacao Em Ciencias Medicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
29. Departamento de Fisioterapia, Instituto de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
30. Department of Sports and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
31. Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
32. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
33. Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
34. Neurocognition and Action, Biomechanics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
35. Institute for Sports Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
36. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
37. Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW, Australia

Source: Sports Medicine Published:2022

Abstract

Objective: In a convenience sample of athletes, we conducted a survey of COVID-19-mediated lockdown (termed ‘lockdown’ from this point forward) effects on: (i) circadian rhythms; (ii) sleep; (iii) eating; and (iv) training behaviors. Methods: In total, 3911 athletes [mean age: 25.1 (range 18–61) years, 1764 female (45%), 2427 team-sport (63%) and 1442 elite (37%) athletes] from 49 countries completed a multilingual cross-sectional survey including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index questionnaires, alongside bespoke questions about napping, training, and nutrition behaviors. Results: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (4.3 ± 2.4 to 5.8 ± 3.1) and Insomnia Severity Index (4.8 ± 4.7 to 7.2 ± 6.4) scores increased from pre- to during lockdown (p < 0.001). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was predominantly influenced by sleep-onset latency (p < 0.001; + 29.8%), sleep efficiency (p < 0.001; − 21.1%), and total sleep time (p < 0.001; − 20.1%), whilst Insomnia Severity Index was affected by sleep-onset latency (p < 0.001; + 21.4%), bedtime (p < 0.001; + 9.4%), and eating after midnight (p < 0.001; + 9.1%). During lockdown, athletes reported fewer training sessions per week (− 29.1%; d = 0.99). Athletes went to bed (+ 75 min; 5.4%; d = 1.14) and woke up (+ 150 min; 34.5%; d = 1.71) later during lockdown with an increased total sleep time (+ 48 min; 10.6%; d = 0.83). Lockdown-mediated circadian disruption had more deleterious effects on the sleep quality of individual-sport athletes compared with team-sport athletes (p < 0.001; d = 0.41), elite compared with non-elite athletes (p = 0.028; d = 0.44) and older compared with younger (p = 0.008; d = 0.46) athletes. Conclusions: These lockdown-induced behavioral changes reduced sleep quality and increased insomnia in athletes. Data-driven and evidence-based recommendations to counter these include, but are not limited to: (i) early outdoor training; (ii) regular meal scheduling (whilst avoiding meals prior to bedtime and caffeine in the evening) with appropriate composition; (iii) regular bedtimes and wake-up times; and (iv) avoidance of long and/or late naps. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

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Style	Citing Format
MLA	Romdhani M, et al.. "Covid-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes From 49 Countries, With Data-Driven Recommendations." Sports Medicine, vol. 52, no. 6, 2022, pp. 1433-1448.
APA	Romdhani M, Rae DE, Nedelec M, Ammar A, Chtourou H, Al Horani R, Ben Saad H, Bragazzi N, Donmez G, Driss T, Fullagar HHK, Farooq A, Garbarino S, Hammouda O, Hassanmirzaei B, Khalladi K, Khemila S, Matarunadossantos LJ, Moussachamari I, ... Chamari K (2022). Covid-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes From 49 Countries, With Data-Driven Recommendations. Sports Medicine, 52(6), 1433-1448.
Chicago	Romdhani M, Rae DE, Nedelec M, Ammar A, Chtourou H, Al Horani R, Ben Saad H, et al.. "Covid-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes From 49 Countries, With Data-Driven Recommendations." Sports Medicine 52, no. 6 (2022): 1433-1448.
Harvard	Romdhani M et al. (2022) 'Covid-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes From 49 Countries, With Data-Driven Recommendations', Sports Medicine, 52(6), pp. 1433-1448.
Vancouver	Romdhani M, Rae DE, Nedelec M, Ammar A, Chtourou H, Al Horani R, et al.. Covid-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes From 49 Countries, With Data-Driven Recommendations. Sports Medicine. 2022;52(6):1433-1448.
BibTex	@article{ author = {Romdhani M and Rae DE and Nedelec M and Ammar A and Chtourou H and Al Horani R and Ben Saad H and Bragazzi N and Donmez G and Driss T and Fullagar HHK and Farooq A and Garbarino S and Hammouda O and Hassanmirzaei B and Khalladi K and Khemila S and Matarunadossantos LJ and Moussachamari I and Mujika I and Munoz Helu H and Norouzi Fashkhami A and Paineirasdomingos LL and Rahbari Khaneghah M and Saita Y and Trabelsi K and Vitale JA and Washif JA and Weber J and Souissi N and Taylor L and Chamari K}, title = {Covid-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes From 49 Countries, With Data-Driven Recommendations}, journal = {Sports Medicine}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {1433-1448}, year = {2022} }
RIS	TY - JOUR AU - Romdhani M AU - Rae DE AU - Nedelec M AU - Ammar A AU - Chtourou H AU - Al Horani R AU - Ben Saad H AU - Bragazzi N AU - Donmez G AU - Driss T AU - Fullagar HHK AU - Farooq A AU - Garbarino S AU - Hammouda O AU - Hassanmirzaei B AU - Khalladi K AU - Khemila S AU - Matarunadossantos LJ AU - Moussachamari I AU - Mujika I AU - Munoz Helu H AU - Norouzi Fashkhami A AU - Paineirasdomingos LL AU - Rahbari Khaneghah M AU - Saita Y AU - Trabelsi K AU - Vitale JA AU - Washif JA AU - Weber J AU - Souissi N AU - Taylor L AU - Chamari K TI - Covid-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes From 49 Countries, With Data-Driven Recommendations JO - Sports Medicine VL - 52 IS - 6 SP - 1433 EP - 1448 PY - 2022 ER -

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