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Global, Regional, and National Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (Dalys) for 333 Diseases and Injuries and Healthy Life Expectancy (Hale) for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Publisher Pubmed



Hay SI1 ; Abajobir AA12 ; Abate KH16 ; Abbafati C17 ; Abbas KM18 ; Abdallah F19 ; Abdulle AM20 ; Abebo TA21 ; Abera SF22, 26 ; Aboyans V27 ; Aburaddad LJ28 ; Ackerman IN29 ; Adetokunboh O33 ; Afshin A1 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Hay SI1
  2. Abajobir AA12
  3. Abate KH16
  4. Abbafati C17
  5. Abbas KM18
  6. Abdallah F19
  7. Abdulle AM20
  8. Abebo TA21
  9. Abera SF22, 26
  10. Aboyans V27
  11. Aburaddad LJ28
  12. Ackerman IN29
  13. Adetokunboh O33
  14. Afshin A1
  15. Aggarwal R35
  16. Agrawal S37
  17. Agrawal A38, 39
  18. Kiadaliri AA40
  19. Ahmed MB15
  20. Aichour AN43
  21. Aichour I44
  22. Aichour MTE45
  23. Aiyar S1
  24. Akinyemiju TF46
  25. Akseer N48, 49
  26. Al Lami FH53
  27. Alahdab F54, 55
  28. Alaly Z56
  29. Alam K57, 63, 65
  30. Alam N66
  31. Alam T1
  32. Alasfoor D67
  33. Alene KA68, 71
  34. Alizadehnavaei R72
  35. Alkaabi JM75
  36. Alkerwi A76
  37. Alla F77
  38. Allebeck P78
  39. Allen C1
  40. Almaskari F75
  41. Almazroa MA82
  42. Alraddadi R83
  43. Alsharif U84
  44. Alsowaidi S75
  45. Althouse BM6, 85
  46. Altirkawi KA86
  47. Alvisguzman N87
  48. Amare AT88, 91
  49. Amini E92, 94
  50. Ammar W108
  51. Amoako YA109
  52. Ansha MG110
  53. Antonio CAT111
  54. Anwari P112
  55. Arnlov J79, 113
  56. Arora M1
  57. Artaman A114
  58. Aryal KK115, 116
  59. Asgedom SW25
  60. Atey TM25
  61. Atnafu NT118, 119
  62. Avilaburgos L120
  63. Arthur Avokpaho EFG122, 124
  64. Awasthi A125
  65. Awasthi S126
  66. Quintanilla BPA127, 129
  67. Azarpazhooh MR130, 131
  68. Azzopardi P57, 58, 132, 133
  69. Babalola TK134
  70. Bacha U137
  71. Badawi A50, 138
  72. Balakrishnan K139
  73. Bannick MS1
  74. Barac A142
  75. Barkercollo SL144
  76. Barnighausen T145, 150, 151
  77. Barquera S120
  78. Barrero LH152
  79. Basu S153
  80. Battista R154
  81. Battle KE7
  82. Baune BT88
  83. Bazarganhejazi S155, 156
  84. Beardsley J157
  85. Bedi N158
  86. Bejot Y159
  87. Bekele BB69, 160
  88. Bell ML161
  89. Bennett DA8
  90. Bennett JR1
  91. Bensenor IM164
  92. Berhane A165
  93. Berhe DF23, 169
  94. Bernabe E172
  95. Betsu BD25
  96. Beuran M173, 174
  97. Beyene AS175
  98. Bhansali A177
  99. Bhatt S178
  100. Bhutta ZA48, 181
  101. Biadgilign S182
  102. Bienhof K1
  103. Bikbov B183
  104. Birungi C185
  105. Biryukov S1
  106. Bisanzio D7, 9
  107. Bizuayehu HM187
  108. Blyth FM65
  109. Boneya DJ186
  110. Bose D188
  111. Bouorm IR108
  112. Bourne RRA189
  113. Brainin M190
  114. Brazinova A192
  115. Breitborde NJK193
  116. Briant PS1
  117. Britton G194
  118. Brugha TS195
  119. Buchbinder R29, 196
