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Changing Life Expectancy in European Countries 1990–2021: A Subanalysis of Causes and Risk Factors From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Publisher Pubmed



Steel N1, 3 ; Bauerstaeb CMM3 ; Ford JA798 ; Abbafati C5 ; Abdalla MA7 ; Abdelkader A8 ; Abdi P9 ; Zuniga RAA10, 11 ; Abiodun OO14 ; Abolhassani H15, 26 ; Abugharbieh E30, 35 ; Abukhadijah HJ36 ; Abuzaid A38, 39 ; Addo IY40, 43 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Steel N1, 3
  2. Bauerstaeb CMM3
  3. Ford JA798
  4. Abbafati C5
  5. Abdalla MA7
  6. Abdelkader A8
  7. Abdi P9
  8. Zuniga RAA10, 11
  9. Abiodun OO14
  10. Abolhassani H15, 26
  11. Abugharbieh E30, 35
  12. Abukhadijah HJ36
  13. Abuzaid A38, 39
  14. Addo IY40, 43
  15. Addolorato G45, 46
  16. Adekanmbi V47
  17. Adetunji JB49
  18. Adeyeoluwa TE50, 52
  19. Agardh EE27
  20. Agyemangduah W58
  21. Ahmad D59, 60
  22. Ahmed A61, 62
  23. Ahmed A61, 62
  24. Ahmed SA69
  25. Akinosoglou K71, 72
  26. Akkaif MA73
  27. Al Awaidy S74, 75
  28. Al Hasan SM76
  29. Al Zaabi OAM78
  30. Aldridge RW80, 84, 85
  31. Algammal AM86
  32. Algheethi AAS87, 88
  33. Ali A89
  34. Ali MU90, 91
  35. Ali SS92
  36. Ali W79
  37. Alicandro G93, 95
  38. Alif SM96, 97
  39. Aljumaily A98, 100
  40. Allebeck P27
  41. Alrawashdeh A101
  42. Alrifai RH103
  43. Alsabri MA105, 106
  44. Alshahrani NZ107
  45. Aluh DO108, 109
  46. Alwardat M102
  47. Alzyoud WA110
  48. Amiri S111
  49. Anderlini D113, 115
  50. Andrei CL116
  51. Anil A118, 119
  52. Anvari S120
  53. Anyasodor AE122
  54. Appiah SCY123, 124
  55. Aquilano M125
  56. Arabloo J126
  57. Arafat M131
  58. Areda D132, 133
  59. Aremu A134
  60. Armani K135, 141
  61. Armocida B142
  62. Arnlov J28, 143
  63. Asaduzzaman M144
  64. Astellburt T41
  65. Aujayeb A145
  66. Ausloos M146, 148
  67. Azadnajafabad S77, 149
  68. Aziz S150
  69. Azzam AY151, 152
  70. Babu GR153
  71. Badache AC154, 155
  72. Badiye AD156, 157
  73. Bahramian S158
  74. Baig AA161
  75. Baker JL162
  76. Bansal H156
  77. Barnighausen TW163, 165
  78. Barone MTU169, 170
  79. Barrow A171, 172
  80. Barteit S175
  81. Bashir S176
  82. Bashiru HA177
  83. Basso JD178, 179
  84. Bastan MM16, 127
  85. Basu S135, 166
  86. Batra K181
  87. Bauckneht M182, 183
  88. Baune BT184, 185
  89. Beghi M186
  90. Beiranvand M173
  91. Bejot Y187, 188
  92. Bell ML189, 194
  93. Bello OO51
  94. Belo L195, 196
  95. Beloukas A203, 204
  96. Beneke AA174
  97. Bettencourt PJG205, 206
  98. Bhagavathula AS207, 208
  99. Bhala N209, 211
  100. Bhaskar S213, 214
  101. Bisulli F215, 218
  102. Bjorge T219, 222
  103. Bodunrin AO70
  104. Carvajal AB223
  105. Bouaoud S224, 225
  106. Brayne C226
  107. Brenner H228
  108. Briggs ADM229
  109. Briko NI233
  110. Bugiardini R216
  111. Buonsenso D235, 236
  112. Busse R237
  113. Bustanji Y31, 238
  114. Dos Santos FLC167
  115. Barsbay MC239
  116. Capodici A240, 241
  117. Carreras G243
  118. Carugno A244, 245
  119. Carvalho F196
  120. Carvalho M197, 246
  121. Castaldellimaia JM247
  122. Castelpietra G248, 249
  123. Catapano AL250, 253
  124. Cattaruzza MS6
  125. Cegolon L254, 255
  126. Cenko E216
  127. Cerin E256, 257
  128. Cerrai S259
  129. Chaudhary AA260
  130. Chong B261
  131. Choudhari SG263
  132. Chu DT264, 265
  133. Chukwu IS266
  134. Chung SC81, 267
  135. Cioffi I251
  136. Conde J268
  137. Cortese S230, 269
  138. Couto RAS198
  139. Criqui MH271
  140. Cruzmartins N199, 272
  141. Dadras O17, 273
  142. Dallat MAT276
  143. Damico E277
  144. Danna L136
  145. Darcho SD280
  146. Dargan PI281, 282
  147. Das S286
  148. De La Torreluque A287
  149. Del Bo C94
  150. Demetriades AK288, 289
  151. Dervenis N290, 291
  152. Devleesschauwer B295, 296
  153. Dhali A297
  154. Dhama K298
  155. Dianatinasab M299, 300
  156. Diaz MJ174
  157. Dongarwar D302
  158. Doria M254, 303
  159. Doshi OP304
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  161. Duraisamy S307
  162. Durojaiye OC308
  163. Dziedzic AM309
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  165. Edvardsson K311
  166. Eikemo TA312
  167. Ekholuenetale M314
  168. Ekundayo TC51
  169. El Arab RA315
  170. Elgar FJ316
  171. Elhadi M317, 318
  172. Eltaha C319
  173. Esposito F217
  174. Fabin N320, 322
  175. Fagbamigbe AF53, 323
  176. Fagbule OF54, 325
  177. Fakhridemeshghieh A327
  178. Falzone L278, 328
  179. Sofia E Sa Farinha C329, 330
  180. Faris PS331, 334
  181. Fasina FO337, 339
  182. Fazeli P340
  183. Fazylov T341
  184. Feizkhah A121
  185. Fekadu G343, 344
  186. Feng X44, 346
  187. Fereshtehnejad SM28, 347
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  190. Ferreira N353
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  192. Fischer F354
  193. Fonzo M355
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  196. Rodrigues CF196, 200
  197. Foschi M358, 359
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  200. Fukumoto T361
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  202. Gallus S364
  203. Galluzzo L367
  204. Ganesan B368
  205. Ganiyani MA369, 370
  206. Gao X372, 373
  207. Garciagordillo M374
  208. Gazzelloni F375
  209. Gebregergis MW376
  210. Gebremeskel TG378, 379
  211. Ghadimi DJ382
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  213. Ghith N386
  214. Gholami E387
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  219. Glasbey JC212
  220. Glenn SD84
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  222. Goldust M190
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  225. Golinelli D396, 397
  226. Gorini G242
  227. Graham SM398, 400
  228. Griebler R402
  229. Grover A403
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  231. Gunturu S405, 406
  232. Gupta VK407
  233. Gutierrezmurillo RS408
  234. Habteyohannes AD409
  235. Haep N412, 413
  236. Nam NH414, 415
  237. Haller S416, 417
  238. Hamoudi R32, 82
  239. Handanagic S418
  240. Haro JM419, 420
  241. Hasani H128
  242. Hasnain MS422
  243. Havmoeller RJ423
  244. Hay SI84, 85
  245. Hebert JJ424, 425
  246. Heibati B426
  247. Hilderink HBM427
  248. Hiraike Y428
  249. Hoan NQ430
  250. Hosseinzadeh M431, 432
  251. Hostiuc S117, 433
  252. Hoven H312, 434
  253. Hu C435
  254. Huang J436
  255. Hughes A3
  256. Hultstrom M63, 64
  257. Hushmandi K112
  258. Hussain J438
  259. Hussain MA33, 441
  260. Ikiroma A442
  261. Inok A443
  262. Islam MR444
  263. Islam SMS445
  264. Isola G279
  265. Iyer M446
  266. Jacob L448, 449
  267. Jahrami H451, 452
  268. Jairoun AA453
  269. Jaka S270
  270. Jakovljevic M454, 455
  271. Jawaid T456
  272. Jeswani BM457
  273. Jonas JB458, 459
  274. Joshua CE460
  275. Kaambwa B379, 380
  276. Kabir Z461
  277. Hussein Kadir DH332, 335
  278. Kamath R301, 462
  279. Kanmodi KK464, 465
  280. Kapoor N156
  281. Karakasis P292
  282. Karanikolos M466, 467
  283. Karaye IM469, 470
  284. Kauppila JH29, 471
  285. Kazemian S18, 19
  286. Kesseguyot E474, 476
  287. Khamesipour F129, 477
  288. Khan A439
  289. Khanmohammadi S20, 478
  290. Khatab K479, 480
  291. Khatatbeh MM481
  292. Khormali M21
  293. Khosla AA371, 482
  294. Khosravi M130, 483
  295. Khosrowjerdi M484
  296. Khubchandani J485
  297. Kim K486
  298. Kim MS487, 488
  299. Kisa A489, 490
  300. Kisa S491
  301. Knudsen AKS493
  302. Koren G496
  303. Kuddus MA497, 499
  304. Kuitunen I500, 501
  305. Kulimbet M342, 502
  306. Kumar R503
  307. Kunutsor SK505, 506
  308. Kurmi OP324, 507
  309. Kusuma D509, 510
  310. Kyto V274, 511
  311. La Vecchia C252
  312. Lai H512, 513
  313. Lallukka T12
  314. Lanfranchi F514
  315. Langguth B515
  316. Laplantelevesque A516
  317. Larson HJ84, 468
  318. Larsson AO65, 517
  319. Lee M518
  320. Lee PH231
  321. Lee SW519
  322. Lee WC48
  323. Lindholm D65, 520
  324. Linehan C521
  325. Liu X392, 522
  326. Llanaj E523, 524
  327. Lopezgil JF525
  328. Lorkowski S526, 527
  329. Lucchetti G528
  330. Lugo A366
  331. Lunevicius R401, 529
  332. Luo L530
  333. Amin HIM333, 336
  334. Ma ZF532
  335. Machairas N533
  336. Machoy M535
  337. Malhotra K211, 536
  338. Malik AA537
  339. Mansour A538
  340. Manu E306
  341. Marateb HR539, 540
  342. Martini D251
  343. Martorell M541, 542
  344. Marzo RR543, 544
  345. Mathangasinghe Y545, 546
  346. Mathur M548
  347. Matozinhos FP549
  348. Maude RJ399, 550
  349. Maugeri A277
  350. May J551, 552
  351. Mayeli M191
  352. Mazidi M283
  353. Mckee M467
  354. Mechili EA553, 554
  355. Mehravar S555
  356. Meto TM556
  357. Meles HN377
  358. Mentis AFA557
  359. Meretoja A558, 561
  360. Meretoja TJ13, 559
  361. Mettananda S563, 564
  362. Micha G565
  363. Michalek IM566, 567
  364. Miller TR568, 569
  365. Minervini G570, 571
  366. Mirijello A573
  367. Mocciaro G574
  368. Fard AM22, 575
  369. Mohamed J576
  370. Mohamed NS577, 578
  371. Mohammadianhafshejani A579
  372. Mohammed S163, 580
  373. Monasta L581
  374. Mondello S582
  375. Ali Moni M114, 583
  376. Moraga P584
  377. Morawska L585
  378. Mossie TB410
  379. Motappa R586
  380. Mubarik S531, 590
  381. Muccioli L215
  382. Mueller UO592, 593
  383. Mughal F594, 595
  384. Mulita F596, 597
  385. Munblit D137, 234
  386. Munkhsaikhan Y599
  387. Murray CJL84, 85
  388. Naghavi M84, 85
  389. Naghavi P600
  390. Naik GR379, 601
  391. Najdaghi S159, 160
  392. Naqvi AA602
  393. Davani DN159
  394. Nascimento GG603
  395. Naser AY604
  396. Nashwan AJ37
  397. Nauman J104, 313
  398. Navaratna SNK547, 605
  399. Nazripanjaki A606
  400. Nejjari C607, 608
  401. Nena E609
  402. Netsere HB411, 610
