Deferoxamine-Loaded Trilayer Scaffold Containing Propolis and Sulfated Polysaccharides Promotes in Vivo Wound Healing Through Angiogenesis Stimulation Publisher Pubmed



Alhammood O¹ ; Muhammed Muzher H² ; Hasan Mousa R² ; Vahedian Boroujeni V³ ; Noory P⁴ ; Mirhaj M⁵ ; Almusawi MH² ; Talib Alsudani B² ; A Mohammed A² ; Shahriarikhalaji M⁶ ; Valizadeh H⁷ ; Sharifianjazi F^{8, 9} ; Bazli L¹⁰ ; Tavamaishvili K¹¹ Show All Authors Show Affiliations
Source: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces Published:2025

Abstract

The skin exhibits a hierarchical structure, and the application of tissue engineering techniques is recommended for the treatment of severe cutaneous injuries. To biologically mimic the structural characteristics of the distinct layers of the skin, the utilization of multilayered scaffolds has become a prominent approach. In the current study, an asymmetric trilayered scaffold was fabricated, consisting of a middle layer (ML) composed of 3D printed poly(vinyl alcohol)-carrageenan (PVA.Crg), a top layer (TL) of nanofibrous polycaprolactone-propolis (PCL.Pp), and a bottom layer (BL) of poly(vinyl alcohol)-fucoidan-deferoxamine (PVA.Fu.Def) nanofibers. It was indicated that the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the trilayer scaffold were significantly higher compared to other samples. The in vitro degradation rate of the studied scaffolds as well as the release of Def from the trilayer scaffold after 7 days were quantified within the range of 36-40 and 91.1%, respectively. The release of Def did not induce cytotoxicity and chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay revealed that the release of Def remarkably enhanced angiogenesis. Furthermore, the in vivo examinations exhibited the fastest re-epithelialization in the group treated with the trilayer scaffold containing Def. The findings of this study suggest the potential application of the fabricated trilayer scaffold as a skin substitute or wound dressing. © 2025 American Chemical Society.