Effective Refractive Error Coverage in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: Estimates From Population-Based Surveys in 61 Countries

Effective Refractive Error Coverage in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: Estimates From Population-Based Surveys in 61 Countries Publisher Pubmed

Bourne RRA¹ ; Cicinelli MV² ; Sedighi T¹ ; Tapply IH³ ; Mccormick I⁴ ; Jonas JB⁵ ; Congdon NG⁶ ; Ramke J⁴ ; Naidoo KS⁷ ; Fricke TR⁸ ; Burton MJ⁴ ; Muller A⁹ ; Bikbov MM¹⁰ ; Furtado JM¹¹ Show All Authors

Bourne RRA¹
Cicinelli MV²
Sedighi T¹
Tapply IH³
Mccormick I⁴
Jonas JB⁵
Congdon NG⁶
Ramke J⁴
Naidoo KS⁷
Fricke TR⁸
Burton MJ⁴
Muller A⁹
Bikbov MM¹⁰
Furtado JM¹¹
Kyari F⁴
He M¹³
Wang YX¹⁴
Vijaya L¹⁵
Nangia V¹⁶
Brian G¹⁷
Emamian MH¹⁸
Fotouhi A¹⁹
Hashemi H²⁰
Khandekar RB²¹
Marmamula S²²
Salomao S²³
George R¹⁵
Kazakbaeva G¹⁰
Braithwaite T²⁴
Casson RJ²⁵
Iwase A²⁶
Gupta N²⁷
Abdianwall MH²⁸
Varma R³¹
Wong TY²⁹
Wang N¹⁴
Taylor HR¹²
Flaxman SR³⁰
Keel S⁹
Resnikoff S⁸

Show Affiliations

1. Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
2. Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
3. Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
4. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
5. Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
6. Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
7. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
8. University of New South Wales School of Optometry and Vision Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
9. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
10. Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation
11. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
12. School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
13. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
14. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
15. Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
16. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
17. The Fred Hollows Foundation, New Zealand
18. Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
19. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
20. NOOR Ophthalmology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
21. King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
22. LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
23. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Paulista School of Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
24. St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
25. The University of Adelaide School of Public Health, Adelaide, Australia
26. Japan Glaucoma Society, Japan
27. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
28. Bayazid Roshan University of Nangarhar Faculty of Medicine, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
29. Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
30. University of Oxford Department of Computing Science, Oxford, United Kingdom
31. Southern California Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States

Source: The Lancet Global Health Published:2022

Abstract

Background: In 2021, WHO Member States endorsed a global target of a 40-percentage-point increase in effective refractive error coverage (eREC; with a 6/12 visual acuity threshold) by 2030. This study models global and regional estimates of eREC as a baseline for the WHO initiative. Methods: The Vision Loss Expert Group analysed data from 565 448 participants of 169 population-based eye surveys conducted since 2000 to calculate eREC (met need/[met need + undermet need + unmet need]). A binary logistic regression model was used to estimate eREC by Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study super region among adults aged 50 years and older. Findings: In 2021, distance eREC was 79·1% (95% CI 72·4–85·0) in the high-income super region; 62·1% (54·7–68·8) in north Africa and Middle East; 49·5% (45·0–54·0) in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; 40·0% (31·7–48·2) in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania; 34·5% (29·4–40·0) in Latin America and the Caribbean; 9·0% (6·5–12·0) in south Asia; and 5·7% (3·1–9·0) in sub-Saharan Africa. eREC was higher in men and reduced with increasing age. Global distance eREC increased from 2000 to 2021 by 19·0%. Global near vision eREC for 2021 was 20·5% (95% CI 17·8–24·4). Interpretation: Over the past 20 years, distance eREC has increased in each super region yet the WHO target will require substantial improvements in quantity and quality of refractive services in particular for near vision impairment. Funding: WHO, Sightsavers, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Fondation Thea, Brien Holden Vision Institute, Lions Clubs International Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

2. Global Estimates on the Number of People Blind or Visually Impaired by Uncorrected Refractive Error: A Meta-Analysis From 2000 to 2020, Eye (Basingstoke) (2024)

3. Causes of Blindness and Vision Impairment in 2020 and Trends Over 30 Years, and Prevalence of Avoidable Blindness in Relation to Vision 2020: The Right to Sight: An Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study, The Lancet Global Health (2021)

