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Subnational Mapping of Hiv Incidence and Mortality Among Individuals Aged 15–49 Years in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–18: A Modelling Study Publisher Pubmed



Sartorius B1, 4 ; Vanderheide JD8 ; Yang M5 ; Goosmann EA5 ; Hon J5 ; Haeuser E5 ; Cork MA5 ; Perkins S5 ; Jahagirdar D5 ; Schaeffer LE9, 10 ; Serfes AL5 ; Legrand KE5 ; Abbastabar H11 ; Abebo ZH18 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Sartorius B1, 4
  2. Vanderheide JD8
  3. Yang M5
  4. Goosmann EA5
  5. Hon J5
  6. Haeuser E5
  7. Cork MA5
  8. Perkins S5
  9. Jahagirdar D5
  10. Schaeffer LE9, 10
  11. Serfes AL5
  12. Legrand KE5
  13. Abbastabar H11
  14. Abebo ZH18
  15. Abosetugn AE23
  16. Abugharbieh E24
  17. Accrombessi MMK25, 27
  18. Adebayo OM28
  19. Adegbosin AE32
  20. Adekanmbi V33
  21. Adetokunboh OO37, 38
  22. Adeyinka DA39, 40
  23. Ahinkorah BO41
  24. Ahmadi K42
  25. Ahmed MB43, 44
  26. Akalu Y45
  27. Akinyemi OO29, 57
  28. Akinyemi RO58, 62
  29. Aklilu A19
  30. Akunna CJ63, 64
  31. Alahdab F65
  32. Alaly Z66, 67
  33. Alam N68, 69
  34. Alamneh AA70
  35. Alanzi TM72
  36. Alemu BW20, 75
  37. Alhassan RK76
  38. Ali T79
  39. Alipour V83, 84
  40. Amini S90
  41. Ancuceanu R93
  42. Ansari F94, 99
  43. Anteneh ZA100
  44. Anvari D107, 111
  45. Anwer R112
  46. Appiah SCY113, 114
  47. Arabloo J83
  48. Asemahagn MA101
  49. Asghari Jafarabadi M95, 115
  50. Asmare WN116
  51. Atnafu DD102
  52. Atout MMW118
  53. Atreya A119
  54. Ausloos M120, 122
  55. Awedew AF123
  56. Ayala Quintanilla BP126
  57. Ayanore MA77
  58. Aynalem YA127
  59. Ayza MA129
  60. Azari S83
  61. Azene ZN46
  62. Babar ZUD134
  63. Baig AA135
  64. Balakrishnan S80
  65. Banach M136, 137
  66. Barnighausen TW138, 139
  67. Basu S140, 143
  68. Bayati M148
  69. Bedi N149, 150
  70. Bekuma TT151
  71. Bezabhe WMM106, 152
  72. Bhagavathula AS153, 154
  73. Bhardwaj P156, 157
  74. Bhattacharyya K160, 161
  75. Bhutta ZA162, 164
  76. Bibi S165
  77. Bikbov B166
  78. Birhan TA47
  79. Bitew ZW167
  80. Bockarie MJ168, 169
  81. Boloor A171
  82. Brady OJ26
  83. Bragazzi NL175
  84. Briko AN176
  85. Briko NI177
  86. Burugina Nagaraja S178
  87. Butt ZA179, 180
  88. Cardenas R181
  89. Carvalho F182
  90. Charan J158
  91. Chatterjee S187
  92. Chattu SK188
  93. Chattu VK163, 189
  94. Chowdhury MAK190, 191
  95. Chu DT192
  96. Cook AJ5
  97. Cormier NM5
  98. Cowden RG193
  99. Culquichicon C194
  100. Dagnew B48
  101. Dahlawi SMA73
  102. Damiani G195, 197
  103. Daneshpajouhnejad P198, 199
  104. Daoud F5
  105. Daryani A108
  106. Das Neves J183, 184
  107. Davis Weaver N5
  108. Derbew Molla M49
  109. Deribe K124, 201
  110. Desta AA50
  111. Deuba K202, 203
  112. Dharmaratne SD4, 5, 204
  113. Dhungana GP205
  114. Diaz D206, 207
  115. Djalalinia S208
  116. Doku PN209
  117. Dubljanin E211
  118. Duko B213, 216
  119. Eagan AW141, 217
  120. Earl L5
  121. Eaton JW5, 144
  122. Effiong A218
  123. El Sayed Zaki M219
  124. El Tantawi M220
  125. Elayedath R221
  126. Eljaafary SI222
  127. Elsharkawy A223
  128. Eskandarieh S12
  129. Eyawo O224
  130. Ezzikouri S225
  131. Fasanmi AO226, 227
  132. Fasil A51
  133. Fauk NK229, 231
  134. Feigin VL5, 232, 233
  135. Ferede TY214
  136. Fernandes E185
  137. Fischer F234
  138. Foigt NA235
  139. Folayan MO236
  140. Foroutan M237
  141. Francis JM238
  142. Fukumoto T239
  143. Gad MM240, 242
  144. Geberemariyam BS243
  145. Gebregiorgis B127
  146. Gebremichael B81
  147. Gesesew HA130, 229
  148. Getacher L128
  149. Ghadiri K244, 245
  150. Ghashghaee A83, 85
  151. Gilani SA250, 251
  152. Ginindza TG252
  153. Glagn M18
  154. Golechha M254
  155. Gona PN255
  156. Gubari MIM256
  157. Gugnani HC257, 258
  158. Guido D259
  159. Guled RA260
  160. Hall BJ262
  161. Hamidi S263
  162. Handiso DW264
  163. Hargono A265
  164. Hashi A261
  165. Hassanipour S266, 267
  166. Hassankhani H96
  167. Hayat K268, 269
  168. Herteliu C122, 270
  169. De Hidru HD271
  170. Holla R272
  171. Hosgood HD274
  172. Hossain N275
  173. Hosseini M13, 14
  174. Hosseinzadeh M83
  175. Househ M276
  176. Hwang BF277
  177. Ibitoye SE59
  178. Ilesanmi OS30, 60
  179. Ilic IM212
  180. Ilic MD278
  181. Irvani SSN280
  182. Iwu CCD282
  183. Iwu CJ38, 285
  184. Iyamu IO286, 287
  185. Jain V241
  186. Jakovljevic M279, 288
  187. Jalilian F246
  188. Jha RP289, 290
  189. Johnson KB5
  190. Joshua V291
  191. Joukar F266, 267
  192. Jozwiak JJ292
  193. Kabir A86
  194. Kalankesh LR97
  195. Kalhor R293, 294
  196. Kamath A272, 295
  197. Kamyari N296
  198. Kanchan T159
  199. Karami Matin B247
  200. Karch A299
  201. Karimi SE98
  202. Kasa AS103
  203. Kassahun G215
  204. Kayode GA300, 301
  205. Kazemi Karyani A247
  206. Keiyoro PN303
  207. Kelkay B52
  208. Khalid N306
  209. Khan G155
  210. Khan J307
  211. Khan MN308
  212. Khatab K309, 310
  213. Khazaei S297
  214. Kim YJ311
  215. Kisa A312, 313
  216. Kisa S314
  217. Kochhar S6, 315
  218. Kopec JA287, 316
  219. Kosen S317
  220. Koulmane Laxminarayana S318
  221. Koyanagi A319, 320
  222. Krishan K321
  223. Kuate Defo B322, 323
  224. Kugbey N78
  225. Kulkarni V172
  226. Kumar M304, 324
  227. Kumar N172
  228. Kurmi OP325, 326
  229. Kusuma D145, 328
  230. Kuupiel D253, 329
  231. Kyu HH4, 5
  232. La Vecchia C196
  233. Lal DK330
  234. Lam JO331
  235. Landires I332, 335
  236. Lasrado S336
  237. Lazarus JV337
  238. Lazzaratwood A5
  239. Lee PH121
  240. Leshargie CT338
  241. Li B339
  242. Liu X340
  243. Lopukhov PD177
  244. Amin HIM341, 342
  245. Madi D171
  246. Mahasha PW284
  247. Majeed A146
  248. Maleki A15, 343
  249. Maleki S248
  250. Mamun AA345
  251. Manafi N87, 346
  252. Mansournia MA13
  253. Martinsmelo FR347
  254. Masoumi SZ298
  255. Mayala BK5, 348
  256. Meharie BG349
  257. Meheretu HAA71, 101
  258. Meles HG133
  259. Melku M53
  260. Mendoza W350
  261. Mengesha EW104
  262. Meretoja TJ351
  263. Mersha AM21
  264. Mestrovic T352, 353
  265. Miller TR216, 354
  266. Mirica A122
  267. Mirzaeialavijeh M246
  268. Mohamad O355
  269. Mohammad Y356
  270. Mohammadianhafshejani A357
  271. Mohammed JA358
  272. Mohammed S138, 361
  273. Mohammed S138, 361
  274. Mokdad AH4, 5
  275. Mokonnon T364
  276. Molokhia M34
  277. Moradi M247
  278. Moradi Y344
  279. Moradzadeh R91
  280. Moraga P365
  281. Mosser JF5
  282. Munro SB5
  283. Mustafa G366, 367
  284. Muthupandian S131, 368
  285. Naderi M248
  286. Nagarajan AJ369, 370
  287. Naghavi M4, 5
  288. Naveed M371
  289. Nayak VC273
  290. Nazari J92
  291. Ndejjo R372
  292. Nepal S373
