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Comparative Health Risk Assessment of Btex Exposures From Landfills, Composting Units, and Leachate Treatment Plants Publisher



Yaghmaien K1 ; Hadei M2 ; Hopke P3, 4 ; Gharibzadeh S5 ; Kermani M5 ; Yarahmadi M6 ; Emam B7 ; Shahsavani A7, 8
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, 14642, NY, United States
  4. 4. Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, 13699, NY, United States
  5. 5. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Air Quality# Atmosphere and Health Published:2019


Abstract

This study assessed and compared the carcinogenic risks and hazard ratios of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) within different units of a municipal solid waste disposal facility (Tehran, Iran), including the leachate treatment plant (LTP), the landfill, and a composting unit. Eight stations within the landfill site were sampled during summer and winter using NIOSH method 1501. The health risk assessment was conducted using the probabilistic risk model Oracle Crystal Ball. The probability distributions of risks were estimated. The average concentrations (±SD) of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and total BTEX were 9.01 (± 5.22), 11.44 (± 6.62), 14.56 (± 9.8), 24.06 (± 14.86), and 59.09 (± 32.38) ppbv, respectively. BTEX concentrations were significantly higher downwind of the disposal site compared to those in the upwind direction. The maximum carcinogenic risks of benzene in LTP, landfill, and composting unit were in excess of 1 × 10−4. Hazard ratios of BTEX were sufficiently low so as not to pose a significant risk to the workers’ health. However, maximum hazard ratios of benzene and total BTEX within landfill exceeded 1. In general, lifetime cancer risks and hazard ratios of BTEX were higher in landfill area compared to leachate treatment plant or the composting unit. Sensitivity analyses indicated that concentration and exposure duration had the largest impacts on the variance of the estimated risks. Individuals working in the landfill were at higher risk. An action plan is needed to reduce the risks from BTEX exposure in waste facilities by reducing the concentrations and/or exposure duration. © 2019, Springer Media B.V., onderdeel van Springer Nature.
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