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Global Age-Sex-Specific Mortality, Life Expectancy, and Population Estimates in 204 Countries and Territories and 811 Subnational Locations, 1950–2021, and the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Demographic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Publisher Pubmed



Schumacher AE1 ; Kyu HH1, 2 ; Aali A17 ; Abbafati C24 ; Abbas J26 ; Abbasgholizadeh R28 ; Abbasi MA31 ; Abbasian M48, 64 ; Abd Elhafeez S86 ; Abdelmasseh M90 ; Abdelsalam S91 ; Abdelwahab A92 ; Abdollahi M93, 94 ; Abdoun M129 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Schumacher AE1
  2. Kyu HH1, 2
  3. Aali A17
  4. Abbafati C24
  5. Abbas J26
  6. Abbasgholizadeh R28
  7. Abbasi MA31
  8. Abbasian M48, 64
  9. Abd Elhafeez S86
  10. Abdelmasseh M90
  11. Abdelsalam S91
  12. Abdelwahab A92
  13. Abdollahi M93, 94
  14. Abdoun M129
  15. Abdullahi A130, 134
  16. Abdurehman AM136
  17. Abebe M142
  18. Abedi A147, 148
  19. Abedi A147, 148
  20. Abegaz TM154, 156
  21. Abeldano Zuniga RA157, 158
  22. Abhilash ES159
  23. Abiodun OO160
  24. Aboagye RG161
  25. Abolhassani H95, 167
  26. Abouzid M173
  27. Abreu LG174
  28. Abrha WA178
  29. Abrigo MR180
  30. Abtahi D65
  31. Abu Rumeileh S181
  32. Aburmeileh NME182
  33. Aburuz S183, 189
  34. Abuzaid A191, 193
  35. Acuna JM195, 196
  36. Adair T199
  37. Addo IY204, 215
  38. Adebayo OM216
  39. Adegboye OA220
  40. Adekanmbi V221
  41. Aden B224, 225, 1116
  42. Adepoju AV226, 227
  43. Adetunji CO228
  44. Adeyeoluwa TE229, 235
  45. Adeyomoye OI230
  46. Adha R243
  47. Adibi A245
  48. Adikusuma W244
  49. Adnani QES249
  50. Adra S251
  51. Afework A143
  52. Afolabi AA236
  53. Afraz A263
  54. Afyouni S268
  55. Afzal S275, 276
  56. Agasthi P277
  57. Aghamiri S66
  58. Agodi A278
  59. Agyemangduah W281
  60. Ahinkorah BO283
  61. Ahmad A284
  62. Ahmad D287, 289
  63. Ahmad F252
  64. Ahmad MM190
  65. Ahmad T290
  66. Ahmadi K291
  67. Ahmadzade AM18
  68. Ahmadzade M67
  69. Ahmed A295, 297
  70. Ahmed H298
  71. Ahmed LA184
  72. Ahmed MB299, 303
  73. Ahmed SA306
  74. Ajami M68, 313
  75. Aji B314
  76. Ajumobi O315, 316
  77. Akalu GT317, 318
  78. Akara EM324
  79. Akinosoglou K325, 326
  80. Akkala S327
  81. Akyirem S330
  82. Al Hamad H336, 337
  83. Al Hasan SM338
  84. Al Homsi A339
  85. Al Qadire M342
  86. Ala M96
  87. Aladelusi TO217, 237
  88. Alahdal TMA343
  89. Alalalmeh SO344
  90. Alaly Z346, 349
  91. Alam K350
  92. Alam M351
  93. Alam Z184
  94. Alamer RM353, 354
  95. Alanezi FM359
  96. Alanzi TM356
  97. Albashtawy M360
  98. Albataineh MT222
  99. Aldridge RW361
  100. Alemi S369
  101. Aleyadhy A370
  102. Algheethi AAS374, 376
  103. Alhabib KF371
  104. Alhalaiqa FAN377, 381
  105. Alhanawi MK382, 383
  106. Ali A389
  107. Ali A389
  108. Ali BA393, 394
  109. Ali H307, 395
  110. Ali MU134, 396
  111. Ali R397
  112. Ali SSS399
  113. Ali Z400
  114. Alian Samakkhah S401
  115. Alicandro G402, 403
  116. Alif SM404
  117. Aligol M408
  118. Alimi R409
  119. Aliyi AA410
  120. Aljumaily A411, 414
  121. Aljunid SM416, 418
  122. Almahmeed W223, 340
  123. Almarwani S419, 420
  124. Almaweri SAA378
  125. Almazan JU421
  126. Almekhlafi HM422, 426
  127. Almidani O339, 427
  128. Alomari MA379, 435
  129. Alonso N438
  130. Alqahtani JS441
  131. Alqutaibi AY442, 443
  132. Alsabah SK417, 444
  133. Altaf A445
  134. Altawfiq JA453, 454
  135. Altirkawi KA262
  136. Alvi FJ446
  137. Alwafi H455
  138. Alworafi YM457, 458
  139. Aly H459
  140. Alzoubi KH253, 436
  141. Amare AT461, 465
  142. Ameyaw EK467
  143. Amhare AF468, 469
  144. Amin TT471
  145. Amindarolzarbi A268
  146. Aminian Dehkordi J474, 476
  147. Amiri S477
  148. Amu H162
  149. Amugsi DA478
  150. Amzat J480, 483
  151. Ancuceanu R485
  152. Anderlini D492, 500
  153. Andrade PP501, 502
  154. Andrei CL486
  155. Andrei T504
  156. Angappan D505
  157. Anil A507, 518
  158. Anjum A519
  159. Antony CM1
  160. Antriyandarti E520
  161. Anuoluwa IA231
  162. Anwar SL521