  293. Netsere HB54, 374
  294. Ngalesoni FN375
  295. Nguefacktsague G376
  296. Ngunjiri JW377
  297. Nigatu YT378, 379
  298. Nigussie SN117
  299. Nnaji CA170, 285
  300. Noubiap JJ380
  301. Nunezsamudio V333, 334
  302. Oancea B381
  303. Odukoya OO382, 383
  304. Ogbo FA384
  305. Oladimeji O385, 386
  306. Olagunju AT327, 387
  307. Olusanya BO388
  308. Olusanya JO388
  309. Omer MO261
  310. Omonisi AEE389, 390
  311. Onwujekwe OE391
  312. Orisakwe OE392
  313. Otstavnov N393
  314. Owolabi MO31, 61
  315. Mahesh PA394
  316. Padubidri JR272
  317. Pakhale S395
  318. Pana A122, 396
  319. Pandiperumal SR397
  320. Patel UK398
  321. Pathak M399
  322. Patton GC400, 402
  323. Pawar S403
  324. Peprah EK404
  325. Pokhrel KN405
  326. Postma MJ406, 407
  327. Pottoo FH74
  328. Pourjafar H408, 409
  329. Pribadi DRA410
  330. Quazi Syed Z411
  331. Rafiei A109, 110
  332. Rahim F16, 412
  333. Rahman MHU413
  334. Rahmani AM414, 415
  335. Ram P228
  336. Rana J416, 417
  337. Ranabhat CL418, 419
  338. Rao S173
  339. Rao SJ420
  340. Rathi P272
  341. Rawaf DL147, 421
  342. Rawaf S146, 422
  343. Rawassizadeh R423
  344. Renjith V424
  345. Reta MA283, 425
  346. Rezaei N17, 426
  347. Rezapour A83
  348. Ribeiro AI186
  349. Ross JM5, 6, 7
  350. Rumisha SF2, 427
  351. Sagar R428
  352. Sahu M5
  353. Sajadi SM429, 430
  354. Salem MR431
  355. Samy AM432
  356. Sathian B433, 434
  357. Schutte AE435, 436
  358. Seidu AA210, 437
  359. Sha F438
  360. Shafaat O200, 439
  361. Shahbaz M281
  362. Shaikh MA440
  363. Shaka MF441
  364. Sheikh A142, 442
  365. Shibuya K35
  366. Shin JI443
  367. Shivakumar KM444
  368. Sidemo NB18
  369. Singh JA445, 446
  370. Skryabin VY447
  371. Skryabina AA449
  372. Soheili A450
  373. Soltani S247
  374. Somefun OD451
  375. Sorrie MB18
  376. Spurlock EE5
  377. Sufiyan MB362
  378. Taddele BW452
  379. Tadesse EG22
  380. Tamir Z125
  381. Tamiru AT52
  382. Tanser FC453, 454
  383. Taveira N455, 456
  384. Tehranibanihashemi A88, 89
  385. Tekalegn Y243
  386. Tesfay FH132, 230
  387. Tessema B55
  388. Tessema ZT56
  389. Thakur B458
  390. Tolani MA363
  391. Topormadry R459, 460
  392. Torrado M457, 461
  393. Tovanipalone MR462, 463
  394. Traini E302
  395. Tsai AC464, 465
  396. Tsegaye GW105
  397. Ullah I466
  398. Ullah S467
  399. Umeokonkwo CD468
  400. Unnikrishnan B174
  401. Vardavas C469
  402. Violante FS470, 471
  403. Vo B472
  404. Wado YD473
  405. Waheed Y474
  406. Wamai RG305, 475
  407. Wang Y36
  408. Ward P229
  409. Werdecker A476
  410. Wickramasinghe ND477, 478
  411. Wijeratne T401
  412. Wiysonge CS170, 185
  413. Wondmeneh TG479
  414. Yamada T480
  415. Yaya S3, 481
  416. Yeshaw Y56
  417. Yeshitila YG21
  418. Yilma MT151
  419. Yip P482, 483
  420. Yonemoto N484, 485
  421. Yosef T117
  422. Yusefzadeh H486
  423. Zaidi SS487
  424. Zaki L488
  425. Zamanian M91
  426. Zastrozhin MS448, 489
  427. Zastrozhina A490
  428. Zewdie DT82
  429. Zhang Y491, 492
  430. Zhang ZJ493
  431. Ziapour A249
  432. Hay SI4, 5
  433. Dwyerlindgren L4, 5
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  2. 2. Malaria Atlas Project, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  3. 3. The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  4. 4. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  8. 8. Insights Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
  9. 9. Global Programs, Medical Teams International, Seattle, WA, United States
  10. 10. Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  11. 11. Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  19. 19. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  20. 20. College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  21. 21. Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  22. 22. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  23. 23. Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Brehan, Ethiopia
  24. 24. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  25. 25. Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  26. 26. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  27. 27. Department of Clinical Research, Clinical Research Institute of Benin (IRCB), Abomey-Calavi, Benin
  28. 28. College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  29. 29. Department of Health Policy and Management, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  30. 30. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  31. 31. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  32. 32. School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  33. 33. Department of Population Health Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  34. 34. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  35. 35. Institute for Population Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  36. 36. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  37. 37. Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  38. 38. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  39. 39. Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
  40. 40. Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
  41. 41. The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  42. 42. Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham and Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
  43. 43. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  44. 44. Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  45. 45. Department of Medical Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  46. 46. Department of Reproductive Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  47. 47. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  48. 48. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  49. 49. Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  50. 50. Department of Surgical Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  51. 51. Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  52. 52. Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  53. 53. Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  54. 54. School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  55. 55. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  56. 56. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  57. 57. Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  58. 58. Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  59. 59. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  60. 60. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  61. 61. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  62. 62. Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  63. 63. Department of Public Health, The Intercountry Centre for Oral Health (ICOH) for Africa, Jos, Nigeria