4. Trends in Prevalence of Blindness and Distance and Near Vision Impairment Over 30 Years: An Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study, The Lancet Global Health (2021)

5. Global Estimates on the Number of People Blind or Visually Impaired by Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Meta-Analysis From 2000 to 2020, Eye (Basingstoke) (2024)

6. Global Estimates on the Number of People Blind or Visually Impaired by Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis From 2000 to 2020, Eye (Basingstoke) (2024)

7. Spectacle Coverage for Presbyopia Correction and Its Associated Factors Among Employees of an Academic Centre in Tehran, Scientific Reports (2025)

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Style	Citing Format
MLA	Bourne RRA, et al.. "Effective Refractive Error Coverage in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: Estimates From Population-Based Surveys in 61 Countries." The Lancet Global Health, vol. 10, no. 12, 2022, pp. e1754-e1763.
APA	Bourne RRA, Cicinelli MV, Sedighi T, Tapply IH, Mccormick I, Jonas JB, Congdon NG, Ramke J, Naidoo KS, Fricke TR, Burton MJ, Muller A, Bikbov MM, Furtado JM, Kyari F, He M, Wang YX, Vijaya L, Nangia V, ... Resnikoff S (2022). Effective Refractive Error Coverage in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: Estimates From Population-Based Surveys in 61 Countries. The Lancet Global Health, 10(12), e1754-e1763.
Chicago	Bourne RRA, Cicinelli MV, Sedighi T, Tapply IH, Mccormick I, Jonas JB, Congdon NG, et al.. "Effective Refractive Error Coverage in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: Estimates From Population-Based Surveys in 61 Countries." The Lancet Global Health 10, no. 12 (2022): e1754-e1763.
Harvard	Bourne RRA et al. (2022) 'Effective Refractive Error Coverage in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: Estimates From Population-Based Surveys in 61 Countries', The Lancet Global Health, 10(12), pp. e1754-e1763.
Vancouver	Bourne RRA, Cicinelli MV, Sedighi T, Tapply IH, Mccormick I, Jonas JB, et al.. Effective Refractive Error Coverage in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: Estimates From Population-Based Surveys in 61 Countries. The Lancet Global Health. 2022;10(12):e1754-e1763.
BibTex	@article{ author = {Bourne RRA and Cicinelli MV and Sedighi T and Tapply IH and Mccormick I and Jonas JB and Congdon NG and Ramke J and Naidoo KS and Fricke TR and Burton MJ and Muller A and Bikbov MM and Furtado JM and Kyari F and He M and Wang YX and Vijaya L and Nangia V and Brian G and Emamian MH and Fotouhi A and Hashemi H and Khandekar RB and Marmamula S and Salomao S and George R and Kazakbaeva G and Braithwaite T and Casson RJ and Iwase A and Gupta N and Abdianwall MH and Varma R and Wong TY and Wang N and Taylor HR and Flaxman SR and Keel S and Resnikoff S}, title = {Effective Refractive Error Coverage in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: Estimates From Population-Based Surveys in 61 Countries}, journal = {The Lancet Global Health}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {e1754-e1763}, year = {2022} }
RIS	TY - JOUR AU - Bourne RRA AU - Cicinelli MV AU - Sedighi T AU - Tapply IH AU - Mccormick I AU - Jonas JB AU - Congdon NG AU - Ramke J AU - Naidoo KS AU - Fricke TR AU - Burton MJ AU - Muller A AU - Bikbov MM AU - Furtado JM AU - Kyari F AU - He M AU - Wang YX AU - Vijaya L AU - Nangia V AU - Brian G AU - Emamian MH AU - Fotouhi A AU - Hashemi H AU - Khandekar RB AU - Marmamula S AU - Salomao S AU - George R AU - Kazakbaeva G AU - Braithwaite T AU - Casson RJ AU - Iwase A AU - Gupta N AU - Abdianwall MH AU - Varma R AU - Wong TY AU - Wang N AU - Taylor HR AU - Flaxman SR AU - Keel S AU - Resnikoff S TI - Effective Refractive Error Coverage in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: Estimates From Population-Based Surveys in 61 Countries JO - The Lancet Global Health VL - 10 IS - 12 SP - e1754 EP - e1763 PY - 2022 ER -

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