  163. Anyasodor AE522
  164. Appiah SCY523, 524
  165. Aqeel M525
  166. Arabloo J526
  167. Bahri RA97
  168. Arabzozani M543
  169. Arafat M545
  170. Araujo AM546
  171. Aravkin AY1, 2, 3
  172. Aremu A554
  173. Ariffin H423, 424
  174. Aripov T556, 557
  175. Armocida B558, 560
  176. Arooj M447
  177. Artamonov AA561
  178. Artanti KD562
  179. Arulappan J566
  180. Aruleba IT484
  181. Aruleba RT312
  182. Arumugam A254, 567
  183. Asaad M328
  184. Asgary S69, 571
  185. Ashemo MY300, 573
  186. Ashraf M452
  187. Asika MO574, 576
  188. Athari SS152
  189. Atout MMW577
  190. Atreya A578
  191. Attia S579
  192. Aujayeb A580
  193. Avan A581
  194. Awotidebe AW130, 584
  195. Ayala Quintanilla BP586, 589
  196. Ayanore MA163, 590
  197. Ayele GM142
  198. Ayusomateos JL591, 594
  199. Ayyoubzadeh SM98
  200. Azadnajafabad S99
  201. Azhar GS1, 596
  202. Aziz S597
  203. Azzam AY598, 599
  204. Babashahi M600
  205. Babu AS200, 615
  206. Badar M623
  207. Badawi A624, 625
  208. Badiye AD633
  209. Baghdadi S634
  210. Bagheri N288, 635
  211. Bagherieh S636
  212. Bah S357
  213. Bahadorikhalili S643
  214. Bai J644
  215. Bai R645
  216. Baker JL646
  217. Bakkannavar SM616
  218. Bako AT647
  219. Balakrishnan S649
  220. Balogun SA650
  221. Baltatu OC652
  222. Bam K654, 1780
  223. Banach M657, 658
  224. Bandyopadhyay S427, 659
  225. Banik B660, 661
  226. Banik PC662
  227. Bansal H633
  228. Barati S663
  229. Barchitta M278
  230. Bardhan M665
  231. Barkercollo SL666
  232. Baroneadesi F668
  233. Barqawi HJ251
  234. Barr RD669
  235. Barrero LH673
  236. Basharat Z674
  237. Bashir AI675
  238. Bashiru HA676
  239. Baskaran P508
  240. Basnyat B428, 678
  241. Bassat Q679, 680
  242. Basso JD681, 682
  243. Basu S685
  244. Batra K686
  245. Batra R687, 689
  246. Baune BT690, 691
  247. Bayati M601
  248. Bayileyegn NS301
  249. Beaney T292
  250. Bedi N692, 696
  251. Begum T493, 697
  252. Behboudi E699
  253. Behnoush AH100, 702
  254. Beiranvand M703
  255. Bejarano Ramirez DF704, 706
  256. Belgaumi UI707
  257. Bell ML331
  258. Bello AK708
  259. Bello MB481, 711
  260. Bello OO231
  261. Belo L547, 548
  262. Beloukas A713, 714
  263. Bendak S716
  264. Bennett DA429
  265. Bensenor IM439
  266. Benzian H717
  267. Berezvai Z719, 720
  268. Berman AE721
  269. Bermudez ANC722, 724
  270. Bettencourt PJ726
  271. Beyene HB319, 727
  272. Beyene KA667, 728
  273. Bhagat DS729
  274. Bhagavathula AS730
  275. Bhala N731, 732
  276. Bhalla A735
  277. Bhandari D655, 736
  278. Bhardwaj N509
  279. Bhardwaj P508, 510
  280. Bhardwaj PV741
  281. Bhargava A742
  282. Bhaskar S743, 744
  283. Bhat V745
  284. Bhatti GK746
  285. Bhatti JS748
  286. Bhatti MS749
  287. Bhatti R750
  288. Bhutta ZA626, 751
  289. Bikbov B753
  290. Binmadi N384
  291. Bintoro BS754, 755
  292. Biondi A279
  293. Bisignano C1
  294. Bisulli F756, 758
  295. Biswas A759
  296. Biswas RK761, 772
  297. Bitaraf S773
  298. Bjorge T778, 780
  299. Bleyer A329, 506
  300. Boampong MS523
  301. Bodolica V781
  302. Bodunrin AO308
  303. Bolarinwa OA585
  304. Bonakdar Hashemi M67
  305. Bonny A782, 783
  306. Bora K784
  307. Basara BB785
  308. Borodo SB131
  309. Borschmann R201, 786
  310. Botero Carvajal A787, 788
  311. Bouaoud S789, 791
  312. Boudalia S792
  313. Boyko EJ4, 793
  314. Bragazzi NL794
  315. Braithwaite D795, 798
  316. Brenner H799
  317. Britton G800, 801
  318. Browne AJ430
  319. Brunoni AR439, 440
  320. Bulamu NB802
  321. Bulto LN803
  322. Buonsenso D808, 809
  323. Burkart K1, 2
  324. Burns RA288
  325. Burugina Nagaraja S811
  326. Busse R501
  327. Bustanji Y255, 812
  328. Butt ZA813, 814
  329. Caetano Dos Santos FL49
  330. Cai T815
  331. Calina D816
  332. Camera LA817, 818
  333. Campos LA652, 653, 819
  334. Camposnonato IR820
  335. Cao C823
  336. Cardenas CA824
  337. Cardenas R825
  338. Carr S50
  339. Carreras G826
  340. Carrero JJ168
  341. Carugno A827
  342. Carvalho F548
  343. Carvalho M549, 828
  344. Castaldellimaia JM440