  64. 64. Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria
  65. 65. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  66. 66. John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  67. 67. Clinical Epidemiology Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States
  68. 68. Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  69. 69. Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
  70. 70. Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  71. 71. Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  72. 72. Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  73. 73. Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  74. 74. Department of Pharmacology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  75. 75. Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Injbara, Ethiopia
  76. 76. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  77. 77. Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  78. 78. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  79. 79. Department of Psychiatry, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  80. 80. Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  81. 81. School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  82. 82. Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  83. 83. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  84. 84. Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  85. 85. Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  86. 86. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  87. 87. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  88. 88. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  89. 89. Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  90. 90. Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  91. 91. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  92. 92. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  93. 93. Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  94. 94. Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  95. 95. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  96. 96. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  97. 97. School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  98. 98. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  99. 99. Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
  100. 100. Department of Epidemiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  101. 101. School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  102. 102. Department of Health System and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  103. 103. Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  104. 104. Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  105. 105. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  106. 106. Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  107. 107. Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  108. 108. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  109. 109. Department of Immunology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  110. 110. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  111. 111. Department of Parasitology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  112. 112. Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  113. 113. Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  114. 114. Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  115. 115. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  116. 116. Department of Nursing, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  117. 117. Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  118. 118. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  119. 119. Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
  120. 120. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  121. 121. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  122. 122. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  123. 123. Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  124. 124. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  125. 125. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  126. 126. The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  127. 127. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  128. 128. Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  129. 129. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  130. 130. Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  131. 131. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  132. 132. School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  133. 133. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  134. 134. Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
  135. 135. Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  136. 136. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  137. 137. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  138. 138. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  139. 139. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  140. 140. Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  141. 141. Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  142. 142. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  143. 143. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  144. 144. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  145. 145. Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  146. 146. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  147. 147. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  148. 148. Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  149. 149. School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai, India
  150. 150. Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  151. 151. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  152. 152. University of Tasmania, Australia
  153. 153. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
  154. 154. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  155. 155. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  156. 156. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  157. 157. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  158. 158. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  159. 159. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  160. 160. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  161. 161. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  162. 162. Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  163. 163. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  164. 164. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  165. 165. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture - Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  166. 166. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
