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Global, Regional, and National Life Expectancy, All-Cause Mortality, and Cause-Specific Mortality for 249 Causes of Death, 1980–2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 Publisher Pubmed



Wang H1 ; Naghavi M1 ; Allen C1 ; Barber RM1 ; Carter A1 ; Casey DC1 ; Charlson FJ1, 9, 12 ; Chen AZ1 ; Coates MM1 ; Coggeshall M1 ; Dandona L1, 14 ; Dicker DJ1 ; Erskine HE1, 9, 12 ; Ferrari AJ1, 9, 21, 22 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Wang H1
  2. Naghavi M1
  3. Allen C1
  4. Barber RM1
  5. Carter A1
  6. Casey DC1
  7. Charlson FJ1, 9, 12
  8. Chen AZ1
  9. Coates MM1
  10. Coggeshall M1
  11. Dandona L1, 14
  12. Dicker DJ1
  13. Erskine HE1, 9, 12
  14. Ferrari AJ1, 9, 21, 22
  15. Fitzmaurice C1
  16. Foreman K1
  17. Forouzanfar MH1
  18. Fraser MS1
  19. Fullman N1
  20. Goldberg EM1
  21. Graetz N1
  22. Haagsma JA1
  23. Hay SI1, 19
  24. Huynh C1
  25. Johnson CO1
  26. Kassebaum NJ1
  27. Kulikoff XR1
  28. Kutz M1
  29. Kyu HH1
  30. Larson HJ1, 24
  31. Leung J1, 9, 12
  32. Lim SS1
  33. Lind M1
  34. Lozano R1, 26
  35. Marquez N1
  36. Mikesell J1
  37. Mokdad AH1
  38. Mooney MD1
  39. Nguyen G1
  40. Nsoesie E1
  41. Pigott DM1
  42. Pinho C1
  43. Roth GA1
  44. Sandar L1
  45. Silpakit N1
  46. Sligar A1
  47. Sorensen RJD1
  48. Stanaway J1
  49. Steiner C1
  50. Teeple S1
  51. Thomas BA1
  52. Troeger C1
  53. Vanderzanden A1
  54. Vollset SE1, 37, 39
  55. Wanga V1
  56. Whiteford HA1, 9, 12
  57. Wolock T1
  58. Zoeckler L1
  59. Achoki T1
  60. Afshin A1
  61. Alexander LT1
  62. Anderson GM1
  63. Bell B1
  64. Biryukov S1
  65. Blore JD1
  66. Brown A1
  67. Brown J1
  68. Cercy K1
  69. Chew A1
  70. Cohen AJ1, 224
  71. Daoud F1
  72. Dossou E1
  73. Estep K1
  74. Flaxman A1
  75. Friedman J1
  76. Frostad J1
  77. Godwin WW1
  78. Hancock J1
  79. Kemmer L1
  80. Khalil IA1
  81. Liu PY1
  82. Masiye F1, 216, 217
  83. Millear A1
  84. Mirarefin M1
  85. Misganaw A1
  86. Moradilakeh M1, 481
  87. Morgan K1
  88. Ng M1
  89. Pain A1
  90. Quameamaglo J1
  91. Rao P1
  92. Reitsma MB1
  93. Shackelford KA1
  94. Sur P1
  95. Wagner JA1
  96. Vos T1
  97. Lopez AD1, 61
  98. Murray CJL1
  99. Ellenbogen RG2
  100. Mock CN3
  101. Quistberg DA3, 4
  102. Anderson BO5
  103. Blosser CD5
  104. Futran ND5
  105. Heckbert SR5
  106. Jensen PN5
  107. Montine TJ5
  108. Tirschwell DL5
  109. Watkins DA5, 392
  110. Bhutta ZA6, 8
  111. Nisar MI7
  112. Akseer N8, 68
  113. Alam NKM9, 91
  114. Knibbs LD9
  115. Lalloo R10
  116. Gouda HN11
  117. Mcgrath JJ11
  118. Jeemon P13, 362
  119. Dandona R14
  120. Kumar GA14
  121. Gething PW15
  122. Cooper C16, 227, 228
  123. Darby SC17
  124. Deribew A18, 248
  125. Ali R20
  126. Bennett DA20
  127. Jha V20, 363
  128. Rahimi K20
  129. Kinfu Y23
  130. Faghmous IDA25
  131. Langan SM25
  132. Mckee M25
  133. Murthy GVS25, 485
  134. Pearce N25
  135. Roberts B25
  136. Camposnonato IR26, 32
  137. Campuzano JC26
  138. Gomezdantes H26
  139. Herediapi IB26
  140. Mejiarodriguez F26
  141. Montanez Hernandez JC26
  142. Montero P26
  143. Rios Blancas MJ26
  144. Servanmori EE26
  145. Villalpando S26
  146. Duan L27
  147. Liu S27
  148. Wang L27
  149. Ye P27
  150. Liang X28
  151. Yu S28
  152. Mensah GA29
  153. Salomon JA30
  154. Thornelyman AL31, 618
  155. Ajala ON32, 81
  156. Barnighausen T32, 148, 149
  157. Ding EL32
  158. Farvid MS32, 276
  159. Wagner GR32, 645
  160. James P33, 34
  161. Osman M35, 511
  162. Shrime MG35
  163. Fitchett JRA36
  164. Knudsen AK37, 39
  165. Ellingsen CL38
  166. Krog NH38
  167. Savic M38
  168. Hailu AD9, 40
  169. Norheim OF40
  170. Abate KH41
  171. Gebrehiwot TT41
  172. Gebremedhin AT41, 293
  173. Abbafati C42
  174. Abbas KM43
  175. Abdallah F44
  176. Abera SF45, 48, 49
  177. Melaku YA9, 102
  178. Tesfay FH46, 527
  179. Abyu GY47
  180. Aregay AF47
  181. Betsu BD47
  182. Gebru AA47, 294
  183. Hailu GB47, 294
  184. Yalew AZ47
  185. Yebyo HG47, 567
  186. Abreu DMX50
  187. Franca EB50
  188. Aburaddad LJ51
  189. Adelekan AL52, 53
  190. Akinyemi RO53, 83
  191. Ojelabi FA53
  192. Ademi Z54, 62
  193. Furst T24, 54, 99
  194. Azzopardi P55, 58, 142
  195. Cowie BC56, 230
  196. Gibney KB56, 299
  197. Maclachlan JH56
  198. Meretoja A57, 465
  199. Alam K58, 62, 90
  200. Borschmann R58, 62
  201. Colquhoun SM58
  202. Patton GC58
  203. Weintraub RG58, 62, 442
  204. Szoeke CEI59
  205. Vijayakumar L60, 642
  206. Bohensky MA62
  207. Taylor HR62
  208. Wijeratne T62, 654
  209. Adou AK63
  210. Adsuar JC64
  211. Afanvi KA65, 66
  212. Agardh EE67
  213. Rehm J68, 546
  214. Badawi A69, 144
  215. Lindsay MP70, 429
  216. Popova S71
  217. Agarwal A72, 73
  218. Agrawal A74, 75
  219. Hotez PJ76
  220. Ahmad A77, 79, 80
  221. Norrving B78
  222. Akanda AS82
  223. Akinyemiju TF84
  224. Schwebel DC85
  225. Singh JA85
  226. Al Lami FH86
  227. Alabed S87
  228. Alaly Z88
  229. Driscoll TR89
  230. Kemp AH90, 387
  231. Leigh J90
  232. Mekonnen AB90, 460
  233. Alasfoor D92
  234. Aldhahri SF93, 95
  235. Altirkawi KA93
  236. Terkawi AS94, 614
  237. Aldridge RW96, 97, 98
  238. Banerjee A97
  239. Tillmann T99
  240. Alegretti MA100, 101
  241. Aleman AV102
  242. Cavalleri F103
  243. Colistro V104, 225
  244. Alemu ZA105
  245. Alhabib S106
  246. Alkerwi A107
  247. Alla F108
  248. Allebeck P109
  249. Carrero JJ110
  250. Fereshtehnejad S111
  251. Weiderpass E112, 649, 650, 651
  252. Havmoeller R113
  253. Alraddadi R114
  254. Alsharif U115
  255. Alvarez Martin E116
  256. Alvisguzman N117
  257. Amare AT102, 119
  258. Ciobanu LG118
  259. Tessema GA118, 616
  260. Amegah AK120
  261. Kudom AA120
  262. Ameh EA121
  263. Amini H99, 122
  264. Karema CK123, 378
  265. Ammar W124
  266. Harb HL124
  267. Amrock SM125
  268. Andersen HH126
  269. Antonio CAT127
  270. Faraon EJA128, 271
  271. Arnlov J129, 130, 131
  272. Larsson A129, 130
  273. Arsic Arsenijevic VS132, 133, 134
  274. Barac A103
  275. Artaman A135
  276. Asayesh H136
  277. Asghar RJ137
  278. Atique S138
  279. Avokpaho EFGA139, 140
  280. Gankpe FG140, 291
  281. Awasthi A141
  282. Bacha U143
  283. Bahit MC145
  284. Balakrishnan K146
  285. Barkercollo SL147
  286. Mohammed S149, 476
  287. Barregard L150
  288. Petzold M151, 243
  289. Barrero LH152, 153
  290. Basu A154
  291. Basu S155
  292. Bayou YT156
  293. Bazarganhejazi S157, 158, 159
  294. Beardsley J160
  295. Bedi N161
  296. Beghi E162
  297. Deribe K9, 247
  298. Belay HA163
  299. Giref AZ163
  300. Haile D163
  301. Jibat T163, 296
  302. Manamo WAA163
  303. Tefera WM163, 612
  304. Yirsaw BD163, 664
  305. Sheth KN102
  306. Bell ML164
  307. Biroscak BJ164, 178
  308. Bello AK165
  309. Santos IS166
  310. Bensenor IM167
  311. Lotufo PA167
  312. Berhane A168
  313. Wolfe CDA169, 656
  314. Bernabe E170
  315. Beyene AS171
  316. Gishu MD171, 304
  317. Bhala N172, 173
  318. Bhalla A174
  319. Biadgilign S175
  320. Bikbov B176
  321. Bin Abdulhak AA177
  322. Bjertness E179
  323. Htet AS180, 340
  324. Bose D181
  325. Bourne RRA182
  326. Brainin M183
  327. Brayne CEG184
  328. Brazinova A185, 186
  329. Majdan M185
  330. Shen J187, 577
  331. Breitborde NJK188
  332. Brenner H189
  333. Schottker B189, 569
  334. Brewer JD190
  335. Brugha TS191
  336. Buckle GC192
  337. Gosselin RA192
  338. Butt ZA193
  339. Calabria B194, 198
  340. Lal A194
  341. Lucas RM194
  342. Degenhardt L195
  343. Resnikoff S196, 197
  344. Carapetis JR199
  345. Cardenas R200
  346. Carpenter DO201
  347. Castanedaorjuela CA202, 203
  348. Castillo Rivas J204, 205
  349. Catalalopez F206, 207
  350. Cerda J208
  351. Chen W209
  352. Chiang PP210
  353. Chibalabala M211
  354. Chibueze CE212
  355. Mori R212
  356. Chimedochir O213
  357. Jiang Y214
  358. Takahashi K215
  359. Chisumpa VH216, 217, 218
  360. Mapoma CC216, 217
  361. Choi JJ219
  362. Chowdhury R220
  363. Christensen H221
  364. Christopher DJ222
  365. Cirillo M223
  366. Colomar M226
  367. Cooper LT229
  368. Crump JA231
  369. Poulton RG232
  370. Damserederry J233
