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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Colorectal Cancer and Its Risk Factors, 1990–2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Sharma R1 ; Abbasikangevari M2 ; Abdrabu R15 ; Abidi H16 ; Abugharbieh E18 ; Acuna JM21, 22 ; Adhikari S24 ; Advani SM25, 26 ; Afzal MS27 ; Aghaie Meybodi M29 ; Ahinkorah BO30 ; Ahmad S31 ; Ahmadi A3, 32 ; Ahmadi S4 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Sharma R1
  2. Abbasikangevari M2
  3. Abdrabu R15
  4. Abidi H16
  5. Abugharbieh E18
  6. Acuna JM21, 22
  7. Adhikari S24
  8. Advani SM25, 26
  9. Afzal MS27
  10. Aghaie Meybodi M29
  11. Ahinkorah BO30
  12. Ahmad S31
  13. Ahmadi A3, 32
  14. Ahmadi S4
  15. Ahmed H33
  16. Ahmed LA34
  17. Ahmed MB35, 37
  18. Al Hamad H38, 39
  19. Alahdab F40
  20. Alanezi FM42
  21. Alanzi TM41
  22. Alhalaiqa FAN43, 44
  23. Alimohamadi Y45, 57
  24. Alipour V46, 47
  25. Aljunid SM75, 76
  26. Alkhayyat M77
  27. Almustanyir S79, 80
  28. Alraddadi RM81
  29. Alvand S58
  30. Alvisguzman N84, 85
  31. Amini S86
  32. Ancuceanu R87
  33. Anoushiravani A48
  34. Anoushirvani AA59
  35. Ansarimoghaddam A90
  36. Arabloo J46
  37. Aryannejad A60, 61
  38. Asghari Jafarabadi M92, 98
  39. Athari SS99
  40. Ausloos F101
  41. Ausloos M102, 103
  42. Awedew AF104
  43. Awoke MA105
  44. Ayana TM106
  45. Azadnajafabad S60
  46. Azami H109
  47. Azangoukhyavy M2, 60
  48. Azari Jafari A114
  49. Badiye AD115
  50. Bagherieh S116
  51. Bahadory S120, 122
  52. Baig AA123
  53. Baker JL124
  54. Banach M125, 126
  55. Barrow A127, 128
  56. Berhie AY129
  57. Besharat S130
  58. Bhagat DS132
  59. Bhagavathula AS34, 133
  60. Bhala N134, 135
  61. Bhattacharyya K137, 138
  62. Bhojaraja VS139
  63. Bibi S141
  64. Bijani A142
  65. Biondi A143
  66. Bjorge T146, 147
  67. Bodicha BBA107
  68. Braithwaite D148, 149
  69. Brenner H150
  70. Calina D151
  71. Cao C152
  72. Cao Y153
  73. Carreras G155
  74. Carvalho F156
  75. Cerin E162, 163
  76. Chakinala RC164
  77. Cho WCS165
  78. Chu DT166
  79. Conde J167
  80. Costa VM156
  81. Cruzmartins N157, 168
  82. Dadras O62, 169
  83. Dai X170, 171
  84. Dandona L170, 174, 175
  85. Dandona R170, 171, 174
  86. Danielewicz A176
  87. Demeke FM177
  88. Demissie GD178
  89. Desai R179
  90. Dhamnetiya D180
  91. Dianatinasab M181, 182
  92. Diaz D189, 190
  93. Didehdar M191
  94. Doaei S5, 194
  95. Doan LP197, 198
  96. Dodangeh M49
  97. Eghbalian F110
  98. Ejeta DD199
  99. Ekholuenetale M200, 201
  100. Ekundayo TC203
  101. El Sayed I204
  102. Elhadi M206
  103. Enyew DB207
  104. Eyayu T209
  105. Ezzeddini R121
  106. Fakhradiyev IR210
  107. Farooque U211
  108. Farrokhpour H29, 63, 212
  109. Farzadfar F60
  110. Fatehizadeh A117
  111. Fattahi H217
  112. Fattahi N60, 218
  113. Fereidoonnezhad M221
  114. Fernandes E158
  115. Fetensa G222
  116. Filip I223, 224
  117. Fischer F225
  118. Foroutan M226, 227
  119. Gaal PA228, 230
  120. Gad MM78, 231
  121. Gallus S232
  122. Garg T233
  123. Getachew T107
  124. Ghamari SH2, 60
  125. Ghashghaee A234
  126. Ghith N238
  127. Gholamalizadeh M6
  128. Gholizadeh Navashenaq J239
  129. Gizaw AT36
  130. Glasbey JC136
  131. Golechha M240
  132. Goleij P241
  133. Gonfa KB242
  134. Gorini G154
  135. Guha A243, 245
  136. Gupta S246
  137. Gupta VB247
  138. Gupta VK248
  139. Haddadi R111
  140. Hafezinejad N63, 249
  141. Hajmirzaian A7, 8
  142. Halwani R18, 19
  143. Haque S250
  144. Hariri S59, 118
  145. Hasaballah AI251
  146. Hassanipour S195, 196
  147. Hay SI170, 171
  148. Herteliu C103, 252
  149. Holla R253
  150. Hosseini MS93
  151. Hosseinzadeh M255
  152. Hostiuc M88
  153. Househ M256
  154. Huang J257
  155. Humayun A258
  156. Iavicoli I259
  157. Ilesanmi OS202, 260
  158. Ilic IM262
  159. Ilic MD264
  160. Islami F266
  161. Iwagami M267, 268
  162. Jahani MA142
  163. Jakovljevic M265, 269
  164. Javaheri T270
  165. Jayawardena R272, 273
  166. Jebai R23
  167. Jha RP180, 274
  168. Joo T228
  169. Joseph N275
  170. Joukar F195, 196
  171. Jozwiak JJ276
  172. Kabir A50
  173. Kalhor R235, 236
  174. Kamath A253, 254
  175. Kapoor N115
  176. Karaye IM277
  177. Karimi A63
  178. Kauppila JH278, 279
  179. Kazemi A183
  180. Keykhaei M60, 64
  181. Khader YS280
  182. Khajuria H281
  183. Khalilov R282, 283
  184. Khanali J2, 60
  185. Khayamzadeh M14, 284
  186. Khodadost M285, 286
  187. Kim H287
  188. Kim MS288, 289
  189. Kisa A290, 291
  190. Kisa S292
  191. Kolahi AA2, 9
  192. Koohestani HR293
  193. Kopec JA294, 295
  194. Koteeswaran R296
  195. Koyanagi A297, 298
  196. Krishnamoorthy Y299
  197. Kumar GA174
  198. Kumar M300
  199. Kumar V301
  200. La Vecchia C304
  201. Lami FH305
  202. Landires I306
  203. Ledda C144
  204. Lee SW255
  205. Lee WC309
  206. Lee YY310, 311
  207. Leong E312
  208. Li B313
  209. Lim SS170, 171
  210. Lobo SW314, 315
  211. Loureiro JA159, 316
  212. Lunevicius R317
  213. Madadizadeh F318, 319
  214. Mahmoodpoor A94
  215. Majeed A320
  216. Malekpour MR60
  217. Malekzadeh R59, 184
  218. Malik AA82, 322
  219. Mansourghanaei F195, 196
  220. Mantovani LG323, 324
  221. Martorell M325, 326
  222. Masoudi S59
  223. Mathur P327
  224. Meena JK328
  225. Mehrabi Nasab E65
  226. Mendoza W329
  227. Mentis AFA330
  228. Mestrovic T331, 332
  229. Miao Jonasson J333
  230. Miazgowski B334
  231. Miazgowski T335
  232. Mijena GFW208
  233. Mirmoeeni S114
  234. Mirzaaghazadehattari M95, 337
  235. Mirzaei H338
  236. Misra S339
  237. Mohammad KA340
  238. Mohammadi E66, 216
  239. Mohammadi S100
  240. Mohammadi SM341
  241. Mohammadianhafshejani A32
  242. Mohammed S342, 343
  243. Mohammed TA344
  244. Moka N345, 346
  245. Mokdad AH170, 171
  246. Mokhtari Z119
  247. Molokhia M347
  248. Momtazmanesh S60, 63
  249. Monasta L348
  250. Moradi G219, 220
  251. Moradzadeh R192
  252. Moraga P349
  253. Morgadodacosta J160
  254. Mubarik S350
  255. Mulita F352, 353
  256. Naghavi M170, 171
  257. Naimzada MD354, 355
  258. Nam HS356, 357
  259. Natto ZS83, 302
  260. Nayak BP281
  261. Nazari J193
  262. Nazemalhosseinimojarad E10
  263. Negoi I89, 358
  264. Nguyen CT359
  265. Nguyen SH360
  266. Noor NM361, 363
  267. Noori M51
  268. Noori SMA364
  269. Nunezsamudio V307, 308
  270. Nzoputam CI365
  271. Oancea B366
  272. Odukoya OO367, 368
  273. Oguntade AS261, 362
  274. Okatialiabad H91
  275. Olagunju AT369, 371
  276. Olagunju TO370
  277. Ong S372, 373
  278. Ostroff SM170, 172
  279. Padronmonedero A374
  280. Pakzad R375
  281. Pana A103, 376
  282. Pandey A173
  283. Pashazadeh Kan F56
  284. Patel UK377
  285. Paudel U378, 379
  286. Pereira RB161
  287. Perumalsamy N380, 381
  288. Pestell RG382, 383
  289. Piracha ZZ384
  290. Pollok RCG385
  291. Pourshams A59
  292. Pourtaheri N239
  293. Prashant A386
  294. Rabiee M387
  295. Rabiee N388
  296. Radfar A389
  297. Rafiei S237
  298. Rahman M390
  299. Rahmani AM391
  300. Rahmanian V392
  301. Rajai N303
  302. Rajesh A393
  303. Ramezanidoroh V112
  304. Ramezanzadeh K7
  305. Ranabhat K394, 395
  306. Rashedi S67, 213
  307. Rashidi A60, 396
  308. Rashidi M2
  309. Rashidi MM398
  310. Rastegar M399
  311. Rawaf DL321, 401
  312. Rawaf S320, 402
  313. Rawassizadeh R271
  314. Razeghinia MS403, 405
  315. Renzaho AMN406, 407