  345. Castanedaorjuela CA829, 831
  346. Castelpietra G832, 833
  347. Catalalopez F595, 834
  348. Catapano AL835, 838
  349. Cattaruzza MS25
  350. Caye A839
  351. Cederroth CR169, 842
  352. Cembranel F843
  353. Cenderadewi M844, 847
  354. Cercy KM1
  355. Cerin E848, 850
  356. Cevik M854, 855
  357. Chaconuscamaita PR856
  358. Chahine Y5, 6
  359. Chakraborty C858, 859
  360. Chan JSK860
  361. Chang CK861, 862
  362. Charalampous P867
  363. Charan J507
  364. Chattu VK627, 869
  365. Chatzimavridougrigoriadou V870, 875
  366. Chavula MP568, 876
  367. Cheema HA877, 878
  368. Chen AT879, 880
  369. Chen H881
  370. Chen L762
  371. Chen MX246
  372. Chen S343
  373. Cherbuin N288
  374. Chew DS883
  375. Chi G51
  376. Chirinoscaceres JL857
  377. Chitheer A886
  378. Cho SMJ887, 888
  379. Cho WC892
  380. Chong B893
  381. Chopra H898
  382. Choudhary R511
  383. Chowdhury R198, 901
  384. Chu DT904
  385. Chukwu IS905
  386. Chung E1, 494
  387. Chung E1, 494
  388. Chung SC362, 907
  389. Cini KI908, 909
  390. Clark CC910
  391. Coberly K1
  392. Columbus A269, 1162, 1163
  393. Comfort H1
  394. Conde J911
  395. Conti S912
  396. Cortesi PA912
  397. Costa VM548
  398. Cousin E1, 2
  399. Cowden RG914
  400. Criqui MH915
  401. Cruzmartins N550, 916
  402. Culbreth GT1
  403. Cullen P917, 919
  404. Cunningham M1
  405. Da Silva E Silva D920
  406. Dadana S922
  407. Dadras O778, 923
  408. Dai Z205, 763
  409. Dalal K924, 925
  410. Dalli LL656
  411. Damiani G836, 927
  412. Damico E278
  413. Daneshvar S32
  414. Darwesh AM932
  415. Das JK752
  416. Das S934
  417. Dash NR251
  418. Dashti M33
  419. Davilacervantes CA935
  420. Davis Weaver N1
  421. Davletov K936
  422. De Leo D937
  423. Debele AT137
  424. Degenhardt L1, 206
  425. Dehbandi R733, 774
  426. Deitesfeld L1
  427. Delgadoenciso I938, 939
  428. Delgadoortiz L940, 941
  429. Demant D283, 942
  430. Demessa BH944
  431. Demetriades AK945, 950
  432. Deng X951
  433. Denovagutierrez E820
  434. Deribe K320, 952
  435. Dervenis N953, 954
  436. Des Jarlais DC921
  437. Desai HD956
  438. Desai R957
  439. Deuba K170, 958
  440. Devanbu VGC959
  441. Dey S960
  442. Dhali A760
  443. Dhama K962
  444. Dhimal ML964, 965
  445. Dhimal M966
  446. Dhingra S967
  447. Dias Da Silva D548, 968
  448. Diaz D157, 969
  449. Dima A504
  450. Ding DD795
  451. Dirac MA1, 2, 7
  452. Dixit A512
  453. Dixit SG509
  454. Do TC971
  455. Do THP974
  456. Do Prado CB975
  457. Dodangeh M976
  458. Dokova KG977
  459. Dolecek C431, 978
  460. Dorsey ER979
  461. Dos Santos WM980, 981
  462. Doshi R982
  463. Doshmangir L34
  464. Douiri A863
  465. Dowou RK164
  466. Driscoll TR764
  467. Dsouza HL983, 988
  468. Dube J989
  469. Dumith SC990
  470. Dunachie SJ432, 992
  471. Duncan BB840
  472. Duraes AR993, 995
  473. Duraisamy S996
  474. Durojaiye OC998
  475. Dutta S1000
  476. Dzianach PA1001
  477. Dziedzic AM1004
  478. Ebenezer O709
  479. Eboreime E710, 1005
  480. Ebrahimi A889
  481. Echieh CP1006, 1007
  482. Eddra A1008
  483. Edinur HA1009
  484. Edvardsson D569, 587
  485. Edvardsson K1010
  486. Efendi D1011, 1014
  487. Efendi F563, 587
  488. Eghdami S527
  489. Eikemo TA1015
  490. Eini E775
  491. Ekholuenetale M238, 239
  492. Ekpor E1017, 1018
  493. Ekundayo TC232
  494. El Arab RA1019
  495. El Morsi DAW1020, 1024
  496. El Sayed Zaki M1021
  497. El Tantawi M87
  498. Elbarazi I184
  499. Elemam NM256
  500. Elgar FJ1025
  501. Elgendy IY52, 890
  502. Elgohary GMT372, 1028
  503. Elhabashy HR472
  504. Elhadi M1032
  505. Elmeligy OAA87, 385
  506. Elshaer M1021
  507. Elsohaby I1033, 1034
  508. Emami Zeydi A1036
  509. Emamverdi M29
  510. Emeto TI845
  511. Engelbert Bain L1040
  512. Erkhembayar R1041
  513. Eshetie TC304, 1042
  514. Eskandarieh S101
  515. Espinosamontero J1043
  516. Estep K1
  517. Etaee F332
  518. Eze UA946, 1044
  519. Fabin N1045
  520. Fadaka AO1046, 1047
  521. Fagbamigbe AF238, 1049
  522. Fahimi S102
  523. Falzone L280, 1051
  524. Farinha CSES1052, 1053
  525. Faris MEM257