  371. Danawi H234
  372. Refaat AH234, 545
  373. Dargan PI235
  374. Das Neves J236
  375. Massano J103, 455
  376. Pedro JM237, 523
  377. Davey G238, 239
  378. Davis AC240
  379. Greaves F240, 287
  380. Newton JN240
  381. Davitoiu DV241
  382. De Castro EF242
  383. De Jager P9, 244
  384. De D245
  385. Dellavalle RP246
  386. Dharmaratne SD249
  387. Dhillon PK250
  388. Ganguly P250, 290
  389. Lal DK250
  390. Zodpey S250
  391. Diaztorne C251
  392. Dos Santos KPB252
  393. Dubey M253
  394. Rahman MHU253
  395. Singh A253
  396. Duncan BB254, 255
  397. Kieling C254, 400
  398. Schmidt MI254
  399. Elyazar I256
  400. Endries AY257
  401. Ermakov SP258, 259
  402. Eshrati B260, 261
  403. Esteghamati A262
  404. Hafezinejad N262
  405. Fahimi S263
  406. Malekzadeh R263
  407. Roshandel G263, 552
  408. Sepanlou SG263
  409. Farzadfar F264
  410. Kasaeian A264, 266
  411. Parsaeian M264, 267
  412. Heydarpour P265
  413. Rahimimovaghar V268
  414. Sheikhbahaei S269
  415. Yaseri M270, 355
  416. Farid TA272
  417. Khan AR272
  418. Farinha CSES273, 274
  419. Faro A275
  420. Feigin VL277
  421. Te Ao BJ278
  422. Fernandes JG279
  423. Fernandes JC280
  424. Fischer F281
  425. Foigt N282
  426. Shiue I283, 583
  427. Fowkes FGR284
  428. Franklin RC285
  429. Piel FB286
  430. Majeed A287
  431. Gall SL288
  432. Gambashidze K289
  433. Gamkrelidze A289
  434. Kereselidze M289
  435. Shakhnazarova M289
  436. Iyer VJ290
  437. Gebre T292
  438. Geleijnse JM295
  439. Gessner BD297
  440. Ghoshal AG298
  441. Gillum RF300
  442. Mehari A300
  443. Gilmour S301
  444. Inoue M301, 312
  445. Kawakami N9
  446. Shibuya K302
  447. Giroud M303
  448. Glaser E305
  449. Halasa YA306
  450. Shepard DS306
  451. Undurraga EA306
  452. Gona P307
  453. Goodridge A308
  454. Gopalani SV309
  455. Gotay CC310
  456. Kissoon N310
  457. Kopec JA310
  458. Murthy S310
  459. Pourmalek F310
  460. Goto A311
  461. Gugnani HC313
  462. Gupta R314
  463. Gupta R314
  464. Gupta V316
  465. Gutierrez RA317
  466. Hamadeh RR318
  467. Hamidi S319
  468. Handal AJ320
  469. Hankey GJ321, 323, 324
  470. Norman PE322
  471. Hao Y325
  472. Harikrishnan S326
  473. Haro JM327, 328
  474. Hilderink HB329
  475. Hoek HW330, 332
  476. Tura AK331, 632
  477. Hogg RS333, 334
  478. Horino M335
  479. Horita N336
  480. Hosgood HD337
  481. Hoy DG338
  482. Hsairi M339
  483. Htike MMT341
  484. Hu G342
  485. Huang C343
  486. Huang H344
  487. Huiart L345
  488. Husseini A346
  489. Huybrechts I347, 348
  490. Huynh G349
  491. Iburg KM350
  492. Innos K351
  493. Jacobs TA352
  494. Jacobsen KH353
  495. Jahanmehr N9
  496. Katibeh M354
  497. Rajavi Z355
  498. Jakovljevic MB356, 357
  499. Javanbakht M358
  500. Jayaraman SP359
  501. Jayatilleke AU360, 361
  502. Prabhakaran D362
  503. Jiang G364
  504. Jimenezcorona A365, 366
  505. Jonas JB367
  506. Joshi TK368
  507. Kabir Z369
  508. Kamal R370
  509. Kesavachandran CN370
  510. She J371
  511. Shen Z372, 578
  512. Zhang H373, 674
  513. Kan H374
  514. Kant S375
  515. Karch A376, 377
  516. Karimkhani C379
  517. Karletsos D380
  518. Karthikeyan G381
  519. Naik N381
  520. Paul VK381
  521. Roy A381
  522. Sagar R381
  523. Satpathy M381
  524. Tandon N381
  525. Kaul A382
  526. Kayibanda JF383
  527. Keiyoro PN384, 385
  528. Lyons RA386
  529. Parry CD388, 391, 488
  530. Kengne AP389, 392
  531. Matzopoulos R389, 390
  532. Wiysonge CS389, 489
  533. Stein DJ391, 598
  534. Mayosi BM392
  535. Keren A393
  536. Khader YS394
  537. Khan EA395
  538. Khang YH187
  539. Won S396
  540. Khera S397, 398
  541. Tavakkoli M397, 398
  542. Khoja TAM399
  543. Kim D401
  544. Kim YJ402
  545. Kissela BM403
  546. Kokubo Y404
  547. Kolte D405
  548. Mcgarvey ST406
  549. Kosen S407
  550. Koul PA408
  551. Koyanagi A409
  552. Kuate Defo B410, 411
  553. Kucuk Bicer B412, 413
  554. Kuipers EJ414
  555. Kulkarni VS415
  556. Kwan GF102
  557. Rao SR416
  558. Lam H417, 418
  559. Lam JO419
  560. Nachega JB396, 420, 489
  561. Tran BX421, 629
  562. Lansingh VC422, 423
  563. Laryea DO424
  564. Latif AA425
  565. Lawrynowicz AEB426
  566. Levi M427
  567. Li Y428
  568. Lipshultz SE430, 431
  569. Wilkinson JD430, 431
  570. Simard EP432
  571. Liu Y433
  572. Phillips MR433, 528
  573. Xiao Q433
  574. Lo L434, 435
  575. Logroscino G436
  576. Lunevicius R437, 438
  577. Ma S439, 440
  578. Machado VM441
  579. Mackay MT442
  580. Magdy Abd El Razek H443
  581. Magdy Abd El Razek M444
  582. Mandisarisa J445
  583. Mangalam S446
  584. Marcenes W447
  585. Meaney PA448, 457
  586. Margolis DJ449
  587. Silberberg DH449
  588. Martin GR450
  589. Martinezraga J451, 452
  590. Marzan MB453
  591. Masonjones AJ454
  592. Mcmahon BJ456
  593. Mehndiratta MM458
  594. Woldeyohannes SM459
  595. Tedla BA460, 611
  596. Zeleke BM460, 620
  597. Memiah P461
  598. Memish ZA462, 463
  599. Mendoza W464
  600. Meretoja TJ466, 468
  601. Lallukka T467, 582
  602. Mhimbira FA469
  603. Micha R470
  604. Mozaff D470
  605. Shi P471
  606. Singh GM471
  607. Miller TR472, 473
  608. Mohammad KA474
  609. Mohammadi A475
  610. Mohan V477, 478
  611. Mola GLD479
  612. Monasta L480
  613. Montico M480
  614. Ronfani L480
  615. Morawska L482
  616. Werdecker A483
  617. Mueller UO484
  618. Westerman R484, 652
  619. Musa KI486
  620. Paternina AJ487, 520
  621. Seedat S489
  622. Nagel G490
  623. Rothenbacher D490
  624. Naidoo KS491
  625. Sartorius B491
  626. Naldi L492
  627. Remuzzi G492, 526, 547
  628. Nangia V493
  629. Nash D494
  630. Nejjari C495
  631. Neupane S496
  632. Newton CR497
  633. Ngalesoni FN498
  634. Ngirabega JD499
  635. Nguyen QL500
  636. Nkamedjie Pete PM501
  637. Nomura M502
  638. Nyakarahuka L503
  639. Ogbo FA504
  640. Ohkubo T505
  641. Olivares PR506
  642. Olusanya BO507
  643. Olusanya JO507
  644. Opio JN508
  645. Oren E509
  646. Ortiz A510
  647. Ota E512
  648. Ozdemir R513
  649. Mahesh PA514
  650. Pandian JD515
  651. Pant PR516
  652. Papachristou C517
  653. Park E518
  654. Park J519
  655. Patten SB521
  656. Tonelli M522
  657. Stokic Pejin L524
  658. Pereira DM525
  659. Cortinovis M526
  660. Giussani G526
  661. Perico N526
  662. Pesudovs K527
  663. Pillay JD529
  664. Plass D530
  665. Plattsmills JA531
  666. Polinder S532
  667. Pope CA533
  668. Qorbani M534
  669. Rafay A535
  670. Rana SM535, 542
  671. Rahman M536
  672. Rahman SU537
  673. Rai RK538
  674. Rajsic S539
  675. Raju M540
  676. Rakovac I541
  677. Ranabhat CL543
  678. Rangaswamy T544
  679. Ribeiro AL548
  680. Ricci S549
  681. Roca A550
  682. Rojasrueda D551
  683. Roy NK553, 554
  684. Ruhago GM555
  685. Sunguya BF555
  686. Saha S556
  687. Sahathevan R557, 558
  688. Saleh MM559
  689. Sanabria JR560, 561
  690. Sancheznino MD562
  691. Sanchezriera L563
  692. Sarmientosuarez R564
  693. Sawhney M565
  694. Schaub MP566
  695. Schneider IJC568
  696. Silva DAS568
  697. Schutte AE570, 571
  698. Shaddick G572
  699. Shaheen A573
  700. Shahraz S574
  701. Shaikh MA575
  702. Sharma R576
  703. Shetty BP579, 580
  704. Shin M581
  705. Shiri R582
  706. Sigfusdottir ID584
  707. Silveira DGA585
  708. Silverberg JI586
  709. Yano Y587
  710. Singh OP588, 589
  711. Singh PK590
  712. Singh V591
  713. Soneji S592
  714. Soreide K593
  715. Soriano JB594
  716. Sposato LA595
  717. Sreeramareddy CT596
  718. Stathopoulou V597
  719. Stein MB599
  720. Stranges S600
  721. Stroumpoulis K601, 602
  722. Swaminathan S603
  723. Sykes BL604
  724. Tabaresseisdedos R605
  725. Tabb KM606
  726. Takala JS607, 608
  727. Talongwa RT609
  728. Taye B610
  729. Ten Have M613
  730. Tuzcu EM615
  731. Thomson AJ617
  732. Thrift AG619
  733. Thurston GD621
  734. Topormadry R622, 623
  735. Topouzis F624
  736. Towbin JA625, 626, 627
  737. Traebert J628
  738. Truelsen T630
  739. Trujillo U631
  740. Uchendu US633
  741. Ukwaja KN634
  742. Uthman OA635
  743. Van Dingenen R636
  744. Van Donkelaar A637
  745. Vasankari T638
  746. Vasconcelos AMN639
  747. Venketasubramanian N640
  748. Vidavalur R641
  749. Violante FS643
  750. Vlassov VV644
