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The Effect of Prebiotics and Probiotics on Levels of Depression, Anxiety, and Cognitive Function: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials Publisher



Zandifar A1, 2, 3 ; Badrfam R4, 5, 6 ; Mohammaditabar M7, 8 ; Kargar B9 ; Goodarzi S7 ; Hajialigol A8 ; Ketabforoush S10 ; Heidari A11 ; Fathi H7 ; Shafiee A7 ; Pourjafar H1
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  2. 2. Clinical Research Development Unit of Imam Hossein Medical Education Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  3. 3. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Karaj, Iran
  5. 5. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Karaj, Iran
  6. 6. Community Mental Health Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Karaj, Iran
  7. 7. Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  8. 8. Alborz Office of Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  9. 9. Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Student Research Committee, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Source: Brain and Behavior Published:2025


Abstract

Introduction: Recent studies have emphasized the relationship between mental health and the human intestine microbiota. In this study, we evaluate the effect of consuming Biotics, on levels of depression, anxiety, and cognitive function. Methods: This meta-analysis adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. All full-text articles and major reviews were manually searched for additional studies. Results: The initial analysis was based on the concept that consuming Biotics causes changes in anxiety, measured using various instruments. This analysis showed that consuming Biotics significantly reduced anxiety in our study participants (SMD = 0.2894, Z = 2.46, P = 0.0139, I^2 = 92.4%). The meta-analysis included 4295 samples (2194 in the experimental group and 2101 in the control group). In terms of depression, the analysis showed that consuming Biotics significantly reduced depression in our study participants (SMD = 0.2942, Z = 2.13, P = 0.0335, I^2 = 91.7%). The meta-analysis included 3179 samples (1603 in the experimental group and 1576 in the control group). Regarding cognitive function, the analysis showed that consuming Biotics significantly improved cognitive function in our study participants (SMD = 0.4819, Z = 3.00, P = 0.0027, I^2 = 77.9%). The meta-analysis included 915 samples (470 in the experimental group and 445 in the control group). Conclusions: Our results indicate that most recent studies support the effectiveness of probiotics in reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and cognitive issues despite some discrepancies in the findings. People with mild symptoms may experience greater benefits from taking probiotics. Trial Registration: PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42024589507. © 2025 The Author(s). Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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