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Human Milk Fungi: Environmental Determinants and Inter-Kingdom Associations With Milk Bacteria in the Child Cohort Study Publisher Pubmed



Moossavi S1, 2, 3 ; Fehr K2 ; Derakhshani H4 ; Sbihi H5 ; Robertson B6 ; Bode L6 ; Brook J7 ; Turvey SE5 ; Moraes TJ8 ; Becker AB2, 9 ; Mandhane PJ10 ; Sears MR4 ; Khafipour E2, 11 ; Subbarao P8, 12 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Moossavi S1, 2, 3
  2. Fehr K2
  3. Derakhshani H4
  4. Sbihi H5
  5. Robertson B6
  6. Bode L6
  7. Brook J7
  8. Turvey SE5
  9. Moraes TJ8
  10. Becker AB2, 9
  11. Mandhane PJ10
  12. Sears MR4
  13. Khafipour E2, 11
  14. Subbarao P8, 12
  15. Azad MB2, 9
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  2. 2. Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  3. 3. Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  5. 5. Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  6. 6. Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
  7. 7. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  8. 8. Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  9. 9. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  10. 10. Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  11. 11. Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  12. 12. Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Source: BMC Microbiology Published:2020


Abstract

Background: Fungi constitute an important yet frequently neglected component of the human microbiota with a possible role in health and disease. Fungi and bacteria colonise the infant gastrointestinal tract in parallel, yet most infant microbiome studies have ignored fungi. Milk is a source of diverse and viable bacteria, but few studies have assessed the diversity of fungi in human milk. Results: Here we profiled mycobiota in milk from 271 mothers in the CHILD birth cohort and detected fungi in 58 (21.4%). Samples containing detectable fungi were dominated by Candida, Alternaria, and Rhodotorula, and had lower concentrations of two human milk oligosaccharides (disialyllacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-hexaose). The presence of milk fungi was associated with multiple outdoor environmental features (city, population density, and season), maternal atopy, and early-life antibiotic exposure. In addition, despite a strong positive correlation between bacterial and fungal richness, there was a co-exclusion pattern between the most abundant fungus (Candida) and most of the core bacterial genera. Conclusion: We profiled human milk mycobiota in a well-characterised cohort of mother-infant dyads and provide evidence of possible host-environment interactions in fungal inoculation. Further research is required to establish the role of breastfeeding in delivering fungi to the developing infant, and to assess the health impact of the milk microbiota in its entirety, including both bacterial and fungal components. © 2020 The Author(s).
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