  751. Wallin MT646, 647
  752. Weichenthal S648
  753. White RA653
  754. Williams HC655
  755. Wong JQ657
  756. Woolf AD658
  757. Xavier D659
  758. Xu G660
  759. Yakob B661
  760. Yan LL662
  761. Yip P663
  762. Yonemoto N665
  763. Yonga G666
  764. Younis MZ667
  765. Zaidi Z668
  766. Zaki ME669
  767. Zannad F670, 671
  768. Zavala DE672
  769. Zeeb H673
  770. Zonies D675
  771. Zuhlke LJ676
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, United States
  2. 2. Harborview/UW Medicine, United States
  3. 3. Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, United States
  4. 4. Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, United States
  5. 5. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Pakistan
  7. 7. Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  8. 8. Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
  9. 9. School of Public Health, Australia
  10. 10. School of Dentistry, Australia
  11. 11. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  12. 12. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  13. 13. Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, India
  14. 14. Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
  15. 15. Department of Zoology, United Kingdom
  16. 16. NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
  17. 17. Clinical Trial Service Unit, United Kingdom
  18. 18. Nuffield Department of Medicine, United Kingdom
  19. 19. Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, United Kingdom
  20. 20. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  21. 21. Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Netherlands
  22. 22. University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  23. 23. Centre for Research & Action in Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  24. 24. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, United Kingdom
  25. 25. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  26. 26. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  27. 27. National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, China
  28. 28. Chinese Center for Disease Control, Beijing, China
  29. 29. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  30. 30. Department of Global Health and Population, United States
  31. 31. Department of Nutrition, United States
  32. 32. Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, United States
  33. 33. Department of Epidemiology, Channing Division of Network Medicine, United States
  34. 34. Brigham & Women's Hospital, United States
  35. 35. Harvard Medical School, United States
  36. 36. Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  37. 37. Centre for Disease Burden, Norway
  38. 38. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  39. 39. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Norway
  40. 40. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  41. 41. Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  42. 42. La Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  43. 43. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
  44. 44. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  45. 45. School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Ethiopia
  46. 46. College of Health Sciences, Ethiopia
  47. 47. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  48. 48. Kilte Awlaelo-Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  49. 49. Food Security and Institute for Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
  50. 50. Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  51. 51. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  52. 52. Public Health Promotion Alliance, Osogbo, Nigeria
  53. 53. University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  54. 54. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  55. 55. Department of Paediatrics, Australia
  56. 56. The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Australia
  57. 57. Department of Medicine, Australia
  58. 58. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Australia
  59. 59. Institute of Health and Ageing, Australia
  60. 60. Center for Youth Mental Health, Australia
  61. 61. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Australia
  62. 62. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  63. 63. Association Ivoirienne pour le Bien-Etre Familial, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
  64. 64. University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
  65. 65. Direction du District Sanitaire de Haho, Notse, Togo
  66. 66. Faculte des Sciences de Sante, Universite de Lome, Lome, Togo
  67. 67. Institution of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
  68. 68. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Canada
  69. 69. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Canada
  70. 70. Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Canada
  71. 71. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada
  72. 72. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  73. 73. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  74. 74. CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
  75. 75. Department of Internal Medicine, United States
  76. 76. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  77. 77. Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Sweden
  78. 78. Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Sweden
  79. 79. Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  80. 80. Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  81. 81. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, McKeesport, PA, United States
  82. 82. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
  83. 83. Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  84. 84. Department of Epidemiology, United States
  85. 85. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, Iraq
  86. 86. Baghdad College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq
  87. 87. University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  88. 88. Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, MO, Australia
  89. 89. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  90. 90. The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  91. 91. Queensland Health, Herston, QLD, Australia
  92. 92. Ministry of Health, Al Khuwair, Oman
  93. 93. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  94. 94. Department of Anesthesiology, Saudi Arabia
  95. 95. King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  96. 96. Centre for Public Health Data Science, Institute of Health Informatics, United Kingdom
  97. 97. Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, United Kingdom
  98. 98. Institute for Global Health, United Kingdom
  99. 99. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, United Kingdom
  100. 100. University College London, London, United Kingdom
  101. 101. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Uruguay
  102. 102. School of Medicine, Uruguay
  103. 103. Faculty of Medicine, Uruguay
  104. 104. University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
  105. 105. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  106. 106. King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  107. 107. Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
  108. 108. School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
  109. 109. Department of Public Health Sciences, Sweden
  110. 110. Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Sweden
  111. 111. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Sweden
  112. 112. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Sweden
  113. 113. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  114. 114. Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  115. 115. Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
  116. 116. Spanish Observatory on Drugs, Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs, Ministry of Health, Social Policy and Equality, Madrid, Spain