  316. Rezaei N60, 408
  317. Rezaei N60, 408
  318. Rezaei S52, 409
  319. Rezaeian M396
  320. Rezazadehkhadem S60
  321. Roshandel G130
  322. Saberayad MM18, 410
  323. Saberzadehardestani B411
  324. Saddik B20
  325. Sadeghi H11, 131
  326. Saeed U412, 413
  327. Sahebazzamani M397, 404
  328. Sahebkar A414, 415
  329. Salek Farrokhi A416
  330. Salimi A2, 214
  331. Salimzadeh H59
  332. Samadi P113
  333. Samaei M417
  334. Samy AM418
  335. Sanabria J244, 419
  336. Santricmilicevic MM262, 263
  337. Saqib MAN28, 420
  338. Sarveazad A53
  339. Sathian B38, 421
  340. Satpathy M422, 423
  341. Schneider IJC424
  342. Sekerija M425, 426
  343. Sepanlou SG59, 184
  344. Seylani A427
  345. Sha F428
  346. Shafiee SM185
  347. Shaghaghi Z429
  348. Shahabi S186
  349. Shaker E66, 213
  350. Sharifian M430
  351. Sharifirad J12
  352. Sheikhbahaei S249
  353. Shetty JK140
  354. Shirkoohi R70, 71
  355. Shobeiri P66, 215
  356. Siddappa Malleshappa SK431
  357. Silva DAS432
  358. Silva Julian G433
  359. Singh AD77
  360. Singh JA434, 435
  361. Siraj MS436
  362. Sivandzadeh GR187, 188
  363. Skryabin VY437
  364. Skryabina AA438
  365. Socea B89, 439
  366. Solmi M440
  367. Soltanizangbar MS96
  368. Song S441
  369. Szerencses V228
  370. Szocska M229
  371. Tabaresseisdedos R442, 443
  372. Tabibian E72
  373. Taheri M13, 54
  374. Taheri Abkenar Y12
  375. Taherkhani A113
  376. Talaat IM18, 205
  377. Tan KK444
  378. Tbakhi A445
  379. Tesfaye B446
  380. Tiyuri A55, 400
  381. Tollosa DN447
  382. Touvier M448, 449
  383. Tran BX450
  384. Tusa BS451
  385. Ullah I452, 453
  386. Ullah S141
  387. Vacante M143
  388. Valadan Tahbaz S454, 455
  389. Veroux M145
  390. Vo B457
  391. Vos T170, 171
  392. Wang C458
  393. Westerman R459
  394. Woldemariam M108
  395. Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH454
  396. Yang L460, 461
  397. Yazdanpanah F73, 97
  398. Yu C350
  399. Yuce D462
  400. Yunusa I463
  401. Zadnik V464
  402. Zahir M74, 456
  403. Zare I465
  404. Zhang ZJ351
  405. Zoladi M17
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
  2. 2. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Department of Health & Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. Medical Genetics Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  16. 16. Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  17. 17. Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  18. 18. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  19. 19. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  20. 20. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  21. 21. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  22. 22. FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  23. 23. Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  24. 24. Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
  25. 25. Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  26. 26. School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  27. 27. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  28. 28. School of Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  29. 29. Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
  30. 30. The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  31. 31. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  32. 32. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  33. 33. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  34. 34. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  35. 35. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  36. 36. Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  37. 37. Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  38. 38. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  39. 39. Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  40. 40. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  41. 41. Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  42. 42. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  43. 43. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  44. 44. Psychological Sciences Association, Amman, Jordan
  45. 45. Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  46. 46. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  47. 47. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  48. 48. Department of Internal Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  49. 49. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  50. 50. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  51. 51. Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  52. 52. The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  53. 53. Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  54. 54. Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  55. 55. Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  56. 56. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  57. 57. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  58. 58. Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  59. 59. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  60. 60. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  61. 61. Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  62. 62. Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  63. 63. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  64. 64. Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  65. 65. Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  66. 66. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  67. 67. Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  68. 68. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  69. 69. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  70. 70. Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  71. 71. Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  72. 72. Radiology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  73. 73. Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Immunodeficiency Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  74. 74. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  75. 75. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  76. 76. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  77. 77. Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  78. 78. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  79. 79. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  80. 80. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  81. 81. Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  82. 82. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  83. 83. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  84. 84. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  85. 85. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  86. 86. Department of Health Services Management, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  87. 87. Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  88. 88. Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  89. 89. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  90. 90. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  91. 91. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  92. 92. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  93. 93. Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  94. 94. Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  95. 95. Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  96. 96. Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  97. 97. Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  98. 98. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  99. 99. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  100. 100. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  101. 101. Gastro-enterology Department, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