  167. 167. Nutrition Department, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  168. 168. European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, Cape Town, South Africa
  169. 169. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  170. 170. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  171. 171. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  172. 172. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  173. 173. Department of Infectious Disease, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  174. 174. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  175. 175. University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  176. 176. Department of Biomedical Technologies, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  177. 177. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  178. 178. Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India
  179. 179. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  180. 180. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  181. 181. Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  182. 182. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  183. 183. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  184. 184. Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  185. 185. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  186. 186. Epidemiology Research Unit Institute of Public Health (EPIUnit-ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  187. 187. Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Medanta Medicity, Gurugram, India
  188. 188. Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
  189. 189. Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Thiruvananthapuram, India
  190. 190. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  191. 191. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  192. 192. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  193. 193. Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Park West, South Africa
  194. 194. Research Unit and Training Consortium on Emerging Diseases and Climate Change (Emerge), Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
  195. 195. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  196. 196. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  197. 197. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  198. 198. Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
  199. 199. Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  200. 200. Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  201. 201. Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  202. 202. National Centre for AIDS and STD Control, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal
  203. 203. Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  204. 204. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  205. 205. Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal
  206. 206. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  207. 207. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  208. 208. Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  209. 209. School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  210. 210. Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  211. 211. Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  212. 212. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  213. 213. School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  214. 214. School of Nursing, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  215. 215. School of Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  216. 216. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  217. 217. Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  218. 218. Centre Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  219. 219. Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
  220. 220. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  221. 221. School of Behavioural Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Kottayam, India
  222. 222. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  223. 223. Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  224. 224. Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, BC, Canada
  225. 225. Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco
  226. 226. Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
  227. 227. School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  228. 228. Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  229. 229. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  230. 230. Southgate Institute for Health and Society, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  231. 231. Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia
  232. 232. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  233. 233. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  234. 234. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  235. 235. Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  236. 236. Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
  237. 237. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  238. 238. Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  239. 239. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  240. 240. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  241. 241. Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  242. 242. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  243. 243. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  244. 244. Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  245. 245. Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  246. 246. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  247. 247. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  248. 248. Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  249. 249. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  250. 250. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  251. 251. Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  252. 252. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  253. 253. School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  254. 254. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
  255. 255. Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  256. 256. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
  257. 257. Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla
  258. 258. Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla
  259. 259. UO Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilita (Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (Carlo Besta Neurological Institute), Milan, Italy
  260. 260. College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
  261. 261. Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
  262. 262. NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
  263. 263. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  264. 264. Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
  265. 265. Department of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
  266. 266. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  267. 267. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  268. 268. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  269. 269. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  270. 270. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  271. 271. Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  272. 272. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  273. 273. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  274. 274. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  275. 275. Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
  276. 276. College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  277. 277. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  278. 278. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  279. 279. Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  280. 280. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  281. 281. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  282. 282. School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  283. 283. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  284. 284. Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
  285. 285. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  286. 286. Knowledge Translation Program, Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  287. 287. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  288. 288. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  289. 289. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India
  290. 290. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  291. 291. National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Concil of Medical Research, Chennai, India
  292. 292. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  293. 293. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  294. 294. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  295. 295. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India
  296. 296. Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  297. 297. Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  298. 298. Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  299. 299. Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  300. 300. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  301. 301. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  302. 302. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  303. 303. Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  304. 304. Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  305. 305. School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  306. 306. School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  307. 307. Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  308. 308. Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  309. 309. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  310. 310. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  311. 311. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  312. 312. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  313. 313. Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  314. 314. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  315. 315. Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India
  316. 316. Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada
  317. 317. Jakarta, Indonesia
  318. 318. Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India
  319. 319. CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  320. 320. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  321. 321. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  322. 322. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  323. 323. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  324. 324. Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  325. 325. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  326. 326. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  327. 327. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  328. 328. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  329. 329. Department of Nursing, Research for Sustainable Development Consult, Sunyani, Ghana
  330. 330. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  331. 331. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, United States
  332. 332. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  333. 333. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  334. 334. Department of Public Health, Herrera, Panama
  335. 335. Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  336. 336. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  337. 337. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  338. 338. School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  339. 339. Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
  340. 340. Department of Systems, Populations, and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  341. 341. Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
  342. 342. Chemistry Department, International University of Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  343. 343. Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  344. 344. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  345. 345. Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
  346. 346. School of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  347. 347. Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Caucaia, Brazil
  348. 348. ICF International, DHS Program, Rockville, MD, United States
  349. 349. Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  350. 350. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  351. 351. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  352. 352. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  353. 353. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  354. 354. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  355. 355. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  356. 356. Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  357. 357. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  358. 358. Department of Public Health, Samara University, Semera, Ethiopia