  403. Nguyen AH611
  404. Nguyen PT612
  405. Nguyen VT613, 614
  406. Nnyanzi LA616
  407. Noor STA61, 617
  408. Nouri M618, 620
  409. Nugen F622, 624
  410. Nurchis MC625, 626
  411. Nzoputam OJ627, 628
  412. Oancea B629, 630
  413. Odonnell MJ631
  414. Oduro MS632
  415. Ogundijo OA55
  416. Ogunsakin RE338
  417. Okeke SR42, 43
  418. Okonji OC633
  419. Olagunju AT508, 634
  420. Oliver S635
  421. Olufadewa II56, 636
  422. Ortiz A637, 639
  423. Owolabi MO57, 326
  424. Padukudru MPA640
  425. Padubidri JR587
  426. Palmaalvarez RFF450, 641
  427. Panda SK642
  428. Pandajonas S164
  429. Panos GD210, 293
  430. Panos LD643, 645
  431. Pantazopoulos I598, 644
  432. Pardhan S646
  433. Parikh RR647
  434. Passera R648, 649
  435. Patil S572, 650
  436. Patoulias D294
  437. Pawar S192
  438. Pensato U651
  439. Pereira G652, 653
  440. Perico N655
  441. Perna S656
  442. Petermannrocha FE657, 658
  443. Pham HN623, 660
  444. Philip AK440
  445. Pierannunzio D661
  446. Pigeolet M168, 662
  447. Pisoni E663
  448. Poddighe D664, 665
  449. Poluru R666
  450. Postma MJ667, 669
  451. Pradhan J670
  452. Pupillo E671
  453. Puvvula J672
  454. Raggi A673
  455. Rahman M310, 674
  456. Rahman MA498
  457. Raimondo D675
  458. Raimondo I676, 677
  459. Ramasamy SK678
  460. Ramazanu S262, 679
  461. Rana RK680
  462. Rao SJ681
  463. Rasella D682, 683
  464. Rashid AM684, 685
  465. Rauniyar SK429
  466. Rautalin I560, 686
  467. Rawaf DL138, 687
  468. Rawaf S4, 139
  469. Reddy MMRK588
  470. Moustafa Mohamed Redwan EM688, 689
  471. Reifels L562
  472. Remuzzi G655
  473. Rezaeian M690
  474. Ribeiro AI202
  475. Rijal A691
  476. Rodriguez JAB389, 692
  477. Romoli M693
  478. Ronfani L581
  479. Root KT174
  480. Rout HS694, 695
  481. Roy N696
  482. Russo M697
  483. Saad AMA698
  484. Sabet CJ699
  485. Dhingra MS700
  486. Saeed U701, 702
  487. Safari M383
  488. Safdarian M703, 704
  489. Saleh MA34, 705
  490. Salem MZY706, 707
  491. Salum GA708, 709
  492. Samuel VP710
  493. Samy AM711, 712
  494. Saravanan A713
  495. Saravi B714, 715
  496. Sarkar C258
  497. Saulam J716, 717
  498. Scarmeas N718, 719
  499. Schaarschmidt BM720
  500. Schinckus C721, 722
  501. Schlaich MP99, 723
  502. Schmidt JC724
  503. Schuermans A725
  504. Schumacher AE84
  505. Schwendicke F726
  506. Schwinger C220, 494
  507. Sepanlou SG23, 619
  508. Shafie M24
  509. Shahsavari HR727
  510. Ali Shaikh M728
  511. Shakil H348, 349
  512. Sham S729
  513. Shamim MA118
  514. Sharew NT668, 730
  515. Sharifan A25, 731
  516. Shavandi A732
  517. Shenoy RR463
  518. Shetty M733
  519. Shetty PH587
  520. Shetty PK589
  521. Shigematsu M734
  522. Shittu A735
  523. Shiue I472, 473
  524. Shorofi SA381, 736
  525. Shrestha R193
  526. Shrestha R193
  527. Siddig EE67, 739
  528. Silva JP196
  529. Silva LMLR740, 741
  530. Silva S178, 180
  531. Singh P742
  532. Singh S118
  533. Sipila JOT275, 743
  534. Skryabina AA744
  535. Sokhan A745, 746
  536. Soraneh S621, 747
  537. Soriano JB638, 748
  538. Soyiri IN749
  539. Spartalis M534
  540. Steiropoulos P609
  541. Stockfelt L750
  542. Sun J122, 753
  543. Sundstrom J65, 755
  544. Sunkersing D83
  545. Sunnerhagen KS751, 756
  546. Swain CK694
  547. Szarpak L757, 758
  548. Sudha STY759
  549. Damavandi PT760
  550. Tabaresseisdedos R421, 761
  551. Tabatabaei SM762, 763
  552. Tabche C139
  553. Tabibi R764
  554. Taiba J765, 766
  555. Tanwar M767
  556. Tat NY768, 769
  557. Taveira N770, 771
  558. Temsah MH772
  559. Thayakaran R211, 232
  560. Tiruye TY773, 774
  561. Touvier M475, 776
  562. Tovanipalone MR571
  563. Tran JT777
  564. Tran NH778
  565. Tran TH615, 779
  566. Trico D780
  567. Tromans SJ147, 781
  568. Tsermpini EE782
  569. Car LT139
  570. Tumurkhuu M783
  571. Ullah S784
  572. Unim B785
  573. Vaithinathan AG786
  574. Valenti M320, 321
  575. Van Den Eynde J725
  576. Varga O787
  577. Vasankari TJ788, 789
  578. Vellingiri B447, 790
  579. Veroux M277
  580. Vervoort D791
  581. Villafane JH792
  582. Violante FS216, 793
  583. Vizzielli G794, 795
  584. Vodden A796, 797
  585. Vollset SE84, 85, 495
  586. Vos T84, 85
  587. Wafa HA284
  588. Wang Y285
  589. Wassie EG775
  590. Weerakoon KG799
  591. Westerman R591
  592. Wickramasinghe ND800
  593. Willeit P227, 801
  594. Wojewodzic MW221, 654
  595. Wolf AW492, 752
  596. Wolfe CDA285, 802
  597. Wyper GMA659
  598. Xu X44, 754
  599. Yasufuku Y803
  600. Yaya S140
  601. Yezli S804
  602. Yigkit A805
  603. Yon DK806
  604. Yu C531
  605. Zakham F807
  606. Zanghi A808
  607. Zastrozhin M809, 810
  608. Zeariya MGM504, 811
  609. Zhang L812, 813
  610. Zhang Z814
  611. Zhong CC437
  612. Zhu B815
  613. Ziafati M816
  614. Zielinaska M817
  615. Zweck E165, 818
  616. Zyoud SH819, 820
  617. Newton JN443
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
  2. 2. Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
  3. 3. Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, Department of Health and Social Care, London, United Kingdom
  4. 4. Academic Public Health England, Department of Health and Social Care, London, United Kingdom
  5. 5. Department of Legal and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  6. 6. Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  7. 7. Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
  8. 8. Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  9. 9. Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
  10. 10. Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio, Diaz, Mexico
  11. 11. Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science), Helsinki, Finland
  12. 12. Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland
  13. 13. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  14. 14. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
  15. 15. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. NeuroTRACT Association, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  23. 23. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  24. 24. Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholm, Sweden
  27. 27. Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholm, Sweden
  28. 28. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholm, Sweden
  29. 29. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholm, Sweden
  30. 30. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  31. 31. Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  32. 32. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  33. 33. Department of Finance and Economics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  34. 34. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  35. 35. Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  36. 36. Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  37. 37. Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  38. 38. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  39. 39. College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
  40. 40. School of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  41. 41. School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  42. 42. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  43. 43. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  44. 44. School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  45. 45. Internal Medicine and Alcohol Related Disease Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
  46. 46. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universita Cattolica di Roma (Catholic University of Rome), Rome, Italy
  47. 47. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
  48. 48. Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
  49. 49. Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
  50. 50. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  51. 51. Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  52. 52. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  53. 53. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  54. 54. Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  55. 55. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  56. 56. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  57. 57. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  58. 58. Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
  59. 59. School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  60. 60. Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
  61. 61. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  62. 62. Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  63. 63. Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  64. 64. Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  65. 65. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  66. 66. Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  67. 67. Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  68. 68. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  69. 69. Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  70. 70. Department of Computer Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  71. 71. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
  72. 72. Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  73. 73. Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  74. 74. Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  75. 75. Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman
  76. 76. Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  77. 77. Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  78. 78. Department of Adult Health and Critical Care, College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  79. 79. Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  80. 80. Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  81. 81. Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  82. 82. Surgical Biotechnology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  83. 83. Department of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  84. 84. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  85. 85. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  86. 86. Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
  87. 87. Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  88. 88. Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  89. 89. Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
  90. 90. Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
  91. 91. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  92. 92. Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
  93. 93. Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universita degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy
  94. 94. Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy
  95. 95. Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IRCCS Ca' Granda Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation), Milan, Italy
  96. 96. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  97. 97. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  98. 98. School of Physics, Mathematics and Computing, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  99. 99. Dobney Hypertension Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  100. 100. Information and Communication Technology Research Pole (Lab-STICC), ENSTA Bretagne, Brest, France
  101. 101. Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  102. 102. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  103. 103. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  104. 104. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  105. 105. Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen
  106. 106. Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  107. 107. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  108. 108. Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
  109. 109. Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
  110. 110. Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
  111. 111. Spiritual Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  112. 112. Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  113. 113. Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  114. 114. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  115. 115. Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  116. 116. Department of Cardiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  117. 117. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  118. 118. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  119. 119. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  120. 120. Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  121. 121. Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  122. 122. Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
  123. 123. Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  124. 124. Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  125. 125. CyberKnife Center, Istituto Fiorentino Di Cura E Assistenza (IFCA), Florence, Italy
  126. 126. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  127. 127. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  128. 128. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  129. 129. Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  130. 130. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  131. 131. College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  132. 132. College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
  133. 133. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
  134. 134. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
  135. 135. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  136. 136. Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  137. 137. National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  138. 138. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  139. 139. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  140. 140. The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  141. 141. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  142. 142. Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), Rome, Italy
  143. 143. School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  144. 144. Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  145. 145. Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  146. 146. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  147. 147. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  148. 148. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  149. 149. Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  150. 150. Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
  151. 151. ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States
  152. 152. Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
  153. 153. Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  154. 154. School of Health Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
  155. 155. Swedish Institute of Disability Research, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
  156. 156. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science Nagpur, Nagpur, India
  157. 157. Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
  158. 158. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  159. 159. Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  160. 160. Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  161. 161. International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia
  162. 162. Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
  163. 163. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  164. 164. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  165. 165. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  166. 166. Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  167. 167. Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  168. 168. Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  169. 169. Programs, Partnerships, Research and Education, International Diabetes Federation, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  170. 170. International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium
  171. 171. Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia
  172. 172. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  173. 173. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  174. 174. College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  175. 175. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
  176. 176. University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  177. 177. Department of Animal Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
  178. 178. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  179. 179. Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  180. 180. Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  181. 181. Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  182. 182. Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
  183. 183. Department of Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
  184. 184. Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  185. 185. Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  186. 186. Department of Mental Health, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
  187. 187. Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
  188. 188. Dijon Stroke Registry, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
  189. 189. School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  190. 190. Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  191. 191. Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  192. 192. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  193. 193. Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  194. 194. School of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  195. 195. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  196. 196. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  197. 197. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  198. 198. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  199. 199. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  200. 200. Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  201. 201. MEDCIDS, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  202. 202. Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  203. 203. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
  204. 204. National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
  205. 205. Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Catolica Portuguesa (Catholic University of Portugal), Sintra, Portugal
  206. 206. Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Catolica Portuguesa (Catholic University of Portugal), Lisbon, Portugal
  207. 207. Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
  208. 208. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
  209. 209. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  210. 210. School of Medicine, Division of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  211. 211. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  212. 212. NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  213. 213. Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  214. 214. Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  215. 215. Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  216. 216. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  217. 217. Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  218. 218. UOC Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna), Bologna, Italy