  117. 117. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  118. 118. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  119. 119. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  120. 120. University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  121. 121. National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
  122. 122. Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  123. 123. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
  124. 124. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  125. 125. Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  126. 126. Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
  127. 127. Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, Philippines
  128. 128. College of Public Health, Philippines
  129. 129. University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  130. 130. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  131. 131. Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  132. 132. School of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Serbia
  133. 133. University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  134. 134. University Children Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
  135. 135. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  136. 136. Department of Medical Emergency, School of Paramedic, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  137. 137. South Asian Public Health Forum, Islamabad, Pakistan
  138. 138. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  139. 139. Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin, Cotonou, Benin
  140. 140. Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherche-Action en Sante (LERAS Afrique), Parakou, Benin
  141. 141. Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  142. 142. Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  143. 143. School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  144. 144. Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  145. 145. INECO Neurociencias, Rosario, Argentina
  146. 146. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
  147. 147. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  148. 148. Africa Health Research Institute, Mtubatuba, South Africa
  149. 149. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  150. 150. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sweden
  151. 151. Health Metrics Unit, Sweden
  152. 152. University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  153. 153. Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
  154. 154. School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
  155. 155. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  156. 156. Jhpiego-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  157. 157. College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  158. 158. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  159. 159. Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
  160. 160. Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, United Kingdom
  161. 161. College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  162. 162. IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
  163. 163. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  164. 164. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  165. 165. University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  166. 166. Internal Medicine Department, Brazil
  167. 167. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  168. 168. Debre Berhane University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  169. 169. Division of Health and Social Care Research, United Kingdom
  170. 170. King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  171. 171. Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  172. 172. Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  173. 173. University of Otago Medical School, Wellington, New Zealand
  174. 174. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  175. 175. Independent Public Health Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  176. 176. Department of Nephrology Issues of Transplanted Kidney, Academician V I Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russian Federation
  177. 177. University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
  178. 178. University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
  179. 179. Department of Community Medicine, Norway
  180. 180. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  181. 181. World Bank, Washington, DC, United States
  182. 182. Vision & Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  183. 183. Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
  184. 184. Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  185. 185. Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  186. 186. International Neurotrama Research Organization, Vienna, Austria
  187. 187. College of Medicine, United States
  188. 188. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  189. 189. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  190. 190. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  191. 191. University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  192. 192. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  193. 193. Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  194. 194. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  195. 195. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Australia
  196. 196. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Australia
  197. 197. School of Optometry and Vision Science, Australia
  198. 198. University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  199. 199. Telethon Kids Institute, the University of Western Australia, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, WA, Australia
  200. 200. Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  201. 201. University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  202. 202. Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
  203. 203. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  204. 204. Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica
  205. 205. Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
  206. 206. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia/INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
  207. 207. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  208. 208. Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
  209. 209. Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
  210. 210. Clinical Governance Unit, Gold Coast Health, Southport, QLD, Australia
  211. 211. Crowd Watch Africa, Lusaka, Zambia
  212. 212. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
  213. 213. Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Japan
  214. 214. Department of Health Development, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, Japan
  215. 215. Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Japan
  216. 216. University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
  217. 217. University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  218. 218. University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  219. 219. Seoul National University Medical Library, Seoul, South Korea
  220. 220. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  221. 221. Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
  222. 222. Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
  223. 223. University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
  224. 224. Health Eff ects Institute, Boston, MA, United States
  225. 225. Ministerio de Salud Publica, Montevideo, Uruguay
  226. 226. UNICEM, Montevideo, Uruguay
  227. 227. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  228. 228. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
  229. 229. Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
  230. 230. WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  231. 231. Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand
  232. 232. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  233. 233. Building and Road Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana
