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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Respiratory Tract Cancers and Associated Risk Factors From 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Ebrahimi H1 ; Aryan Z1, 6 ; Saeedi Moghaddam S1 ; Bisignano C8 ; Rezaei S1, 10 ; Pishgar F1 ; Force LM8, 11 ; Abolhassani H2, 12 ; Abugharbieh E13 ; Advani SM14, 15 ; Ahmad S16 ; Alahdab F17 ; Alipour V18, 19, 160 ; Aljunid SM22, 23 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Ebrahimi H1
  2. Aryan Z1, 6
  3. Saeedi Moghaddam S1
  4. Bisignano C8
  5. Rezaei S1, 10
  6. Pishgar F1
  7. Force LM8, 11
  8. Abolhassani H2, 12
  9. Abugharbieh E13
  10. Advani SM14, 15
  11. Ahmad S16
  12. Alahdab F17
  13. Alipour V18, 19, 160
  14. Aljunid SM22, 23
  15. Amini S24
  16. Ancuceanu R27
  17. Andrei CL28
  18. Andrei T30
  19. Arabloo J18
  20. Arabzozani M31
  21. Asaad M32
  22. Ausloos M30, 33
  23. Awedew AF34
  24. Baig AA35
  25. Bijani A36
  26. Biondi A37
  27. Bjorge T38, 39
  28. Braithwaite D40, 41
  29. Brauer M8, 42
  30. Brenner H43
  31. Bustamanteteixeira MT44
  32. Butt ZA45, 46
  33. Carreras G48
  34. Castanedaorjuela CA49, 50
  35. Chimedochir O51
  36. Chu DT52
  37. Chung MT53
  38. Cohen AJ8, 54
  39. Compton K8
  40. Dagnew B55
  41. Dai X8
  42. Dandona L8, 58, 59
  43. Dandona R8, 9, 58
  44. Dean FE8
  45. Derbew Molla M56
  46. Desta AA57
  47. Driscoll TR60
  48. Faraon EJA62
  49. Faris PS63, 64
  50. Filip I65, 66
  51. Fischer F67
  52. Fu W8
  53. Gallus S68
  54. Gebregiorgis BG69
  55. Ghashghaee A18, 20
  56. Golechha M70
  57. Gonfa KB71
  58. Gorini G47
  59. Goulart BNG72
  60. Guerra MR44
  61. Hafezinejad N3, 73
  62. Hamidi S74
  63. Hay SI8, 9
  64. Herteliu C30, 75
  65. Hoang CL76
  66. Horita N77, 78
  67. Hostiuc M29
  68. Househ M79
  69. Iavicoli I80
  70. Ilic IM81
  71. Ilic MD83
  72. Irvani SSN84
  73. Islami F86
  74. Kamath A87, 88
  75. Kaur S89
  76. Khalilov R90, 91
  77. Khan EA92
  78. Kocarnik JM8, 93
  79. Kucuk Bicer B94
  80. Kumar GA58
  81. La Vecchia C95
  82. Lan Q96
  83. Landires I97, 100
  84. Lasrado S101
  85. Lauriola P102
  86. Leong E103
  87. Li B104
  88. Lim SS8, 9
  89. Lopez AD8, 9, 105
  90. Majeed A107
  91. Malekzadeh R4, 109
  92. Manafi N21, 110
  93. Menezes RG111
  94. Miazgowski T113
  95. Misra S114
  96. Mohammadianhafshejani A115
  97. Mohammed S116, 117
  98. Mokdad AH8, 9
  99. Molassiotis A118
  100. Monasta L119
  101. Moradzadeh R25
  102. Morawska L120
  103. Morgadodacosta J121
  104. Morrison SD122
  105. Naimzada MD123, 124
  106. Nazari J26
  107. Nguyen CT125
  108. Nguyen HLT125
  109. Nikbakhsh R85
  110. Nunezsamudio V98, 99
  111. Olagunju AT126, 127
  112. Otstavnov N123
  113. Otstavnov SS123, 128
  114. Mahesh PA129
  115. Pana A30, 130
  116. Park EK131
  117. Pottoo FH112
  118. Pourshams A4
  119. Rabiee M132
  120. Rabiee N133
  121. Radfar A134
  122. Rafiei A135, 136
  123. Rahman MA138, 139
  124. Ram P140
  125. Rathi P87
  126. Rawaf DL108, 141
  127. Rawaf S107, 142
  128. Rezaei N2, 143
  129. Roberts NLS144
  130. Roberts TJ145
  131. Ronfani L119
  132. Roshandel G146
  133. Samy AM147
  134. Santricmilicevic MM81, 82
  135. Sathian B148, 149
  136. Schneider IJC150
  137. Sekerija M151, 152
  138. Sepanlou SG4, 109
  139. Sha F153
  140. Shaikh MA154
  141. Sharma R155
  142. Sheikh A7, 156
  143. Sheikhbahaei S73
  144. Siddappa Malleshappa SK157
  145. Singh JA158, 159
  146. Sitas F61, 161
  147. Spurlock EE8
  148. Steiropoulos P162
  149. Tabaresseisdedos R163, 164
  150. Tadesse EG165
  151. Takahashi K166
  152. Traini E167
  153. Tran BX168
  154. Tran KB169, 170
  155. Travillian RS8
  156. Vacante M37
  157. Villeneuve PJ171
  158. Violante FS172, 173
  159. Yousefi Z137
  160. Yuce D174
  161. Zadnik V175
  162. Zamanian M25
  163. Zendehdel K5
  164. Zhang J106, 176
  165. Zhang ZJ177
  166. Farzadfar F1
  167. Murray CJL8, 9
  168. Naghavi M8, 9
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  7. 7. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  8. 8. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  9. 9. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  10. 10. Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  11. 11. Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
  12. 12. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  13. 13. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  14. 14. Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  15. 15. Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  16. 16. Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Kuala Langat, Malaysia
  17. 17. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  18. 18. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  23. 23. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  24. 24. Department of Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  25. 25. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  26. 26. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  27. 27. Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  28. 28. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  29. 29. Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  30. 30. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  31. 31. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  32. 32. Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  33. 33. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  34. 34. Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  35. 35. Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  36. 36. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  37. 37. Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  38. 38. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  39. 39. Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
  40. 40. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  41. 41. Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
  42. 42. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  43. 43. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  44. 44. Department of Public Health, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  45. 45. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  46. 46. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  47. 47. Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