  219. 219. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  220. 220. Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  221. 221. Department of Research, Oslo, Norway
  222. 222. Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
  223. 223. Facultad de Salud (Faculty of Health), Universidad Santiago de Cali (Santiago de Cali University), Cali, Colombia
  224. 224. Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  225. 225. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria
  226. 226. Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  227. 227. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  228. 228. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  229. 229. School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  230. 230. School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  231. 231. Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  232. 232. Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  233. 233. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  234. 234. Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  235. 235. Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy
  236. 236. Global Health Research Institute, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy
  237. 237. Department of Health Care Management, Technische Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  238. 238. School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  239. 239. Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
  240. 240. Department of Health Management (Direzione Sanitaria), IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
  241. 241. Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
  242. 242. Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
  243. 243. Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  244. 244. Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
  245. 245. PhD Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
  246. 246. Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
  247. 247. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  248. 248. Division of Country Health Policies and Systems (CPS), World Health Organisation, Italy
  249. 249. Mental Health Flagship, World Health Organization (WHO), Copenhagen, Denmark
  250. 250. Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  251. 251. Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  252. 252. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  253. 253. MultiMedica Sesto San Giovanni IRCCS, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
  254. 254. Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
  255. 255. Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
  256. 256. Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  257. 257. School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  258. 258. Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  259. 259. Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
  260. 260. Department of Biology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  261. 261. Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  262. 262. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  263. 263. Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
  264. 264. The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
  265. 265. Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
  266. 266. Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
  267. 267. Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
  268. 268. Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
  269. 269. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  270. 270. Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  271. 271. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States
  272. 272. Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Vila Nova de Famalicao, Portugal
  273. 273. Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
  274. 274. Heart Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
  275. 275. Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
  276. 276. Centre for Public Health, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
  277. 277. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  278. 278. Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  279. 279. Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  280. 280. Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  281. 281. Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  282. 282. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  283. 283. Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  284. 284. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  285. 285. School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  286. 286. Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India
  287. 287. Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  288. 288. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  289. 289. Department of Neurosurgery, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  290. 290. St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  291. 291. Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  292. 292. 2nd Cardiology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  293. 293. School of Medicine - First Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  294. 294. Second Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  295. 295. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
  296. 296. Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent, Belgium
  297. 297. Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  298. 298. Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
  299. 299. Department of Epidemiology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
  300. 300. Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
  301. 301. Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
  302. 302. Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  303. 303. Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy
  304. 304. South Plainfield, NJ, United States
  305. 305. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  306. 306. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  307. 307. Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
  308. 308. Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  309. 309. Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
  310. 310. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  311. 311. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
  312. 312. Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  313. 313. Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  314. 314. Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
  315. 315. Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
  316. 316. School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  317. 317. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  318. 318. Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
  319. 319. Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States
  320. 320. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
  321. 321. Dermatology Unit, Milan, Italy
  322. 322. IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
  323. 323. Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  324. 324. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  325. 325. Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  326. 326. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  327. 327. Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  328. 328. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Pascale, Naples, Italy
  329. 329. Dissemination Division, National Institute of Statistics, Lisbon, Portugal
  330. 330. Activity Planning and Control Unit, Directorate-General of Health (DGS), Lisbon, Portugal
  331. 331. Department of Biology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  332. 332. Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  333. 333. Department of Chemistry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  334. 334. Department of Biology, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  335. 335. Department of Business Administrations, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  336. 336. Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  337. 337. Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  338. 338. School of Health Systems & Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  339. 339. Animal Production and Health Division (EMPRES), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
  340. 340. Department of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  341. 341. Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  342. 342. Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  343. 343. Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  344. 344. Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  345. 345. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  346. 346. National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  347. 347. Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  348. 348. Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  349. 349. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  350. 350. Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