  359. 359. Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
  360. 360. Department of Pharmacy, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia
  361. 361. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  362. 362. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  363. 363. Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  364. 364. Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  365. 365. Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  366. 366. Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Children's Hospital, The Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan
  367. 367. Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother and Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  368. 368. Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
  369. 369. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  370. 370. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  371. 371. Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  372. 372. Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  373. 373. Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Palpa, Nepal
  374. 374. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Gondar, Ethiopia
  375. 375. Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  376. 376. Department of Public Health, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
  377. 377. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
  378. 378. Institute for Mental Health and Policy, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
  379. 379. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ottowa, ON, Canada
  380. 380. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  381. 381. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  382. 382. Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria
  383. 383. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
  384. 384. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  385. 385. Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
  386. 386. School of Public Health, Center for Community Healthcare, Research, and Development, Abuja, Nigeria
  387. 387. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  388. 388. Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  389. 389. Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
  390. 390. Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
  391. 391. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  392. 392. University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
  393. 393. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  394. 394. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  395. 395. Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  396. 396. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  397. 397. Corporate, Somnogen Canada Inc, Toronto, ON, Canada
  398. 398. Department of Neurology and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  399. 399. Research and Development Department, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  400. 400. Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  401. 401. Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  402. 402. Population Health Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  403. 403. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  404. 404. School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  405. 405. HIV and Mental Health Department, Integrated Development Foundation Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
  406. 406. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  407. 407. School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  408. 408. Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  409. 409. Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  410. 410. Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
  411. 411. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  412. 412. Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  413. 413. Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Solan, India
  414. 414. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  415. 415. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  416. 416. Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  417. 417. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
  418. 418. Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  419. 419. Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
  420. 420. Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
  421. 421. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  422. 422. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  423. 423. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  424. 424. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Muharraq Governorate, Bahrain
  425. 425. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  426. 426. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  427. 427. Department of Health Statistics, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  428. 428. Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  429. 429. Department of Phytochemistry, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
  430. 430. Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  431. 431. Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
  432. 432. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  433. 433. Department of Geriatrics and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  434. 434. Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  435. 435. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  436. 436. The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  437. 437. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  438. 438. Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
  439. 439. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  440. 440. Karachi, Pakistan
  441. 441. School of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  442. 442. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  443. 443. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  444. 444. Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  445. 445. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  446. 446. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  447. 447. Department No.16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  448. 448. Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  449. 449. Therapeutic Department, Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russian Federation