  48. 48. Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  49. 49. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  50. 50. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  51. 51. Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
  52. 52. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  53. 53. Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
  54. 54. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States
  55. 55. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  56. 56. Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  57. 57. Department of Surgical Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  58. 58. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  59. 59. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  60. 60. Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  61. 61. Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  62. 62. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  63. 63. Department of Biology and Biotechnology Lazzaro Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
  64. 64. Department of Biology, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  65. 65. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  66. 66. School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  67. 67. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  68. 68. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  69. 69. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  70. 70. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
  71. 71. Department of Surgery, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  72. 72. Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  73. 73. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  74. 74. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  75. 75. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  76. 76. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  77. 77. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
  78. 78. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  79. 79. College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  80. 80. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  81. 81. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  82. 82. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  83. 83. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  84. 84. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  85. 85. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  86. 86. Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
  87. 87. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  88. 88. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  89. 89. University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
  90. 90. Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  91. 91. Russian Institute for Advanced Study, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  92. 92. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  93. 93. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
  94. 94. Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
  95. 95. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  96. 96. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  97. 97. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  98. 98. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  99. 99. Department of Public Health, Herrera, Panama
  100. 100. Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  101. 101. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  102. 102. Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
  103. 103. Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
  104. 104. Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
  105. 105. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  106. 106. Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  107. 107. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  108. 108. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  109. 109. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  110. 110. School of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  111. 111. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  112. 112. Department of Pharmacology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  113. 113. Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  114. 114. Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  115. 115. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  116. 116. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  117. 117. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  118. 118. School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  119. 119. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  120. 120. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  121. 121. University Hospital Center of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  122. 122. Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  123. 123. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  124. 124. Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
  125. 125. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  126. 126. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  127. 127. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  128. 128. Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  129. 129. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  130. 130. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  131. 131. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  132. 132. Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  133. 133. Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  134. 134. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  135. 135. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  136. 136. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  137. 137. Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  138. 138. School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  139. 139. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  140. 140. Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  141. 141. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  142. 142. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  143. 143. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  144. 144. Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