  351. 351. Center for Public Health Research, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  352. 352. Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
  353. 353. Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
  354. 354. Institute of Public Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  355. 355. Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
  356. 356. Disability Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta di Milano, Milano, Italy
  357. 357. Innovation in Healthcare and Social Services Department, Emilia-Romagna Region, Bologna, Italy
  358. 358. Department of Neuroscience, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Ravenna, Italy
  359. 359. Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clincial Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
  360. 360. Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
  361. 361. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  362. 362. Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
  363. 363. Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
  364. 364. Department of Medical Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  365. 365. Laboratory of Neurological Disorders, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  366. 366. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  367. 367. Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases, and Aging, ISS - Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
  368. 368. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Churchill, VIC, Australia
  369. 369. Department of General Medicine, Grant Medical College, Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
  370. 370. Department of Medicine, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
  371. 371. Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
  372. 372. Department of Biostatistics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
  373. 373. Key Lab of Environment and Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
  374. 374. Faculty of Business and Management, Universidad Autonoma de Chile (Autonomous University of Chile), Talca, Chile
  375. 375. Rome, Italy
  376. 376. Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  377. 377. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  378. 378. Department of Reproductive and Family Health, Axum College of Health Science, Axum, Ethiopia
  379. 379. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  380. 380. Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  381. 381. Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  382. 382. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  383. 383. Department of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  384. 384. Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  385. 385. Center of Health Management, Aden University, Aden, Yemen
  386. 386. Research Group for Childhood Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
  387. 387. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
  388. 388. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
  389. 389. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  390. 390. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  391. 391. Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  392. 392. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  393. 393. Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  394. 394. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  395. 395. Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  396. 396. Department of Life Sciences, Health and Healthcare Professions, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy
  397. 397. Health Services Research, Evaluation and Policy Unit, AUSL della Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
  398. 398. Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  399. 399. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  400. 400. Liverpool Orthopaedic and Trauma Service, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  401. 401. Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  402. 402. Competence Centre Health Promotion and Healthcare, Austrian National Public Health Institute, Vienna, Austria
  403. 403. Department of Endocrinology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  404. 404. Department of the Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  405. 405. Department of Psychiatry, Bronxcare Health System, Bronx, NY, United States
  406. 406. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  407. 407. School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
  408. 408. Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  409. 409. Department of Medical Microbiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  410. 410. Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  411. 411. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  412. 412. Department of Surgery, Charite Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  413. 413. Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
  414. 414. Department of Liver Tumor, Cancer Center, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  415. 415. Liver Transplant Unit, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  416. 416. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
  417. 417. Department of Public Health, Charite Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
  418. 418. Trends and Analysis Sector, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
  419. 419. Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
  420. 420. Department of Mental Health, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  421. 421. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  422. 422. Department of Pharmacy, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
  423. 423. Skaane University Hospital, Skaane County Council, Malmo, Sweden
  424. 424. Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
  425. 425. School of Allied Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
  426. 426. Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  427. 427. Health and Society, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
  428. 428. Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  429. 429. Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  430. 430. School of Dentistry, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  431. 431. School of Computer Science, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  432. 432. Jadara University Research Center, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan
  433. 433. Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  434. 434. Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
  435. 435. Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  436. 436. Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  437. 437. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  438. 438. Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
  439. 439. Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
  440. 440. School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
  441. 441. Department of Social Sciences and Business, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
  442. 442. Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research Service, Scotland, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  443. 443. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
  444. 444. School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  445. 445. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  446. 446. Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
  447. 447. Human Genetics and OMICS, Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
  448. 448. Department of Physical and Medicine, Universite Paris Cite, Paris, France
  449. 449. Research and Development Unit, Barcelona, Spain
  450. 450. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain
  451. 451. College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  452. 452. Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  453. 453. Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  454. 454. The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO, Trieste, Italy
  455. 455. Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
  456. 456. Department of Pharmacology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  457. 457. Department of Internal Medicine, GCS Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
  458. 458. Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Francais de Myopie, Paris, France
  459. 459. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
  460. 460. Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
  461. 461. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  462. 462. Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  463. 463. Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  464. 464. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
  465. 465. Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc., Ibadan, Nigeria
  466. 466. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, London, United Kingdom
  467. 467. Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  468. 468. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  469. 469. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  470. 470. Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
  471. 471. Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  472. 472. Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  473. 473. Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  474. 474. Department of Human Nutrition, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Jouy-en-Josas, France