  234. 234. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  235. 235. Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  236. 236. i3S - Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em Saude and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, Portugal
  237. 237. EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, Portugal
  238. 238. University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  239. 239. Wellcome Trust Brighton & Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton, United Kingdom
  240. 240. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  241. 241. University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  242. 242. National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
  243. 243. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  244. 244. National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
  245. 245. Griffi th University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  246. 246. University of Colorado School of Medicine and the Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, United States
  247. 247. Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  248. 248. KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
  249. 249. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  250. 250. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India
  251. 251. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
  252. 252. Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  253. 253. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  254. 254. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  255. 255. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  256. 256. Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
  257. 257. Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  258. 258. The Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  259. 259. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  260. 260. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  261. 261. Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  262. 262. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Iran
  263. 263. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Iran
  264. 264. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Iran
  265. 265. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Iran
  266. 266. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Iran
  267. 267. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran
  268. 268. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Iran
  269. 269. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Centre, Iran
  270. 270. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  271. 271. Department of Health, Manila, Philippines
  272. 272. University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
  273. 273. DGS Directorate General of Health, Lisboa, Portugal
  274. 274. Universidade Aberta, Lisboa, Portugal
  275. 275. Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
  276. 276. Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  277. 277. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, New Zealand
  278. 278. Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  279. 279. Institute of Education and Sciences, German Hospital Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  280. 280. Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
  281. 281. Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  282. 282. Institute of Gerontology, Academy of Medical Science, Kyiv, Ukraine
  283. 283. Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, United Kingdom
  284. 284. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  285. 285. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  286. 286. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United Kingdom
  287. 287. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  288. 288. University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
  289. 289. National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
  290. 290. Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, India
  291. 291. CHU Hassan II, Fes, Morocco
  292. 292. The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States
  293. 293. Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  294. 294. Kilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  295. 295. Division of Human Nutrition, Netherlands
  296. 296. Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  297. 297. Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France
  298. 298. National Allergy Asthma Bronchitis Institute, Kolkata, India
  299. 299. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  300. 300. College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  301. 301. Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
  302. 302. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  303. 303. University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
  304. 304. Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Harar, Ethiopia
  305. 305. Heller School for Social Policy and Management, United States
  306. 306. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
  307. 307. University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  308. 308. Instituto de Investigaciones Cientifi cas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia - INDICASAT-AIP, Ciudad del Saber, Panama
  309. 309. Department of Health and Social Aff airs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  310. 310. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  311. 311. Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, Japan
  312. 312. National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
  313. 313. Departments of Microbiology and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter, Anguilla
  314. 314. West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
  315. 315. Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  316. 316. Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
  317. 317. National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico
  318. 318. Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  319. 319. Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  320. 320. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  321. 321. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Australia
  322. 322. University of Western Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
  323. 323. Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  324. 324. Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  325. 325. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  326. 326. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  327. 327. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu - CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
  328. 328. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  329. 329. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
  330. 330. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
  331. 331. University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  332. 332. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  333. 333. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
  334. 334. BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  335. 335. Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Carson City, NV, United States
  336. 336. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
  337. 337. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  338. 338. Public Health Division, The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia
  339. 339. Department of Epidemiology, Salah Azaiz Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
  340. 340. International Relations Division, Myanmar
  341. 341. Ministry of Health, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
  342. 342. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
  343. 343. George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
  344. 344. Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
  345. 345. CHU La Reunion, Saint-Denis, France
  346. 346. Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine
  347. 347. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
  348. 348. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  349. 349. Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA, United States
  350. 350. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  351. 351. National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
  352. 352. MCH Division, USAID - Global Health Bureau, HIDN, Washington, DC, United States
  353. 353. Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  354. 354. Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Iran
  355. 355. Ophthalmic Research Center, Iran
  356. 356. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  357. 357. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  358. 358. University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  359. 359. Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
  360. 360. Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  361. 361. Institute of Violence and Injury Prevention, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  362. 362. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
  363. 363. George Institute for Global Health India, New Delhi, India
  364. 364. Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
  365. 365. Department of Ocular Epidemiology and Visual Health, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valencia, Mexico City, Mexico
  366. 366. General Directorate of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
  367. 367. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  368. 368. Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, New Delhi, India
  369. 369. University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  370. 370. CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
  371. 371. Zhongshan Hospital, China
  372. 372. Department of Nephrology, China
  373. 373. Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, China
  374. 374. Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  375. 375. King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
  376. 376. Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  377. 377. Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  378. 378. Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda
  379. 379. Case Western University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States
  380. 380. Center for Research in Health and Economics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
  381. 381. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  382. 382. Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
  383. 383. Institut de recherche de l'hopital de Monttfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  384. 384. Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
  385. 385. School of Continuing and Distance Education, Nairobi, Kenya
  386. 386. Farr Institute, United Kingdom
  387. 387. Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
  388. 388. Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South Africa
  389. 389. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  390. 390. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, South Africa
  391. 391. Department of Psychiatry, South Africa
  392. 392. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  393. 393. Assuta Hospitals, Assuta Hashalom, Tel Aviv, Israel
  394. 394. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  395. 395. Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  396. 396. Graduate School of Public Health, South Korea
  397. 397. Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  398. 398. New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
  399. 399. Executive Board of the Health Ministers' Council for Cooperation Council States, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  400. 400. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  401. 401. Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  402. 402. Southern University College, Skudai, Malaysia
  403. 403. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
  404. 404. Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  405. 405. Division of Cardiology, United States
  406. 406. Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  407. 407. Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy and Humanities, NIHRD, Jakarta, Indonesia
  408. 408. Sher-i-Kashmir Institue of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  409. 409. Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
  410. 410. Department of Demography and Public Health Research Institute, Canada
  411. 411. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Canada
  412. 412. University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  413. 413. Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  414. 414. Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  415. 415. Arkansas State University, State University, AR, United States
  416. 416. Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, United States
  417. 417. Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  418. 418. Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
  419. 419. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
  420. 420. Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
  421. 421. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  422. 422. Help Me See, Inc, New York, NY, United States
  423. 423. Instituo Mexicano de Oftalmologia, Queretaro, Mexico
  424. 424. Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
  425. 425. Department of Zoology, Lahore College for WomenUniversity, Lahore, Pakistan
  426. 426. Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia “Dr Juan H Jara, �, Mar del Plata, Argentina
  427. 427. Tuscany Regional Centre for Occupational Injuries and Diseases, Florence, Italy
  428. 428. San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
  429. 429. Heart and Stroke Foundation Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  430. 430. School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
  431. 431. Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, United States
  432. 432. Rollins School of Public Health, United States
  433. 433. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  434. 434. UnionHealth Associates, LLC, St Louis, MO, United States
  435. 435. Alton Mental Health Center, Alton, IL, United States
  436. 436. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  437. 437. Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  438. 438. School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  439. 439. Ministry of Health Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  440. 440. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  441. 441. Public Health Department, Northern Region Health Administration, Porto, Portugal
  442. 442. Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  443. 443. Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
  444. 444. Aswan University Hospital, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt
  445. 445. JSI Research and Training, Harare, Zimbabwe
  446. 446. Technical Standards and Safety Authority, Toronto, ON, Canada
  447. 447. Division of Population and Patient Health, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
  448. 448. Perelman School of Medicine, United States
  449. 449. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  450. 450. Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States
  451. 451. University Hospital Doctor Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  452. 452. CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Moncada (Valencia), Spain
  453. 453. University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
  454. 454. Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
  455. 455. Hospital Pedro Hispano/ULS Matosinhos, Matosinhos, Portugal
  456. 456. Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, United States
  457. 457. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  458. 458. Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
  459. 459. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia
  460. 460. University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  461. 461. University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States
  462. 462. Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  463. 463. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  464. 464. United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
  465. 465. Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  466. 466. Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki, Finland
  467. 467. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Finland
  468. 468. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  469. 469. Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
  470. 470. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States
  471. 471. Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
  472. 472. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  473. 473. Centre for Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  474. 474. University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
  475. 475. Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  476. 476. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  477. 477. Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
  478. 478. Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
  479. 479. University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, Papua New Guinea
  480. 480. Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo, � Trieste, Italy
  481. 481. Department of Community Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  482. 482. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  483. 483. Competence Center Mortality- Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Germany
  484. 484. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  485. 485. Indian Institute of Public Health, Malaysia
  486. 486. School of Medical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  487. 487. Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, United States
  488. 488. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  489. 489. Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  490. 490. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  491. 491. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  492. 492. Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  493. 493. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  494. 494. Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
  495. 495. Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco
  496. 496. School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
  497. 497. KEMRI Wellcome Trust, Kilifi, Kenya
  498. 498. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  499. 499. East African Community Health Research Commission, Kigali, Rwanda
  500. 500. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  501. 501. Institute For Research, Socio-Economic Development and Communication, Yaounde, Cameroon
  502. 502. National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
  503. 503. Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  504. 504. Centre for Health Research, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  505. 505. Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
  506. 506. Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
  507. 507. Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  508. 508. Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Uganda
  509. 509. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  510. 510. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
  511. 511. YBank, Cambridge, MA, United States
  512. 512. St Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
  513. 513. Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
  514. 514. JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
  515. 515. Christian Medical College Ludhiana, Ludhiana, India
  516. 516. University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
  517. 517. Charite University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  518. 518. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  519. 519. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
  520. 520. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  521. 521. Department of Community Health Sciences, Canada
  522. 522. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  523. 523. Health Research Centre of Angola, Caxito, Angola
  524. 524. Economics Institute, Belgrade, Serbia
  525. 525. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
  526. 526. IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
  527. 527. Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  528. 528. Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  529. 529. Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
  530. 530. Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
  531. 531. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  532. 532. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  533. 533. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
  534. 534. Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  535. 535. Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  536. 536. Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  537. 537. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  538. 538. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  539. 539. ERAWEB Program, UMIT, Hall in Tirol, Austria
  540. 540. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
  541. 541. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
  542. 542. Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
  543. 543. Wonju College of Medicine, Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
  544. 544. Schizophrenia Research Foundation, Chennai, India
  545. 545. Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
  546. 546. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
  547. 547. Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  548. 548. Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  549. 549. UO Neurologia USL Umbria 1, Citta di Castello, Italy
  550. 550. Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Fajara, Gambia
  551. 551. (ISGlobal) Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  552. 552. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  553. 553. Holmusk, Singapore, Singapore
  554. 554. Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
  555. 555. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  556. 556. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  557. 557. Ballarat Health Service, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
  558. 558. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  559. 559. Development Research and Projects Center, Abuja, Nigeria
  560. 560. Marshall University J Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
  561. 561. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  562. 562. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
  563. 563. Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
  564. 564. Universidad Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogota, Colombia
  565. 565. Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  566. 566. Swiss Research Institute of Public Health and Addiction, Switzerland
  567. 567. University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  568. 568. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  569. 569. Institute of Health Care and Social Sciences, FOM University, Essen, Germany
  570. 570. Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  571. 571. South African Medical Research Council, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  572. 572. University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
  573. 573. Department of Public Health, An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
  574. 574. Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  575. 575. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  576. 576. Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
  577. 577. Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
  578. 578. Shanghai Kidney and Dialysis Institute, Shanghai, China