  526. Farjoud Kouhanjani M602, 603
  527. Faro A1054
  528. Farrokhpour H100, 700
  529. Fatehizadeh A637
  530. Fattahi H572
  531. Fauk NK1057, 1058
  532. Fazeli P604, 605
  533. Feigin VL1, 1059, 1061
  534. Fekadu G1062, 1066
  535. Fereshtehnejad SM171, 628
  536. Feroze AH53
  537. Ferrante D1069
  538. Ferrara P913
  539. Ferreira N1070
  540. Fetensa G1067
  541. Filip I1071, 1072
  542. Fischer F1073
  543. Flavel J1075
  544. Flaxman AD1, 2
  545. Flor LS1, 2
  546. Florin BT487
  547. Folayan MO677, 1076
  548. Foley KM803, 1055
  549. Fomenkov AA1077
  550. Force LM1, 2, 8
  551. Fornari C912
  552. Foroutan B1078
  553. Foschi M1079, 1081
  554. Francis KL786
  555. Franklin RC1082
  556. Freitas A551, 1083
  557. Friedman J30
  558. Friedman SD718
  559. Fukumoto T1084
  560. Fuller JE1
  561. Gaal PA1085, 1088
  562. Gadanya MA132, 1089
  563. Gaihre S1090
  564. Gaipov A1091
  565. Gakidou E1, 2
  566. Galali Y1092, 1093
  567. Galehdar N1094
  568. Gallus S1097
  569. Gan Q1098
  570. Gandhi AP1099
  571. Ganesan B1101
  572. Garg J1102
  573. Gau SY1103
  574. Gautam P197
  575. Gautam RK1104
  576. Gazzelloni F1105
  577. Gebregergis MW1106
  578. Gebrehiwot M1109
  579. Gebremariam TB1110, 1111
  580. Gerema U300
  581. Getachew ME300, 1068
  582. Getachew T138
  583. Gething PW1001, 1113
  584. Ghafourifard M35
  585. Ghahramani S606
  586. Ghailan KY693, 1116
  587. Ghajar A1117
  588. Ghanbarnia MJ1118
  589. Ghasemi M70, 71
  590. Ghasemzadeh A33
  591. Ghassemi F103
  592. Ghazy RM88
  593. Ghimire S966
  594. Gholamian A1122, 1123
  595. Gholamrezanezhad A149
  596. Ghorbani Vajargah P1125
  597. Ghozali G1129
  598. Ghozy S1130
  599. Ghuge AD1132, 1133
  600. Gialluisi A1134
  601. Gibson RM1135
  602. Gil AU1138, 1139
  603. Gill PS1140
  604. Gill TK462
  605. Gillum RF1142, 1143
  606. Ginindza TG585
  607. Girmay A179
  608. Glasbey JC734
  609. Gnedovskaya EV1060
  610. Gobolos L341, 928
  611. Goel A1144
  612. Goldust M333
  613. Golechha M1145
  614. Goleij P1146, 1147
  615. Golestanfar A1153
  616. Golinelli D756
  617. Gona PN1154
  618. Goudarzi H1156, 1157
  619. Goudarzian AH1037
  620. Goyal A1136
  621. Greenhalgh S1158
  622. Grivna M185, 1159
  623. Guarducci G1160
  624. Gubari MIM1161
  625. Gudeta MD139
  626. Guha A929, 1162
  627. Guicciardi S756, 1164
  628. Gunawardane DA1165
  629. Gunturu S921, 1166
  630. Guo C851
  631. Gupta AK1167, 1169
  632. Gupta B1170
  633. Gupta IR1171, 1172
  634. Gupta RD1173, 1175
  635. Gupta S1177
  636. Gupta VB1178
  637. Gupta VK1180
  638. Gupta VK1180
  639. Gutierrez RA1183
  640. Habibzadeh F1184
  641. Habibzadeh P1185
  642. Hachinski V582, 1186
  643. Haddadi M104
  644. Haddadi R1187
  645. Haep N1189, 1191
  646. Hajj Ali A460
  647. Halboub ES694
  648. Halim SA1192
  649. Hall BJ1193
  650. Haller S1194, 1195
  651. Halwani R251, 252
  652. Hamadeh RR1196
  653. Hamagharib Abdullah K1198
  654. Hamidi S1199
  655. Hamiduzzaman M1200
  656. Hammoud A1201
  657. Hanifi N153
  658. Hankey GJ412, 1202
  659. Hannan MA1203, 1204
  660. Haque MN1205
  661. Harapan H1207
  662. Haro JM1208, 1209
  663. Hasaballah AI1210
  664. Hasan F1211
  665. Hasan I1220
  666. Hasan MT405
  667. Hasani H1222
  668. Hasanian M1223
  669. Hasanpourdehkordi A1224
  670. Hassan AM328
  671. Hassan A473
  672. Hassanianmoghaddam H72, 765
  673. Hassanipour S1126, 1127
  674. Haubold J1225, 1226
  675. Havmoeller RJ1227
  676. Hay SI1, 2
  677. Hbid Y864
  678. Hebert JJ1228, 1229
  679. Hegazi OE344
  680. Heidari G1230
  681. Heidari M1231
  682. Heidariforoozan M73, 701
  683. Heidarisoureshjani R128
  684. Helfer B1236, 1237
  685. Herteliu C503, 1238
  686. Hesami H74, 75
  687. Hettiarachchi D1239
  688. Heyi DZ1241
  689. Hezam K1242, 1243
  690. Hiraike Y1244
  691. Hoffman HJ1246, 1248
  692. Holla R617
  693. Horita N1249, 1251
  694. Hossain MB247
  695. Hossain MM1176, 1252, 1253
  696. Hossain S363, 1254
  697. Hosseini MS36
  698. Hosseinzadeh H1255
  699. Hosseinzadeh M933, 1256
  700. Hostiuc M488