  475. 475. Department of Health, Medicine and Human Biology, Bobigny, France
  476. 476. Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
  477. 477. Halal Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), Iran Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran
  478. 478. Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  479. 479. College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  480. 480. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  481. 481. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  482. 482. Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
  483. 483. Department of Health Management and Economics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  484. 484. Research Department, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
  485. 485. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  486. 486. Graduate School of Public Health, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  487. 487. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
  488. 488. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  489. 489. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  490. 490. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  491. 491. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  492. 492. Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  493. 493. Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  494. 494. Department of Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  495. 495. GBD Collaborating Unit, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  496. 496. Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  497. 497. Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  498. 498. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  499. 499. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  500. 500. Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
  501. 501. Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
  502. 502. Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  503. 503. College of Public Health & Health Informatics, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  504. 504. Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  505. 505. Section of Cardiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  506. 506. Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  507. 507. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  508. 508. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  509. 509. Department of Health Services Research and Management, City University of London, London, United Kingdom
  510. 510. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  511. 511. Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
  512. 512. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  513. 513. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
  514. 514. Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  515. 515. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
  516. 516. Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
  517. 517. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
  518. 518. Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
  519. 519. Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
  520. 520. Department of Medicine, Norrtalje Hospital (Tiohundra), Norrtalje, Sweden
  521. 521. UCD Centre for Disability Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
  522. 522. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  523. 523. Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrucke, Potsdam, Germany
  524. 524. German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Munchen, Germany
  525. 525. One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador
  526. 526. Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
  527. 527. Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany
  528. 528. School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  529. 529. Department of Emergency General and Trauma Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  530. 530. Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  531. 531. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  532. 532. Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
  533. 533. 2nd Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  534. 534. 3rd Department of Cardiology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  535. 535. Department of Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  536. 536. Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Uttar Pradesh, India
  537. 537. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  538. 538. Information and Communication Technology Research Pole (Lab-STICC), ENSTA, Brest, France
  539. 539. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
  540. 540. Biomedical Engineering Research Center (CREB), Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  541. 541. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
  542. 542. Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
  543. 543. Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia
  544. 544. Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
  545. 545. Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
  546. 546. Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  547. 547. Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  548. 548. Department of Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, India
  549. 549. Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  550. 550. Department of Epidemiology, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
  551. 551. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
  552. 552. Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
  553. 553. Department of Healthcare, University of Vlora, Vlora City, Albania
  554. 554. Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  555. 555. Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  556. 556. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  557. 557. International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
  558. 558. General Administration Department, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  559. 559. Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  560. 560. Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  561. 561. School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  562. 562. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  563. 563. Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
  564. 564. University Paediatrics Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka
  565. 565. Anaesthesiology Department, Helena Venizelou General and Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece
  566. 566. National Cancer Registry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
  567. 567. Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
  568. 568. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Beltsville, MD, United States
  569. 569. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  570. 570. Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
  571. 571. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  572. 572. Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  573. 573. Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza General Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
  574. 574. Foundation for Liver Research, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
  575. 575. University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
  576. 576. College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia
  577. 577. Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
  578. 578. Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
  579. 579. Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  580. 580. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  581. 581. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  582. 582. Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Messina, Italy
  583. 583. AI & Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
  584. 584. Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  585. 585. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  586. 586. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  587. 587. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  588. 588. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  589. 589. Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  590. 590. Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands
  591. 591. Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Wiesbaden, Germany
  592. 592. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  593. 593. Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
  594. 594. School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
  595. 595. Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
  596. 596. Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  597. 597. Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  598. 598. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  599. 599. Department of Community and Global Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  600. 600. Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
  601. 601. Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  602. 602. School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
  603. 603. National Dental Research Institute Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
  604. 604. Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
  605. 605. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