  579. 579. Sri Siddhartha University, Tumkur, India
  580. 580. ISHA Diagnostics, Bangalore, India
  581. 581. Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  582. 582. Work Organizations, Work Disability Prevention, The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  583. 583. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  584. 584. Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  585. 585. Brasilia University, Brasilia, Brazil
  586. 586. Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
  587. 587. Department of Preventive Medicine, United States
  588. 588. Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  589. 589. Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  590. 590. Institute for Human Development, New Delhi, India
  591. 591. Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India
  592. 592. Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
  593. 593. Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
  594. 594. Instituto de Investigacion Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  595. 595. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
  596. 596. Department of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  597. 597. Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
  598. 598. South African Medical Research Council Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
  599. 599. University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
  600. 600. Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
  601. 601. Alexandra General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
  602. 602. Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin, Cherbourg, France
  603. 603. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  604. 604. Departments of Criminology, Law & Society, Sociology, and Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  605. 605. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
  606. 606. School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
  607. 607. WSH Institute, Ministry of Manpower, Singapore, Singapore
  608. 608. Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
  609. 609. Ministry of Health, MINSANTE, Yaounde, Cameroon
  610. 610. Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, United States
  611. 611. James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
  612. 612. Addis Ababa City Government, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  613. 613. Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands
  614. 614. Outcomes Research Consortium, United States
  615. 615. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  616. 616. University Of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  617. 617. Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada
  618. 618. WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
  619. 619. Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Australia
  620. 620. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  621. 621. Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, NY, United States
  622. 622. Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  623. 623. Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
  624. 624. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  625. 625. Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
  626. 626. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
  627. 627. St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
  628. 628. University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoca, Brazil
  629. 629. Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  630. 630. Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  631. 631. Servicio Canario de Salud, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
  632. 632. Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  633. 633. Department of Veterans Aff airs, Washington, DC, United States
  634. 634. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  635. 635. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  636. 636. Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
  637. 637. Department of Physics and Atsmopheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  638. 638. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  639. 639. University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
  640. 640. Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  641. 641. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
  642. 642. VHS SNEHA, Chennai, India
  643. 643. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  644. 644. National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  645. 645. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, United States
  646. 646. VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
  647. 647. Neurology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  648. 648. McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  649. 649. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
  650. 650. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
  651. 651. Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
  652. 652. German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
  653. 653. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Modelling, Australia
  654. 654. Western Health, Footscray, VIC, Australia
  655. 655. Centre of Evidence-based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  656. 656. National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  657. 657. Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
  658. 658. Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom
  659. 659. St John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
  660. 660. Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
  661. 661. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
  662. 662. Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  663. 663. Social Work and Social Administration Department and The Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  664. 664. University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
  665. 665. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  666. 666. Aga Khan University, East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
  667. 667. Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  668. 668. University Hospital, Setif, Algeria
  669. 669. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  670. 670. Clinical Investigation Centre INSERM (the National Institute for Health and Medical Research), Universite de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
  671. 671. CHU de Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
  672. 672. Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico
  673. 673. Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
  674. 674. Shanghai Institute of Kidney Disease and Dialysis, Shanghai, China
  675. 675. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  676. 676. Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Source: The Lancet Published:2016


Abstract

Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography–year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61·4–61·9) in 1980 to 71·8 years (71·5–72·2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11·3 years (3·7–17·4), to 62·6 years (56·5–70·2). Total deaths increased by 4·1% (2·6–5·6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55·8 million (54·9 million to 56·6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17·0% (15·8–18·1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14·1% (12·6–16·0) to 39·8 million (39·2 million to 40·5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13·1% (11·9–14·3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42·1%, 39·1–44·6), malaria (43·1%, 34·7–51·8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29·8%, 24·8–34·9), and maternal disorders (29·1%, 19·3–37·1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000–183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000–532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
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