  145. 145. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  146. 146. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (GRCGH), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  147. 147. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  148. 148. Department of Geriatrics and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  149. 149. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  150. 150. Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil
  151. 151. Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  152. 152. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
  153. 153. Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
  154. 154. Karachi, Pakistan
  155. 155. University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
  156. 156. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  157. 157. Department of Hematology-Oncology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, United States
  158. 158. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  159. 159. Medicine Service, Birmingham, AL, United States
  160. 160. US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, United States
  161. 161. Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (CPHCE), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  162. 162. Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
  163. 163. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  164. 164. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  165. 165. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  166. 166. Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  167. 167. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  168. 168. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  169. 169. Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  170. 170. Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Maurice Wilkins Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
  171. 171. School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  172. 172. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  173. 173. Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  174. 174. Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  175. 175. Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  176. 176. Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  177. 177. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

Source: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine Published:2021


Abstract

Background Prevention, control, and treatment of respiratory tract cancers are important steps towards achieving target 3.4 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—a one-third reduction in premature mortality due to non-communicable diseases by 2030. We aimed to provide global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 methodology, we evaluated the incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of respiratory tract cancers (ie, tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer). Deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer attributable to each risk factor were estimated on the basis of risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input from 204 countries and territories, stratified by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Trends were estimated from 1990 to 2019, with an emphasis on the 2010-19 period. Findings Globally, there were 2·26 million (95% uncertainty interval 2·07 to 2·45) new cases of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer, and 2·04 million (1·88 to 2·19) deaths and 45·9 million (42·3 to 49·3) DALYs due to tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer in 2019. There were 209 000 (194 000 to 225 000) new cases of larynx cancer, and 123 000 (115 000 to 133 000) deaths and 3·26 million (3·03 to 3·51) DALYs due to larynx cancer globally in 2019. From 2010 to 2019, the number of new tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer cases increased by 23·3% (12·9 to 33·6) globally and the number of larynx cancer cases increased by 24·7% (16·0 to 34·1) globally. Global age-standardised incidence rates of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer decreased by 7·4% (−16·8 to 1·6) and age-standardised incidence rates of larynx cancer decreased by 3 ·0% (−10·5 to 5·0) in males over the past decade; however, during the same period, age-standardised incidence rates in females increased by 0·9% (−8·2 to 10·2) for tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and decreased by 0·5% (−8·4 to 8·1) for larynx cancer. Furthermore, although age-standardised incidence and death rates declined in both sexes combined from 2010 to 2019 at the global level for tracheal, bronchus, lung and larynx cancers, some locations had rising rates, particularly those on the lower end of the SDI range. Smoking contributed to an estimated 64·2% (61·9–66·4) of all deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and 63·4% (56·3–69·3) of all deaths from larynx cancer in 2019. For males and for both sexes combined, smoking was the leading specific risk factor for age-standardised deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer per 100 000 in all SDI quintiles and GBD regions in 2019. However, among females, household air pollution from solid fuels was the leading specific risk factor in the low SDI quintile and in three GBD regions (central, eastern, and western sub-Saharan Africa) in 2019. Interpretation The numbers of incident cases and deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer increased globally during the past decade. Even more concerning, age-standardised incidence and death rates due to tracheal, bronchus, lung cancer and larynx cancer increased in some populations—namely, in the lower SDI quintiles and among females. Preventive measures such as smoking control interventions, air quality management programmes focused on major air pollution sources, and widespread access to clean energy should be prioritised in these settings. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
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