  102. 102. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  103. 103. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  104. 104. Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  105. 105. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  106. 106. School of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  107. 107. Biomedical Sciences Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  108. 108. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  109. 109. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  110. 110. Department of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  111. 111. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  112. 112. Health Management and Economics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  113. 113. Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  114. 114. School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  115. 115. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  116. 116. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  117. 117. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  118. 118. Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  119. 119. Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  120. 120. Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  121. 121. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  122. 122. Department of Parasitology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  123. 123. Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  124. 124. Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
  125. 125. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  126. 126. Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  127. 127. Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  128. 128. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  129. 129. School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  130. 130. Golestan Research Center of Gastroentrology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  131. 131. Medical Genetics Department, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  132. 132. Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad, India
  133. 133. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
  134. 134. Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  135. 135. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  136. 136. NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  137. 137. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  138. 138. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  139. 139. Department of Anatomy, Manipal University College Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia
  140. 140. Department of Biochemistry, Manipal University College Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia
  141. 141. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  142. 142. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  143. 143. Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  144. 144. Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  145. 145. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  146. 146. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  147. 147. Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
  148. 148. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  149. 149. Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
  150. 150. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  151. 151. Clinical Pharmacy Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
  152. 152. Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  153. 153. Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  154. 154. Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
  155. 155. Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  156. 156. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  157. 157. Department of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  158. 158. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  159. 159. Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  160. 160. University Hospital Center of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  161. 161. Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  162. 162. Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  163. 163. School of Public Health, University of HongKong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  164. 164. Hospitalist Department, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, United States
  165. 165. Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  166. 166. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  167. 167. Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
  168. 168. Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Famalicao, Portugal
  169. 169. School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
  170. 170. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  171. 171. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  172. 172. Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  173. 173. Department of Research, Gurugram, India
  174. 174. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  175. 175. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  176. 176. Department of Human Nutrition, Uniwersytet Warminsko- Mazurski w Olsztynie (University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn), Olsztyn, Poland
  177. 177. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  178. 178. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  179. 179. Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
  180. 180. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  181. 181. Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
  182. 182. Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  183. 183. Nutrition Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  184. 184. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  185. 185. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  186. 186. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  187. 187. Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  188. 188. Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  189. 189. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  190. 190. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  191. 191. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  192. 192. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  193. 193. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  194. 194. School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  195. 195. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  196. 196. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  197. 197. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  198. 198. Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  199. 199. Department of Medicine, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