  120. Bulto LNB176
  121. Bumgarner B1
  122. Butt ZA197
  123. Cahuanahurtado L120
  124. Cameron E7
  125. Camposnonato IR120, 146
  126. Carabin H198
  127. Cardenas R199
  128. Carpenter DO200
  129. Carrero JJ80
  130. Carter A1
  131. Carvalho F201
  132. Casey D1
  133. Castanedaorjuela CA207, 208
  134. Rivas JC209, 210
  135. Castle CD1
  136. Catalalopez F211, 212
  137. Chang JC213
  138. Charlson FJ1, 12, 214
  139. Chaturvedi P215
  140. Chen H216
  141. Chibalabala M217
  142. Chibueze CE218
  143. Chisumpa VH219, 220
  144. Chitheer AA221
  145. Chowdhury R222
  146. Christopher DJ223
  147. Ciobanu LG88
  148. Cirillo M224
  149. Colombara D1
  150. Cooper LT225
  151. Cooper C10, 226
  152. Cortesi PA228
  153. Cortinovis M183
  154. Criqui MH230
  155. Cromwell EA1
  156. Cross M65
  157. Crump JA231
  158. Dadi AF70, 233
  159. Dalal K234
  160. Damasceno A235
  161. Dandona L1, 37
  162. Dandona R1, 37
  163. Das Neves J202, 203
  164. Davitoiu DV173
  165. Davletov K236, 237
  166. De Courten B31
  167. De Leo D238
  168. De Steur H239
  169. Degenhardt L1, 240
  170. Deiparine S1
  171. Dellavalle RP244
  172. Deribe K245, 246
  173. Deribew A9, 248
  174. Das Jarlais DC249, 250
  175. Dharmaratne SD251
  176. Dhillon PK37
  177. Dicker D1
  178. Djalalinia S252
  179. Do HP253
  180. Dokova K254
  181. Doku DT255, 256
  182. Dorsey ER257
  183. Dos Santos KPB258
  184. Driscoll TR64
  185. Dubey M259
  186. Duncan BB260, 261
  187. Ebel BE2
  188. Echko M1
  189. Elkhatib ZZ78, 262
  190. Enayati A263
  191. Endries AY264
  192. Ermakov SP265, 266
  193. Erskine HE1, 12, 214
  194. Eshetie S70
  195. Eshrati B267, 268
  196. Esteghamati A93
  197. Estep K1
  198. Fanuel FBB269, 270
  199. Farag T1
  200. Farinha CSES271, 272
  201. Faro A273
  202. Farzadfar F94
  203. Fazeli MS154
  204. Feigin VL274
  205. Feigl AB145
  206. Fereshtehnejad SM79
  207. Fernandes JC276
  208. Ferrari AJ1, 12, 214
  209. Feyissa TR277
  210. Filip I278
  211. Fischer F279
  212. Fitzmaurice C1, 3, 280
  213. Flaxman AD1
  214. Foigt N281
  215. Foreman KJ1, 180
  216. Franklin RC282
  217. Frostad JJ1
  218. Fullman N1
  219. Furst T178, 283, 285
  220. Furtado JM286
  221. Futran ND6
  222. Gakidou E1
  223. Garciabasteiro AL287, 288
  224. Gebre T289
  225. Gebregergs GB22
  226. Gebrehiwot TT16
  227. Geleijnse JM290
  228. Geleto A176, 291
  229. Gemechu BL292
  230. Gesesew HA16, 233
  231. Gething PW7
  232. Ghajar A95
  233. Gibney KB293
  234. Gillum RF294
  235. Ginawi IAM295
  236. Gishu MD176, 296
  237. Giussani G297
  238. Godwin WW1
  239. Goel K298
  240. Goenka S37
  241. Goldberg EM1
  242. Gona PN299
  243. Goodridge A300
  244. Gopalani SV301
  245. Gosselin RA302
  246. Gotay CC303
  247. Goto A304
  248. Goulart AC162, 305
  249. Graetz N1
  250. Gugnani HC306
  251. Gupta R307
  252. Gupta PC308
  253. Gupta T309, 310
  254. Gupta V311
  255. Gupta R307
