Lifestyle Genomic Interactions in Health and Disease Publisher



Nedaeinia R¹ ; Jafarpour S² ; Safabakhsh S³ ; Ranjbar M⁴ ; Poursafa P⁵ ; Perez P³ ; Salehi R^{1, 2} Show Affiliations
Source: Integrated Science Published:2022

Abstract

There has been increasing interest in how lifestyle may have an impact on genomics. Nutrition, physical activity and other environmental factors are determinants of health and disease in any defined population, primarily  through interaction with components of the genome and proteome. It is proposed that practical and reciprocal interactions exist between nutrients and the human genome. The structural complex and functional coordination is in a continuously evolving dynamic state. Nutrigenomics is the study of effect of foods and food components on the expression of the genome. It may also be defined as the effect of genetic diversity on nutrition by linking gene expression or genetic diversity to nutrient uptake, metabolism, or biological effects. Current scientific evidence supports the idea of trans-generational epigenetic influence on gene expressions. Epigenetic effectors like methylation, acetylation, non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, are influenced by dietary components. Despite the fact that methylation is an enzymatic reaction, the availability of methyl donor moiety from diet through nutrients, play a pivotal role. Extra-cellular vesicles contain a specific cohort of epigenetic effectors that are ingested along with various foodstuffs and would safely travel through the gastrointestinal tract. They are then absorbed into systemic circulation and delivered to specific end organs with appropriate receptor. Our body is also influenced by an extensive extra-genomic array of our gut microbiome. An individuals’ microbiome is an important determinant of energy extraction from various foodstuffs and also influences energy homeostasis which is the main effector of metabolic disorder development. Another important aspect of lifestyle is physical activity and its impact on molecular pathways contributing to the optimal health or disease state. In this chapter we  plan to present a comprehensive overview of lifestyle genomics in health and disease. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.