  200. 200. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  201. 201. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  202. 202. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  203. 203. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  204. 204. Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  205. 205. Pathology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  206. 206. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  207. 207. Department of Health informatics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  208. 208. Department of Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  209. 209. Medical Laboratory Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  210. 210. Head of the Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  211. 211. Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  212. 212. Endocrinology and Metabolsim Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  213. 213. Department of Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran
  214. 214. Department of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  215. 215. Department of International Studies, Tehran, Iran
  216. 216. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  217. 217. Centre for Primary Health Care Network Management, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  218. 218. Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  219. 219. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  220. 220. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  221. 221. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  222. 222. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  223. 223. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  224. 224. School of Health Sciences, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  225. 225. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  226. 226. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  227. 227. Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  228. 228. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  229. 229. Faculty of Health and Public Administration, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  230. 230. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Targu-Mures, Romania
  231. 231. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  232. 232. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  233. 233. Department of Radiology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  234. 234. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  235. 235. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  236. 236. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  237. 237. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  238. 238. Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
  239. 239. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
  240. 240. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  241. 241. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  242. 242. Department of Surgery, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  243. 243. Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  244. 244. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  245. 245. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  246. 246. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Delhi, India
  247. 247. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  248. 248. Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  249. 249. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  250. 250. Research & Scientific Studies Unit, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  251. 251. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  252. 252. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  253. 253. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  254. 254. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  255. 255. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
  256. 256. College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  257. 257. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  258. 258. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
  259. 259. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  260. 260. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  261. 261. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  262. 262. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  263. 263. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  264. 264. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  265. 265. Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  266. 266. Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
  267. 267. Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  268. 268. Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  269. 269. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  270. 270. Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  271. 271. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  272. 272. Department of Physiology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  273. 273. School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  274. 274. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  275. 275. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  276. 276. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  277. 277. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  278. 278. Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  279. 279. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  280. 280. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  281. 281. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  282. 282. Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  283. 283. Russian Institute for Advanced Study, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  284. 284. The Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  285. 285. Department of Epidemiology, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
  286. 286. School of Public Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
  287. 287. College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
  288. 288. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea
  289. 289. Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
  290. 290. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  291. 291. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  292. 292. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  293. 293. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  294. 294. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  295. 295. Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada
  296. 296. Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology Department, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
  297. 297. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  298. 298. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  299. 299. Department of Community Medicine, Employees’ State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India
  300. 300. Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, India
  301. 301. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  302. 302. Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  303. 303. Department of Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  304. 304. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  305. 305. Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