  701. Hostiuc S489, 1257
  702. Hsairi M1258
  703. Hsieh VCR1259
  704. Hu C1262
  705. Huang J1063
  706. Huda MN207, 1265
  707. Hugo FN841
  708. Hultstrom M1266, 1267
  709. Hussain J1269
  710. Hussain S1271, 1272
  711. Hussein NR1273
  712. Huy LD1212, 1274
  713. Huynh HH1213
  714. Hwang BF1260, 1275
  715. Ibitoye SE240
  716. Idowu OO233
  717. Ijo D321, 322
  718. Ikuta KS1, 1276
  719. Ilaghi M264, 265
  720. Ilesanmi OS218, 236
  721. Ilic IM1277
  722. Ilic MD1280
  723. Immurana M165
  724. Inbaraj LR1281
  725. Iradukunda A1282, 1283
  726. Iravanpour F607
  727. Iregbu KC1284, 1285
  728. Islam MR1286
  729. Islam MM1221
  730. Islam SMS766, 1287
  731. Islami F1289
  732. Ismail NE1290, 1291
  733. Isola G279
  734. Iwagami M1292, 1293
  735. Iwu CC1295
  736. Iwujaja CJ1297, 1299
  737. Iyer M1302
  738. Merin LJ1303
  739. Jaafari J1128
  740. Jacob L1305, 1306
  741. Jacobsen KH1307
  742. Jadidiniaragh F37
  743. Jafarinia M608
  744. Jaggi K1308, 1309
  745. Jahankhani K76
  746. Jahanmehr N77, 78
  747. Jahrami H1197, 1310
  748. Jain A1311
  749. Jain N1312
  750. Jairoun AA1313
  751. Jakovljevic M1314, 1315
  752. Jalilzadeh Yengejeh R1316
  753. Jamshidi E274
  754. Jani CT1317
  755. Janko MM1318
  756. Jatau AI651
  757. Jayapal SK1321
  758. Jayaram S1322
  759. Jeganathan J984
  760. Jema AT410
  761. Jemere DM804
  762. Jeong W1323
  763. Jha AK1324
  764. Jha RP1325, 1326
  765. Ji JS1263
  766. Jiang H199, 588
  767. Jin Y1064
  768. Jin Y1064
  769. Johnson O871
  770. Jomehzadeh N1334
  771. Jones DP1
  772. Joo T1085, 1336
  773. Joseph A1337
  774. Joseph N985
  775. Joshua CE1340
  776. Jozwiak JJ1341
  777. Jurisson M1342
  778. Kaambwa B805, 806
  779. Kabir A528
  780. Kabir H475
  781. Kabir Z1343
  782. Kadashetti V1344
  783. Kahe F742
  784. Kakodkar PV1347
  785. Kalani R9
  786. Kalankesh LR38
  787. Kaliyadan F1348
  788. Kalra S747, 1349
  789. Kamath A617
  790. Kamireddy A270
  791. Kanagasabai T1350
  792. Kandel H767, 1351
  793. Kanmiki EW495, 1352
  794. Kanmodi KK1353, 1354
  795. Kantar RS1356, 1357
  796. Kapoor N633
  797. Karajizadeh M604
  798. Karami Matin B1148
  799. Karanth SD796
  800. Karaye IM1358, 1359
  801. Karim A258
  802. Karimi H100
  803. Karimi SE39
  804. Karimi Behnagh AK529, 530
  805. Karkhah S1125
  806. Karna AK1360
  807. Kashoo FZ1362
  808. Kasraei H531, 606
  809. Kassaw NA323
  810. Kassebaum NJ1, 2, 10
  811. Kassel MB1, 1855
  812. Katamreddy A1363
  813. Katikireddi SV1364
  814. Katoto PDMC1299, 1366
  815. Kauppila JH172, 1367
  816. Kaur N1370
  817. Kaydi N774
  818. Kayibanda JF1371
  819. Kayode GA1372, 1373
  820. Kazemi F271
  821. Kazemian S105, 106
  822. Kazeminia S1131
  823. Keikavoosiarani L1375
  824. Keller C1
  825. Kempen JH54, 1378
  826. Kerr JA786, 1379
  827. Kesseguyot E1380, 1381
  828. Keykhaei M99, 107
  829. Khadembashiri MM128, 542
  830. Khadembashiri MA107, 532
  831. Khafaie MA776
  832. Khajuria H1383
  833. Khalafi M40
  834. Khalaji A100, 702
  835. Khalid N1385
  836. Khalil IA11
  837. Khamesipour F108, 266
  838. Khan A496
  839. Khan G186
  840. Khan I390
  841. Khan IA1386
  842. Khan MA187, 693, 1388
  843. Khan T1389
  844. Khan Suheb MZ1392
  845. Khanmohammadi S100, 701
  846. Khatab K1393, 1394
  847. Khatami F97
  848. Khavandegar A109
  849. Khayat Kashani HR79
  850. Kheirallah KA437
  851. Khidri FF1395
  852. Khodadoust E533
  853. Khormali M109
  854. Khosrowjerdi M1396
  855. Khubchandani J1361
  856. Khusun H1397, 1398
  857. Kifle ZD155
  858. Kim G1399, 1400
  859. Kim J364
  860. Kimokoti RW1401
  861. Kinzel KE1
  862. Kiross GT375, 1402
  863. Kisa A1403, 1404
  864. Kisa S1405
  865. Kiss JB1002
  866. Kivimaki M365, 1406
  867. Klu D165
  868. Knudsen AKS1409
  869. Kolahi AA72
  870. Kompani F110
  871. Koren G1374
  872. Kosen S1410
  873. Kostev K1411, 1412
  874. Kotnis AL1413
  875. Koul PA1415
  876. Koulmane Laxminarayana SL1416
  877. Koyanagi A1418
  878. Kravchenko MA1061
  879. Krishan K1419
  880. Krishna H509