  256. Gutierrez RA313
  257. Hachinski V315
  258. Hafezinejad N93
  259. Hailu AD246, 318
  260. Hailu GB25, 319
  261. Hamadeh RR320
  262. Hamidi S321
  263. Hammami M322
  264. Handal AJ323
  265. Hankey GJ324, 325, 326
  266. Hao Y327
  267. Harb HL108
  268. Hareri HA247
  269. Haro JM330
  270. Harun KM6, 331
  271. Harvey J1
  272. Hassanvand MS96
  273. Havmoeller R81
  274. Hay RJ172, 332
  275. Hedayati MT73
  276. Hendrie D333
  277. Henry NJ1
  278. Herediapi IB120
  279. Heydarpour P97
  280. Hoek HW168, 336
  281. Hofman HJ338
  282. Horino M341
  283. Horita N342
  284. Hosgood HD310
  285. Hostiuc S173
  286. Hotez PJ343
  287. Hoy DG344
  288. Htet AS116, 345
  289. Hu G346
  290. Huang JJ161
  291. Huynh C1
  292. Iburg KM348
  293. Igumbor EU349, 350
  294. Ikeda C1
  295. Irvine CMS1
  296. Jacobsen KH351
  297. Jahanmehr N352
  298. Jakovljevic MB4, 353
  299. James P354
  300. Jassal SK229
  301. Javanbakht M355
  302. Jayaraman SP356
  303. Jeemon P36, 357
  304. Jensen PN6
  305. Jha V11, 358
  306. Jiang G359
  307. John D360
  308. Johnson CO1
  309. Johnson SC1
  310. Jonas JB361
  311. Jurisson M362
  312. Kabir Z363
  313. Kadel R364
  314. Kahsay A25
  315. Kamal R365
  316. Kar C366
  317. Karam NE367
  318. Karch A368, 369
  319. Karema CK284, 370
  320. Karimi SM371
  321. Karimkhani C372
  322. Kasaeian A93, 98
  323. Kassa GM187
  324. Kassebaum NJ1
  325. Kassaw NA247
  326. Kastor A259
  327. Katikireddi SV373
  328. Kaul A374
  329. Kawakami N375
  330. Keiyoro PN377, 378
  331. Kemmer L1
  332. Kengne AP380, 382
  333. Keren A383
  334. Kesavachandran CN365
  335. Khader YS384
  336. Khalil IA1
  337. Khan EA385
  338. Khang YH386, 387
  339. Khoja AT389
  340. Khosravi A94, 388
  341. Khubchandani J391
  342. Kieling C260, 392
  343. Kim YJ393
  344. Kim D394
  345. Kimokoti RW395
  346. Kinfu Y396
  347. Kisa A397
  348. Kissimovaskarbek KA399
  349. Kissoon N303
  350. Kivimaki M184, 400
  351. Knudsen AK316, 403
  352. Kokubo Y405
  353. Kolte D406
  354. Kopec JA303
  355. Kosen S407
  356. Kotsakis GA5
  357. Koul PA408
  358. Koyanagi A410
  359. Kravchenko M411
  360. Krohn KJ1
  361. Defo BK412, 413
  362. Bicer BK415
  363. Kumar GA37
  364. Kumar P259
  365. Kyu HH1
  366. Lager ACJ81, 416
  367. Lal DK37
  368. Lalloo R13
  369. Lallukka T401
  370. Lambert N417
  371. Lan Q418
  372. Lansingh VC419, 420
  373. Larsson A421
  374. Leasher JL422
  375. Lee PH423
  376. Leigh J65
  377. Leshargie CT187
  378. Leung J6, 12
  379. Leung R424
  380. Levi M425
  381. Li Y426, 427, 429
  382. Li Y426, 427, 429
  383. Liang X428
  384. Liben ML430
  385. Lim SS1
  386. Linn S431
  387. Liu A1
  388. Liu PY1
  389. Liu S427
  390. Liu Y432
  391. Lodha R433
  392. Logroscino G434
  393. Looker KJ435
  394. Lopez AD59
  395. Lorkowski S436, 437
  396. Lotufo PA164
  397. Lozano R120
  398. Lucas TCD7
  399. Lunevicius R438, 439