  606. 606. Department of Health Promotion, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  607. 607. Faculty of Medicine, Euromed University of Fes, Fez, Morocco
  608. 608. Faculty of Medicine, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
  609. 609. Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
  610. 610. School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  611. 611. Department of General Medicine, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh City, Viet Nam
  612. 612. Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam
  613. 613. Tuberculosis Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  614. 614. Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  615. 615. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  616. 616. Center for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
  617. 617. Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
  618. 618. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  619. 619. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  620. 620. Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  621. 621. School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  622. 622. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  623. 623. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  624. 624. School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
  625. 625. Department of Health Sciences and Public Health, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
  626. 626. School of Economics, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
  627. 627. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
  628. 628. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
  629. 629. Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  630. 630. Bioinformatics Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
  631. 631. Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland
  632. 632. PSSM Data Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, United States
  633. 633. School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  634. 634. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  635. 635. Department of Literature, Film, and Theatre Studies, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
  636. 636. Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
  637. 637. Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
  638. 638. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
  639. 639. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation, Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
  640. 640. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
  641. 641. Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
  642. 642. Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
  643. 643. Department of Neurology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  644. 644. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  645. 645. Department of Neurology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
  646. 646. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  647. 647. Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  648. 648. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
  649. 649. Department of Imaging, AOU Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
  650. 650. College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States
  651. 651. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, MI, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
  652. 652. School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
  653. 653. Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  654. 654. Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  655. 655. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
  656. 656. Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
  657. 657. Facultad de Medicina (Faculty of Medicine), Universidad Diego Portales (Diego Portales University), Santiago, Chile
  658. 658. School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  659. 659. School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  660. 660. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  661. 661. National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Roma, Italy
  662. 662. Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  663. 663. Air and Climate Unit, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
  664. 664. College of Health Sciences (CHS), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  665. 665. Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center (UMC), Astana, Kazakhstan
  666. 666. Department of Data Management and Analysis, The International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) Trust International, New Delhi, India
  667. 667. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  668. 668. Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  669. 669. Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  670. 670. Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India
  671. 671. Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
  672. 672. Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  673. 673. UO Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilita (The Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute), Milan, Italy
  674. 674. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  675. 675. Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  676. 676. Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
  677. 677. Gynecology and Breast Care Center, Mater Olbia Hospital (Qatar Foundation Endowment and Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS Foundation), Olbia, Italy
  678. 678. Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  679. 679. School of Nursing & Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong
  680. 680. Department of Community Medicine, Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College and Hospital, Dhanbad, India
  681. 681. Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India
  682. 682. Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  683. 683. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  684. 684. Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
  685. 685. Baylor University, Dallas, TX, United States
  686. 686. The National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  687. 687. Inovus Medical, St Helens, United Kingdom
  688. 688. Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  689. 689. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  690. 690. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  691. 691. University of Southern Denmark, Aarhus, Denmark
  692. 692. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  693. 693. Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
  694. 694. Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  695. 695. RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  696. 696. Department of Biochemistry and Food Analysis, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
  697. 697. Department of Cardiology, S. Maria dei Battuti Hospital, Conegliano, Italy
  698. 698. Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
  699. 699. Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  700. 700. Department of Pharmaceuticals, Bihar College of Pharmacy, Patna, India
  701. 701. Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University (NEU), Nicosia, Cyprus
  702. 702. International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
  703. 703. Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler University Hospital, Salzburg, Austria
  704. 704. Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
  705. 705. Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  706. 706. Technology Management Department, University College of Applied Sciences, Gaza, Palestine
  707. 707. School of Economics and Management, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
  708. 708. Department of Global Initiatives, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, United States
  709. 709. Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  710. 710. Department of Anatomy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
  711. 711. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  712. 712. Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  713. 713. Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
  714. 714. Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
  715. 715. Department of Orthopaedics, Loretto Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
  716. 716. Department of Medical Informatics, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Japan
  717. 717. Food Processing and Nutrition, Karnataka State Akkamahadevi Women's University, Vijayapura, India
  718. 718. Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  719. 719. Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  720. 720. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
  721. 721. Faculty of Business and Computing, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
  722. 722. Department of Finance, International School of Management, Paris, France
  723. 723. Hypertension and Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  724. 724. UK Department of Health and Social Care, London, United Kingdom
  725. 725. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  726. 726. Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
  727. 727. Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran
  728. 728. Karachi, Pakistan
  729. 729. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States