  881. Krishnamoorthy V10, 1319
  882. Krishnamoorthy Y1422
  883. Krohn KJ1
  884. Kuate Defo B1423, 1424
  885. Kubeisy CM55, 1425
  886. Kucuk Bicer B1426
  887. Kuddus MA1206
  888. Kuddus M1427
  889. Kuitunen I1429, 1430
  890. Kujan O413
  891. Kulimbet M1431, 1432
  892. Kulkarni V1433
  893. Kumar A1435
  894. Kumar H1436, 1437
  895. Kumar N985
  896. Kumar R1439
  897. Kumar S1440
  898. Kumari M1438
  899. Kurmanova A926
  900. Kurmi OP670, 1050
  901. Kusnali A1441
  902. Kusuma D1012, 1442
  903. Kutluk T1443
  904. Kuttikkattu A1444
  905. Kyei EF1155
  906. Kyriopoulos I1445
  907. La Vecchia C837
  908. Ladan MA133
  909. Laflamme L170, 1446
  910. Lahariya C1447, 1448
  911. Lahmar A1449
  912. Lai DTC1450, 1451
  913. Laksono T1452, 1453
  914. Lal DK1455
  915. Lalloo R497
  916. Lallukka T1406
  917. Lam J1085, 1456
  918. Lamnisos D1457
  919. Lan T1458
  920. Lanfranchi F794
  921. Langguth B1459
  922. Lansingh VC1460, 1461
  923. Laplantelevesque A1462
  924. Larijani B111
  925. Larsson AO1268, 1463
  926. Lasrado S1464
  927. Latief K1013, 1214
  928. Latif M448
  929. Latifinaibin K534
  930. Lauriola P1465
  931. Le LKD1466
  932. Le NHH1467, 1471
  933. Le TTT1470
  934. Le TDT1470
  935. Lee M1473
  936. Lee PH1474
  937. Lee SW1475
  938. Lee SW1475
  939. Lee WC1477
  940. Lee YH1479
  941. Legesse SM1481
  942. Leigh J768
  943. Lenzi J756
  944. Leong E1482
  945. Lerango TL144
  946. Li MC1483
  947. Li W334
  948. Li X1484
  949. Li Y1485
  950. Li Z56, 1264
  951. Libra M280
  952. Ligade VS618
  953. Likaka ATM1486
  954. Lim LL425, 1065
  955. Lin RT1261, 1487
  956. Lin S470
  957. Lioutas VA1488, 1489
  958. Listl S1490, 1491
  959. Liu J1329
  960. Liu S724
  961. Liu X57, 891
  962. Livingstone KM1287
  963. Llanaj E1492, 1493
  964. Lo CH1494
  965. Loreche AM723, 1495
  966. Lorenzovici L1497, 1498
  967. Lotfi M35, 41
  968. Lotfizadeh M1232, 1233
  969. Lozano R1, 2, 970
  970. Lubinda J1003
  971. Lucchetti G1499
  972. Lugo A1097
  973. Lunevicius R715, 1500
  974. Ma J1163
  975. Ma S894, 1501
  976. Ma ZF1502
  977. Mabrok M1503, 1504
  978. Machairas N1505
  979. Machoy M1508
  980. Madsen C1409
  981. Magana Gomez JA1509
  982. Maghazachi AA251
  983. Maharaj SB1510, 1511
  984. Maharjan P404
  985. Mahjoub S1119, 1120
  986. Mahmoud MA1512
  987. Mahmoudi E112
  988. Mahmoudi M1513
  989. Makram OM648, 1514
  990. Malagonrojas JN705, 830
  991. Malakan Rad E113
  992. Malekzadeh R102, 609
  993. Malhotra AK629
  994. Malhotra K1515
  995. Malik AA386, 446
  996. Malik I1516
  997. Malinga LA1296, 1517
  998. Malta DC175
  999. Mamun AA1518
  1000. Manla Y1519
  1001. Mannan F671, 872
  1002. Mansoori Y614
  1003. Mansour A415, 1520
  1004. Mansouri V102
  1005. Mansournia MA114
  1006. Mantovani LG912, 1521
  1007. Marasini BP737, 966
  1008. Marateb HR1522, 1523
  1009. Maravilla JC495
  1010. Marconi AM1524, 1525
  1011. Mardi P1376
  1012. Marino M1526
  1013. Marjani A1527
  1014. Marrugo Arnedo CA1530, 1531
  1015. Martinezguerra BA1533
  1016. Martinezpiedra R1535
  1017. Martins CA1536
  1018. Martinsmelo FR1537
  1019. Martorell M1538, 1539
  1020. Marx W1179
  1021. Maryam S1540
  1022. Marzo RR1541, 1542
  1023. Mate KK1026, 1543
  1024. Matei CN490, 1544
  1025. Mathioudakis AG873, 1545
  1026. Maude RJ428, 991
  1027. Maugeri A278
  1028. May EA1
  1029. Mayeli M100
  1030. Mazaheri M1546
  1031. Mazidi M865
  1032. Mazzotti A756, 1547
  1033. Mcalinden C1548, 1549
  1034. Mcgrath JJ498, 1550
  1035. Mckee M1294
  1036. Mckowen ALW1
  1037. Mclaughlin SA1
  1038. Mcphail MA1002
  1039. Mcphail SM1434, 1551
  1040. Mechili EA1552, 1553
  1041. Mediratta RP1137
  1042. Meena JK1555
  1043. Mehari M1107
  1044. Mehlman ML1
  1045. Mehra R1440
  1046. Mehrabanizeinabad K638
  1047. Nasab EM115
  1048. Mehrotra R1454
  1049. Mekonnen MM1560
  1050. Mendoza W1561
  1051. Menezes RG358
  1052. Mengesha EW466
  1053. Mensah GA1250, 1562
  1054. Mensah LG1247
  1055. Mentis AFA1564
  1056. Meo SA373
  1057. Meretoja A202, 1565