  306. 306. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  307. 307. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  308. 308. Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  309. 309. The Office of Health Policy & Legislative Affairs, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  310. 310. Department of Medicine, University of Science Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
  311. 311. School of Medical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
  312. 312. Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
  313. 313. Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
  314. 314. Department of Professional and Medical Education, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
  315. 315. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University, Macon, GA, United States
  316. 316. School of Health, Polytechnic Institute, Porto, Portugal
  317. 317. Department of General Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  318. 318. Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  319. 319. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  320. 320. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  321. 321. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  322. 322. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  323. 323. School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  324. 324. Value-Based Healthcare Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
  325. 325. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
  326. 326. Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
  327. 327. National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bengaluru, India
  328. 328. Department of Preventive Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  329. 329. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  330. 330. University Research Institute, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  331. 331. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  332. 332. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  333. 333. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  334. 334. Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  335. 335. Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  336. 336. Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  337. 337. Social Determinants of Health Center, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  338. 338. Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
  339. 339. Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  340. 340. Department of Biology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  341. 341. Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  342. 342. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  343. 343. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  344. 344. Dental Basic Sciences Department, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  345. 345. Oncology Department, Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Hazard, KY, United States
  346. 346. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
  347. 347. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  348. 348. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  349. 349. Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  350. 350. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  351. 351. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  352. 352. Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  353. 353. Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  354. 354. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  355. 355. Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
  356. 356. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
  357. 357. Daejeon Regional Cancer Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
  358. 358. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  359. 359. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  360. 360. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  361. 361. Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  362. 362. Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  363. 363. Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  364. 364. Department of Nutrition, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  365. 365. Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
  366. 366. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  367. 367. Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria
  368. 368. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
  369. 369. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  370. 370. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  371. 371. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  372. 372. Non-communicable Disease Prevention Unit, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
  373. 373. Early Detection & Cancer Prevention Services, Pantai Jerudong Specialist Centre, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
  374. 374. National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  375. 375. Department of Epidemiology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  376. 376. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  377. 377. Department of Neurology and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  378. 378. Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  379. 379. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  380. 380. Department of Zoology, Yadava College, Madurai, India
  381. 381. Annai Fathima College, Madurai District, Madurai, India
  382. 382. Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baruch S Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States
  383. 383. Department of Medicine, Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, United States
  384. 384. Department of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  385. 385. Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
  386. 386. Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
  387. 387. Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  388. 388. Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  389. 389. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  390. 390. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  391. 391. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  392. 392. Department of Epidemiology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  393. 393. Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
  394. 394. Health Emergency Operation Center, Ministry of Health & Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
  395. 395. Central Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
  396. 396. Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  397. 397. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  398. 398. Department of Clinical Science, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
  399. 399. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  400. 400. Department of Epidemiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  401. 401. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  402. 402. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  403. 403. Department of Immunology and Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