  450. 450. Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  451. 451. Demography and Population Studies Department, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  452. 452. Department of Pharmacy, Arbaminch College of Health Sciences, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  453. 453. University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
  454. 454. Africa Health Research Institute, Berea, South Africa
  455. 455. University Institute Egas Moniz, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
  456. 456. Research Institute for Medicines, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
  457. 457. Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Department, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
  458. 458. Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
  459. 459. Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  460. 460. Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland
  461. 461. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
  462. 462. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  463. 463. Modestum LTD, London, United Kingdom
  464. 464. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  465. 465. Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
  466. 466. Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  467. 467. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  468. 468. Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  469. 469. Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
  470. 470. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  471. 471. Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  472. 472. Faculty of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  473. 473. Population Dynamics and Sexual and Reproductive Health, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  474. 474. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  475. 475. Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, and Integrated Initiative for Global Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  476. 476. Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  477. 477. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  478. 478. Department of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura Anuradhapuraya, Sri Lanka
  479. 479. Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Russian Federation
  480. 480. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  481. 481. School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  482. 482. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  483. 483. Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  484. 484. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  485. 485. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  486. 486. Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  487. 487. Department of Pharmaceutics, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  488. 488. Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  489. 489. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  490. 490. Pediatrics Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  491. 491. School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  492. 492. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  493. 493. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

Source: The Lancet HIV Published:2021


Abstract

Background: High-resolution estimates of HIV burden across space and time provide an important tool for tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts and assist with improving the precision and efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed to assess HIV incidence and HIV mortality for all second-level administrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: In this modelling study, we developed a framework that used the geographically specific HIV prevalence data collected in seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care clinics to train a model that estimates HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years. We used a model-based geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second administrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000–18 and sought data on the number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second-level administrative unit. We then modified the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and treatment estimates to estimate HIV incidence and mortality by second-level administrative unit. Findings: The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incidence and mortality rates both between and within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater difference in estimated HIV incidence between the second-level administrative units with the lowest and highest estimated incidence levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incidence ranged from 2·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1–3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4–1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and HIV mortality ranged from 0·8 (0·7–0·9) in Mauritania to 676·5 (513·6–888·0) deaths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incidence and mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and the highest estimated rates were accordingly higher. Among second-level administrative units, Guija District, Gaza Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV incidence (4661·7 [2544·8–8120·3]) cases per 100 000 people in 2018 and Inhassunge District, Zambezia Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV mortality rate (1163·0 [679·0–1866·8]) deaths per 100 000 people. Further, the rate of reduction in HIV incidence and mortality from 2000 to 2018, as well as the ratio of new infections to the number of people living with HIV was highly variable. Although most second-level administrative units had declines in the number of new cases (3316 [81·1%] of 4087 units) and number of deaths (3325 [81·4%]), nearly all appeared well short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths between 2010 and 2020. Interpretation: Our estimates suggest that most second-level administrative units in sub-Saharan Africa are falling short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths by 2020, which is further compounded by substantial within-country variability. These estimates will help decision makers and programme implementers expand access to ART and better target health resources to higher burden subnational areas. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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