  1058. Meretoja TJ1408, 1566
  1059. Mersha AM1567
  1060. Mesfin BA1568
  1061. Mestrovic T1, 1570
  1062. Mhlanga A1571
  1063. Mhlanga L1300, 1572
  1064. Mi T1174
  1065. Micha G1574
  1066. Michalek IM1575, 1576
  1067. Miller TR1114, 1577
  1068. Mindlin SN1578
  1069. Minelli G1581
  1070. Minh LHN1215, 1216
  1071. Mini GK899, 1582
  1072. Minja NW11, 1583
  1073. Mirdamadi N111, 116
  1074. Mirghafourvand M42
  1075. Mirica A503
  1076. Mirinezhad SK43
  1077. Mirmosayyeb O639, 1584
  1078. Mirutse MK1585
  1079. Mirzaaghazadehattari M33, 1586
  1080. Mirzaei M1149
  1081. Misgana T140
  1082. Misra S513
  1083. Mitchell PB208
  1084. Mithra P985
  1085. Mittal C1589
  1086. Mittal M514
  1087. Moazen B343, 1590
  1088. Mohamed AI302, 1591
  1089. Mohamed J1592
  1090. Mohamed MF725
  1091. Mohamed NS1593, 1594
  1092. Mohammadalizadehcharandabi S39, 42
  1093. Mohammadi S100
  1094. Mohammadianhafshejani A1234
  1095. Mohammadpour S19, 1595
  1096. Mohammadshahi M117
  1097. Mohammed M380
  1098. Mohammed S501
  1099. Mohammed S501
  1100. Mojiriforushani H1335
  1101. Mokdad AH1, 2
  1102. Mokhtarzadehazar P1587
  1103. Momenzadeh K48
  1104. Momtazmanesh S99, 100
  1105. Monasta L1600
  1106. Moni MA496
  1107. Montazeri F73, 99
  1108. Moodi Ghalibaf A544
  1109. Moradi M542
  1110. Moradi Y1601
  1111. Moradilakeh M535, 536
  1112. Moradinazar M1150
  1113. Moradpour F1602
  1114. Moraga P1603
  1115. Morawska L943
  1116. Moreira RS1604, 1605
  1117. Morovatdar N20
  1118. Morrison SD12
  1119. Morze J1606, 1607
  1120. Mosaddeghi Heris R44, 45
  1121. Mosser JF1
  1122. Mossialos E293, 1445
  1123. Mostafavi H118
  1124. Mostofinejad A630
  1125. Mougin V1
  1126. Mouodi S1121
  1127. Mousavi P99
  1128. Mousavi SE46, 1608
  1129. Mousavi Khaneghah A1609
  1130. Mpundukaambwa C807
  1131. Mrejen M1610
  1132. Mubarik S1611
  1133. Muccioli L756
  1134. Mueller UO1616, 1617
  1135. Mughal F874, 1618
  1136. Mukherjee S1619, 1620
  1137. Mukoro GD1621
  1138. Mulita A1622
  1139. Mulita F1623, 1624
  1140. Muniyandi M1627
  1141. Munjal K1384
  1142. Musaigwa F1628
  1143. Musallam KM1630
  1144. Mustafa G285, 1631
  1145. Muthu S1302, 1632
  1146. Muthupandian S1633, 1634
  1147. Myung W1635
  1148. Nabhan AF1029, 1636
  1149. Nafukho FM13
  1150. Nagarajan AJ1637, 1638
  1151. Naghavi M1, 2
  1152. Naghavi P797
  1153. Naik GR355, 806
  1154. Naik G1639
  1155. Naimzada MD1641, 1642
  1156. Nair S1643, 1644
  1157. Nair TS1645
  1158. Najmuldeen HHR1646
  1159. Naldi L1647, 1648
  1160. Nangia V1649
  1161. Nargus S446
  1162. Nascimento BR176, 177
  1163. Nascimento GG1650
  1164. Naser AY1651
  1165. Nasiri MJ80
  1166. Natto ZS58, 387
  1167. Nauman J185, 1016
  1168. Naveed M1652
  1169. Nayak BP1383
  1170. Nayak VC616
  1171. Nayyar AK509
  1172. Nazripanjaki A1653
  1173. Negash H1108
  1174. Negero AK1655
  1175. Negoi I487, 1656
  1176. Negoi RI491, 1658
  1177. Negru SM1659
  1178. Nejadghaderi SA73, 701
  1179. Nejjari C1660, 1661
  1180. Nematollahi MH267
  1181. Nena E1622
  1182. Nepal S1662, 1733
  1183. Nesbit OD1
  1184. Newton CRJ433, 1663
  1185. Ngunjiri JW1664
  1186. Nguyen DH890, 1665
  1187. Nguyen PT1666
  1188. Nguyen PT1666
  1189. Nguyen TT1468, 1669
  1190. Nguyen VT1469
  1191. Nigatu YT1671
  1192. Nikolouzakis TK1554, 1672
  1193. Nikoobar A72
  1194. Nikpoor AR282
  1195. Nizam MA1673
  1196. Nomura S1245, 1674
  1197. Noreen M1675
  1198. Noroozi N96
  1199. Norouzian Baghani A1095
  1200. Norrving B1676
  1201. Noubiap JJ463
  1202. Novotney A1
  1203. Nriezedi CA1677
  1204. Ntaios G1625
  1205. Ntsekhe M1563, 1678
  1206. Nunezsamudio V1679, 1680
  1207. Nurrika D1681, 1682
  1208. Oancea B1683
  1209. Obamiro KO846
  1210. Odetokun IA555
  1211. Ofakunrin AO1684, 1685
  1212. Ogunsakin RE585
  1213. Oguta JO999
  1214. Oh IH1686
  1215. Okatialiabad H1654
  1216. Okeke SR204
  1217. Okekunle AP241, 1689
  1218. Okidi L1691
  1219. Okonji OC1048
  1220. Okwute PG1692, 1693
  1221. Olagunju AT672, 1694
  1222. Olaiya MT654
  1223. Olanipekun TO59