  404. 404. Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
  405. 405. Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  406. 406. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  407. 407. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  408. 408. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  409. 409. Eye and Skull Base Research Centers, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  410. 410. Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
  411. 411. Department of Gastroenterology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  412. 412. Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
  413. 413. Biological Production Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
  414. 414. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  415. 415. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  416. 416. Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran
  417. 417. Emergency Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  418. 418. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  419. 419. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  420. 420. Research Development Coordination Section, Pakistan Health Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan
  421. 421. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  422. 422. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  423. 423. Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
  424. 424. Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil
  425. 425. Department of Medical Statistics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  426. 426. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
  427. 427. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  428. 428. Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
  429. 429. Clinical Research Development Unit of Farshchian Heart Center, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  430. 430. Rajaei Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  431. 431. Department of Hematology-Oncology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, United States
  432. 432. Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  433. 433. Real World Insights, IQVIA, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  434. 434. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  435. 435. US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  436. 436. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  437. 437. Department No.16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  438. 438. Therapeutic Department, Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russian Federation
  439. 439. “Sf. Pantelimon� Emergency Clinical Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  440. 440. Department of Neurosciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  441. 441. Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
  442. 442. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  443. 443. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  444. 444. Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  445. 445. Department of Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
  446. 446. Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  447. 447. Department of Public Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  448. 448. Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
  449. 449. Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
  450. 450. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  451. 451. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
  452. 452. Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  453. 453. Pakistan Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  454. 454. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  455. 455. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  456. 456. Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  457. 457. Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  458. 458. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
  459. 459. Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  460. 460. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
  461. 461. Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  462. 462. Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  463. 463. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  464. 464. Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  465. 465. Tehran, Iran

Source: The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology Published:2022


Abstract

Background: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Given the recent increasing trends in colorectal cancer incidence globally, up-to-date information on the colorectal cancer burden could guide screening, early detection, and treatment strategies, and help effectively allocate resources. We examined the temporal patterns of the global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors in 204 countries and territories across the past three decades. Methods: Estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for colorectal cancer were generated as a part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 by age, sex, and geographical location for the period 1990–2019. Mortality estimates were produced using the cause of death ensemble model. We also calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. Findings: Globally, between 1990 and 2019, colorectal cancer incident cases more than doubled, from 842 098 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 810 408–868 574) to 2·17 million (2·00–2·34), and deaths increased from 518 126 (493 682–537 877) to 1·09 million (1·02–1·15). The global age-standardised incidence rate increased from 22·2 (95% UI 21·3–23·0) per 100 000 to 26·7 (24·6–28·9) per 100 000, whereas the age-standardised mortality rate decreased from 14·3 (13·5–14·9) per 100 000 to 13·7 (12·6–14·5) per 100 000 and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased from 308·5 (294·7–320·7) per 100 000 to 295·5 (275·2–313·0) per 100 000 from 1990 through 2019. Taiwan (province of China; 62·0 [48·9–80·0] per 100 000), Monaco (60·7 [48·5–73·6] per 100 000), and Andorra (56·6 [42·8–71·9] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised incidence rates, while Greenland (31·4 [26·0–37·1] per 100 000), Brunei (30·3 [26·6–34·1] per 100 000), and Hungary (28·6 [23·6–34·0] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised mortality rates. From 1990 through 2019, a substantial rise in incidence rates was observed in younger adults (age <50 years), particularly in high Socio-demographic Index (SDI) countries. Globally, a diet low in milk (15·6%), smoking (13·3%), a diet low in calcium (12·9%), and alcohol use (9·9%) were the main contributors to colorectal cancer DALYs in 2019. Interpretation: The increase in incidence rates in people younger than 50 years requires vigilance from researchers, clinicians, and policy makers and a possible reconsideration of screening guidelines. The fast-rising burden in low SDI and middle SDI countries in Asia and Africa calls for colorectal cancer prevention approaches, greater awareness, and cost-effective screening and therapeutic options in these regions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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