Tramadol: Clinical Applications, Psychological Effects and Toxicity



Eghtesadi R¹ ; Safavi S¹ ; Vahed N² ; Azadi S³ ; Keyhani ALI⁴ ; Rasouliazad M⁵ ; Ghaderi A^{6, 7} Show Affiliations
Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Published:2019

Abstract

Tramadol is considered opioid-like analgesic with serotonin and monoamine reuptake inhibition property. This drug is used worldwide and is listed in many medical guidelines for pain management. Tramadol because of monoaminergic activities and opioidergic,has long been used as a well tolerated alternative to other drugs in moderate pain. Also, tramadol has less effect on the respiratory center than morphine and tends to control pain better on movement than morphine. Also, this drug when inject has less abuse potential. It produces analgesic action by exhibiting central serotonergic receptors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) catecholamine, and agonistic activity to mu-opioid receptor. Long-term use of high doses of this drug may be link to physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome; it is also possible that it can cause mental health disorders. Tramadol have several adverse effects, so the tramadol must choose carefully for pain management. There are a few evidence of seizure induced by tramadol at therapeutic dose. In addition, subjects with medical history of illicit drug abuse, seizure, alcoholism, epilepsy, head injury and metabolic disturbance have more possibility of seizures when treated with tramadol. The purpose of this review is to evaluate tramadol drug, clinical applications, complications, physiological and psychological effects, toxicity and toxicity. © 2019, Advanced Scientific Research. All rights reserved.