  1224. Olatubi MI1695
  1225. Olivasmartinez A14, 1534
  1226. Oliveira GMM1696
  1227. Oliver S1697
  1228. Olorukooba AA1599
  1229. Olufadewa II239, 1698
  1230. Olusanya BO1699
  1231. Olusanya JO1699
  1232. Oluwafemi YD231
  1233. Oluwatunase GO234, 1700
  1234. Omar HA253, 1701
  1235. Omer GL1702, 1703
  1236. Ong S1704, 1705
  1237. Onwujekwe OE575
  1238. Onyedibe KI1706
  1239. Opio JN464, 1707
  1240. Ordak M1708
  1241. Orellana ER15, 1710
  1242. Orisakwe OE1711
  1243. Orish VN166, 1712
  1244. Orru H570, 1342
  1245. Ortegaaltamirano DV821
  1246. Ortiz A592, 1713
  1247. Ortizbrizuela E1027
  1248. Ortizprado E1714
  1249. Osuagwu UL1715, 1717
  1250. Otoiu A503
  1251. Otstavnov N1641
  1252. Ouyahia A790, 1718
  1253. Ouyang G1719
  1254. Owolabi MO219, 242
  1255. Oyeyemi IT229
  1256. Oyeyemi OT229
  1257. Ozten Y1
  1258. Padukudru MPA1720
  1259. Padubidri JR1723
  1260. Pahlavikhah Varnosfaderani M1724
  1261. Pal PK1725
  1262. Palicz T1085, 1336
  1263. Palladino C1726
  1264. Palladino R292, 1728
  1265. Palmaalvarez RF1729, 1730
  1266. Pana A1731, 1732
  1267. Panahi P527
  1268. Pandey A966, 1733
  1269. Pandiperumal SR1734, 1736
  1270. Pandorobles V822
  1271. Pangaribuan HU1737
  1272. Panos GD1738, 1739
  1273. Pantazopoulos I902, 1626
  1274. Papadopoulou P1506, 1740
  1275. Pardhan S1741
  1276. Parikh RR1742
  1277. Park S1338, 1418, 2042
  1278. Parthasarathi A1387, 1743
  1279. Pashaei A248
  1280. Pasupula DK1744
  1281. Patel JR1745, 1746
  1282. Patel SK1747
  1283. Pathan AR286, 1748
  1284. Patil A1100
  1285. Patil S1735, 1749
  1286. Patoulias D955, 1750
  1287. Patthipati VS1751, 1752
  1288. Paudel U738, 966
  1289. Pawar S335
  1290. Pazoki Toroudi H537, 538
  1291. Pease SA1
  1292. Peden AE209, 844
  1293. Pedersini P1753
  1294. Peng M1754, 1755
  1295. Pensato U1756
  1296. Pepito VCF1496
  1297. Peprah EK718
  1298. Pereira G1757, 1758
  1299. Pereira J1760
  1300. Pereira M994
  1301. Peres MF440, 1762
  1302. Perianayagam A961
  1303. Perico N1763
  1304. Petcu IR503
  1305. Petermannrocha FE1365, 1764
  1306. Pezzani R1765, 1766
  1307. Pham HT972
  1308. Phillips MR27, 1767
  1309. Pierannunzio D1770
  1310. Pigeolet M60, 1771
  1311. Pigott DM1, 2
  1312. Pilgrim T903
  1313. Pinheiro M552
  1314. Piradov MA1061
  1315. Plakkal N1772
  1316. Plotnikov E1774, 1775
  1317. Poddighe D421, 1776
  1318. Pollner P1086, 1777
  1319. Poluru R1778
  1320. Pond CD1779
  1321. Postma MJ250, 1612
  1322. Poudel GR849
  1323. Poudel L739
  1324. Pourali G21, 22
  1325. Pourtaheri N1780
  1326. Prada SI1781, 1782
  1327. Pradhan PMS61, 740
  1328. Prajapati VK1783
  1329. Prakash V1784
  1330. Prasad CP1556
  1331. Prasad M1785
  1332. Prashant A1786
  1333. Prates EJS175
  1334. Purnobasuki H564
  1335. Purohit BM1557
  1336. Puvvula J1629
  1337. Qaisar R258
  1338. Qasim NH1787
  1339. Qattea I930
  1340. Qian G1788
  1341. Quan NK1274
  1342. Radfar A1789
  1343. Radhakrishnan V1790
  1344. Raee P81
  1345. Raeisi Shahraki H1791
  1346. Rafiei Alavi SN1670
  1347. Rafique I1792
  1348. Raggi A1793
  1349. Rahim F1794, 1795
  1350. Rahman MM587
  1351. Rahman M1205
  1352. Rahman MA1205, 1796
  1353. Rahman T1797
  1354. Rahmani AM1798
  1355. Rahmani S73, 99
  1356. Rahnavard N17
  1357. Rai P404
  1358. Rajaa S1422
  1359. Rajabpoursanati A544
  1360. Rajput P1799
  1361. Ram P517
  1362. Ramadan H1022
  1363. Ramasamy SK1339
  1364. Ramazanu S895
  1365. Rana J1027, 1800
  1366. Rana K1716
  1367. Ranabhat CL963, 1801
  1368. Rancic N1802, 1803
  1369. Rani S1721
  1370. Ranjan S1804
  1371. Rao CR619
  1372. Rao IR620
  1373. Rao M617
  1374. Rao SJ1805
  1375. Rasali DP247, 1806
  1376. Rasella D994
  1377. Rashedi S112, 701
  1378. Rashedi V1807
  1379. Rashid AM1808
  1380. Rasoulisaravani A76
  1381. Rastogi P983
  1382. Rasul A1809
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Source: The Lancet Published:2024


Abstract

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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