  400. Lyons RA440
  401. Macarayan ERK147, 441
  402. Maddison ER1
  403. Magdy Abd El Razek H442
  404. Magdy Abd El Razek M443
  405. Magisrodriguez C444
  406. Mahdavi M99, 445
  407. Majdan M446
  408. Majdzadeh R100, 447
  409. Majeed A179
  410. Malekzadeh R101
  411. Malhotra R433
  412. Malta DC448
  413. Mamun AA449
  414. Manguerra H1
  415. Manhertz T1
  416. Mantovani LG450
  417. Mapoma CC219
  418. March LM65
  419. Marczak LB1
  420. Martinezraga J451, 452
  421. Martins PHV448
  422. Martinsmelo FR453
  423. Martopullo I1
  424. Marz W454, 455
  425. Mathur MR37, 185
  426. Mazidi M456
  427. Mcalinden C457, 458
  428. Mcgaughey M1
  429. Mcgrath JJ347, 459, 460
  430. Mckee M461
  431. Mehata S462
  432. Meier T464
  433. Meles KG22
  434. Memiah P465
  435. Memish ZA82, 466
  436. Mendoza W467
  437. Mengesha MM175
  438. Mengistie MA16
  439. Mengistu DT24
  440. Mensah GA339
  441. Meretoja A60, 468
  442. Meretoja TJ402, 469
  443. Mezgebe HB25
  444. Micha R471
  445. Millear A1
  446. Miller TR334, 473
  447. Minnig S1
  448. Mirarefn M1, 474
  449. Mirrakhimov EM475, 476
  450. Misganaw A1
  451. Mishra SR14, 477
  452. Mitchell PB243
  453. Mohammad KA478, 479
  454. Mohammadi A480
  455. Mohammed S151, 481
  456. Mohammed KE24
  457. Mohammed MSK118
  458. Mohan MBV483
  459. Mokdad AH1
  460. Mollenkopf SK1
  461. Monasta L484
  462. Montanez Hernandez JC120
  463. Montico M484
  464. Moradilakeh M485, 486
  465. Moraga P488
  466. Morawska L489
  467. Mori R492
  468. Morrison SD6
  469. Moses M1
  470. Mountjoyvenning C1
  471. Mruts KB166
  472. Mueller UO494
  473. Muller K1
  474. Murthy S303
  475. Murthy GVS461, 495
  476. Musa KI496
  477. Nachega JB33, 390, 497
  478. Nagel G571
  479. Naghavi M1
  480. Naheed A499
  481. Naidoo KS502
  482. Nangia V503
  483. Nasher JT504
  484. Natarajan G505
  485. Negasa DE176
  486. Negoi I173, 174
  487. Negoi RI173
  488. Newton CR506
  489. Ngunjiri JW507
  490. Nguyen CT253
  491. Nguyen QL253
  492. Nguyen G1
  493. Nguyen TH253
  494. Nguyen M1
  495. Nichols E1
  496. Ningrum DNA508, 509
  497. Nong VM253
  498. Norheim OF318
  499. Norrving B41
  500. Noubiap JJN382, 510
  501. Nyandwi A511
  502. Obermeyer CM512
  503. Odonnell MJ513
  504. Ogbo FA514
  505. Oh IH516
  506. Okoro A517
  507. Oladimeji O519
  508. Olagunju AT89, 135, 520
  509. Olagunju TO315, 521
  510. Olusanya BO522
  511. Olusanya JO522
  512. Ong K1
  513. Opio JN523
  514. Oren E524
  515. Ortiz A525
  516. Osborne RH526
  517. Osgoodzimmerman A1
  518. Osman M148, 527
  519. Ota E528
  520. Owolabi MO529, 530
  521. Pa M531
  522. Pacella RE490
  523. Panda BK259
  524. Pandian JD532
  525. Papachristou C533
  526. Park EK534
  527. Parry CD32, 535
  528. Parsaeian M94, 102
  529. Patil ST536
  530. Patten SB537
  531. Patton GC57
  532. Paudel D539
  533. Paulson K1
  534. Pearce N461
  535. Pereira DM540
  536. Perez KM6