  730. 730. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  731. 731. Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
  732. 732. Department of Engineering, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
  733. 733. K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India
  734. 734. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  735. 735. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
  736. 736. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  737. 737. Department of Public Health, Nepal Development Society, Pokhara, Nepal
  738. 738. Research Unit for Global Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  739. 739. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  740. 740. Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
  741. 741. CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
  742. 742. Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
  743. 743. Department of Neurology, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland
  744. 744. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  745. 745. Department of Infectious Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  746. 746. Clinical Science Line, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteologie, Vienna, Austria
  747. 747. Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  748. 748. Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network), Madrid, Spain
  749. 749. Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom
  750. 750. Occupational and Environmental Medicine Department, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  751. 751. Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  752. 752. Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  753. 753. Institute of Integrated Intelligence and Systems, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  754. 754. Cardiovascular Program, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  755. 755. The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  756. 756. Department of Neurocare, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Gothenburg, Sweden
  757. 757. Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland
  758. 758. Collegium Medicul, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
  759. 759. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India
  760. 760. Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland
  761. 761. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  762. 762. Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  763. 763. Clinial Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  764. 764. Department of Health, Safety, and Environmental Management, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  765. 765. Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
  766. 766. Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
  767. 767. Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  768. 768. Taking Our Best Shot, Houston, TX, United States
  769. 769. Department of Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States
  770. 770. Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Egas Moniz Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
  771. 771. Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa (University of Lisbon), Lisbon, Portugal
  772. 772. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  773. 773. Department of Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  774. 774. Public Health Department, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  775. 775. Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  776. 776. Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
  777. 777. School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
  778. 778. School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  779. 779. Department of Business Analytics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States
  780. 780. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
  781. 781. Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
  782. 782. Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  783. 783. Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
  784. 784. International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
  785. 785. Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
  786. 786. College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
  787. 787. Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
  788. 788. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  789. 789. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  790. 790. Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
  791. 791. Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  792. 792. Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid (European University of Madrid), Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain
  793. 793. Occupational Medicine Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  794. 794. Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
  795. 795. Department of Mother Child Health, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
  796. 796. Emergency Department, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  797. 797. Health Equity Evidence Centre, London, United Kingdom
  798. 798. Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
  799. 799. Department of Parasitology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  800. 800. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  801. 801. Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Economics, Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
  802. 802. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital and Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
  803. 803. Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
  804. 804. Biostatics, Epidemiology, and Science Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  805. 805. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi (Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey
  806. 806. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  807. 807. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen
  808. 808. Sant'Elia Hospital, University of Catania, Caltanissetta, Italy
  809. 809. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  810. 810. Department of Administration, PGxAI, San Francisco, CA, United States
  811. 811. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  812. 812. Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, China
  813. 813. School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
  814. 814. Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
  815. 815. School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
  816. 816. Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  817. 817. Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  818. 818. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
  819. 819. Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
  820. 820. Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine

Source: The Lancet Public Health Published:2025


Abstract

Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. Findings: All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy across all countries (overall mean –0·18 years [95% UI –0·22 to –0·13]), with all countries having an absolute fall in life expectancy except for Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, which showed marginal improvement in life expectancy, and Belgium, which showed no change in life expectancy. Across countries, the causes of death responsible for the largest improvements in life expectancy from 1990 to 2011 were cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases were the primary driver of reductions in life expectancy improvements during 2011–19, and deaths from respiratory infections and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes were responsible for the decreases in life expectancy during 2019–21. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms in 2019 were attributable to high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, tobacco smoke, high LDL cholesterol, high BMI, occupational risks, high alcohol use, and other risks including low physical activity. Exposure to these major risk factors differed by country, with trends of increasing exposure to high BMI and decreasing exposure to tobacco smoke observed in all countries during 1990–2021. Interpretation: The countries that best maintained improvements in life expectancy after 2011 (Norway, Iceland, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden) did so through better maintenance of reductions in mortality from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, underpinned by decreased exposures to major risks, possibly mitigated by government policies. The continued improvements in life expectancy in five countries during 2019–21 indicate that these countries were better prepared to withstand the COVID-19 pandemic. By contrast, countries with the greatest slowdown in life expectancy improvements after 2011 went on to have some of the largest decreases in life expectancy in 2019–21. These findings suggest that government policies that improve population health also build resilience to future shocks. Such policies include reducing population exposure to major upstream risks for cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, such as harmful diets and low physical activity, tackling the commercial determinants of poor health, and ensuring access to affordable health services. Funding: Gates Foundation. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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