  537. Perico N183
  538. Pesudovs K233
  539. Peterson CB541
  540. Petri WA543
  541. Petzold M544, 545
  542. Phillips MR432, 546
  543. Phipps G1
  544. Pigott DM1
  545. Pillay JD547
  546. Pinho C1
  547. Piradov MA411
  548. Plass D548
  549. Pletcher MA1
  550. Popova S51
  551. Poulton RG232
  552. Pourmalek F303
  553. Prabhakaran D357
  554. Prasad N549
  555. Purcell C1
  556. Purwar M550
  557. Qorbani M551
  558. Rabiee RHS78
  559. Radfar A552
  560. Rafay A553, 554
  561. Rahimi K11
  562. Rahimimovaghar A103
  563. Rahimimovaghar V104
  564. Rahman M555
  565. Rahman MA63, 128
  566. Rahman MHU259
  567. Rai RK556
  568. Rajsic S557
  569. Ram U259
  570. Ranabhat CL558, 559
  571. Rangaswamy T560
  572. Rankin Z1
  573. Rao PV561, 562
  574. Rao PC1
  575. Rawaf S180
  576. Ray SE1
  577. Reiner RC1
  578. Reinig N1
  579. Reitsma M1
  580. Remuzzi G183, 563, 564
  581. Renzaho AMN515
  582. Resnikof S241, 242
  583. Rezaei S565
  584. Ribeiro AL567
  585. Roba HS175
  586. Robinson SR568
  587. Rojasrueda D570
  588. Rokni MB107
  589. Ronfani L484
  590. Roshandel G101, 571
  591. Roth GA1
  592. Rothenbacher D572
  593. Roy A433
  594. Rubagotti E573
  595. Ruhago GM574
  596. Saadat S104
  597. Safdarian M104
  598. Safri S575
  599. Sagar R433
  600. Sahathevan R576, 577
  601. Sahraian MA97
  602. Salama J1
  603. Saleh MM578
  604. Salomon JA145
  605. Salvi SS579
  606. Samy AM580
  607. Sanabria JR581, 584
  608. Sancheznino MD585
  609. Santomauro D1, 12, 214
  610. Santos JV204, 586
  611. Santos IS163
  612. Santric Milicevic MM140, 141
  613. Sartorius B379, 500
  614. Satpathy M587
  615. Sawhney M582
  616. Saxena S180
  617. Schelonka K1
  618. Schmidt MI260
  619. Schneider IJC588, 606
  620. Schottker B589, 590
  621. Schutte AE592, 593
  622. Schwebel DC47
  623. Schwendicke F594
  624. Seedat S33
  625. Sepanlou SG101
  626. Servanmori EE120
  627. Shaheen A595
  628. Shaikh MA596
  629. Shamsipour M105
  630. Shariful Islam SM499, 597
  631. Sharma R598
  632. Sharma J599
  633. She J600
  634. Shi P472
  635. Shibuya K376
  636. Shields C1
  637. Shiferaw MS176
  638. Shigematsu M601, 602
  639. Shiri R401
  640. Shirkoohi R106
  641. Shirude S1
  642. Shishani K603
  643. Shoman H180
  644. Siabani S566, 604
  645. Sibai AM512
  646. Sigfusdottir ID605
  647. Silberberg DH608
  648. Silva JP205
  649. Silva DAS588, 606
  650. Silveira DGA607
  651. Singh JA47
  652. Singh V609
  653. Singh OP610
  654. Singh NP611
  655. Sinha DN612, 613
  656. Skiadaresi E614, 615
  657. Skirbekk V337, 404
  658. Slepak EL1
  659. Smith DL1
  660. Smith M1
  661. Sobaih BHA86, 616
  662. Sobngwi E617, 618
  663. Soljak M179
  664. Sorensen RJD1
  665. Sousa TCM619
  666. Sposato LA131
  667. Sreeramareddy CT620
  668. Srinivasan V1
  669. Stanaway JD1
  670. Stathopoulou V621
  671. Steel N622, 623
  672. Stein DJ32, 624
  673. Steiner C1
  674. Steinke S625
  675. Stokes MA626
  676. Stovner LJ627, 628
  677. Strub B1
  678. Subart M1
  679. Sufyan MB482
  680. Abdulkader RS629
  681. Sunguya BF574
  682. Sur PJ1
  683. Swaminathan S630
  684. Sykes BL631
  685. Sylte D1
  686. Szoeke CEI61
  687. Tabaresseisdedos R211
  688. Tadakamadla SK632
  689. Tafere GR22
  690. Takala JS633, 634
  691. Tandon N433
  692. Tanne D635, 636
  693. Tarekegn YL637
  694. Tavakkoli M638
  695. Taveira N639, 640
  696. Taylor HR63
  697. Tegegne TK187
  698. Tehranibanihashemi A485
  699. Tekelab T277, 291
  700. Temam Shifa G247, 264
  701. Terkawi AS542, 641, 642
  702. Tesfaye DJ21
  703. Tesssema B70
  704. Thakur JS644
  705. Thamsuwan O1
  706. Theadom AM275
  707. Theis AM1
  708. Thomas KE1
  709. Thomas N645
  710. Thompson R1
  711. Thrift AG30
  712. Tobegai R492
  713. Tobollik M548
  714. Tonelli M538
  715. Topormadry R398, 646
  716. Tortajada M451, 647
  717. Touvier M649
  718. Traebert J650
  719. Tran BX651, 653
  720. Troeger C1
  721. Truelsen T652
  722. Tsoi D1
  723. Tuzcu EM643
  724. Tymeson H1
  725. Tyrovolas S654
  726. Ukwaja KN655
  727. Undurraga EA656
  728. Uneke CJ657
  729. Updike R1
  730. Uthman OA658
  731. Uzochukwu BSC659
  732. Van Boven JFM170
  733. Varughese S233
  734. Vasankari T660
  735. Veerman LJ12
  736. Venkatesh S661
  737. Venketasubramanian N662
  738. Vidavalur R663
  739. Vijayakumar L62, 664
  740. Violante FS665
  741. Vishnu A250
  742. Vladimirov SK666
  743. Vlassov VV667
  744. Vollset SE1, 317, 403
  745. Vos T1
  746. Wadilo F270
  747. Wakayo T16
  748. Wallin MT668, 669
  749. Wang YP670
  750. Weichenthal S671
  751. Weiderpass E80, 335, 381, 672
  752. Weintraub RG57, 63, 314, 329
  753. Weiss DJ7
  754. Werdecker A493
  755. Westerman R329, 494
  756. Whiteford HA1, 12, 214
  757. Wijeratne T63, 136
  758. Williams HC90
  759. Wiysonge CS33, 74
  760. Woldeyes BG247
  761. Wolfe CDA52, 171
  762. Woodbrook R1
  763. Woolf AD42
  764. Workicho A16, 239
  765. Xavier D648
  766. Xu G591
  767. Yadgir S1
  768. Yaghoubi M487, 583
  769. Yakob B501
  770. Yan LL569
  771. Yano Y518
  772. Ye P427
  773. Yihdego MG117, 247
  774. Yimam HH118
  775. Yip P491, 498
  776. Yonemoto N470
  777. Yoon SJ463
  778. Yotebieng M193, 414
  779. Younis MZ409
  780. Yu C340
  781. Zaidi Z227
  782. Zaki MES206
  783. Zegeye EA167, 502
  784. Zenebe ZM25
  785. Zhang X123, 149
  786. Zheng Y328
  787. Zhou M1, 427
  788. Zipkin B1
  789. Zodpey S37
  790. Zoeckler L1
  791. Zuhlke LJ121
  792. Murray CJL1
  793. Adedji IA34
  794. Murdoch ME143
  795. Bryane CEG191
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States
  2. 2. Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Center for Health Trends and Forecasts, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, United Kingdom
  8. 8. Nufeld Department of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
  9. 9. Nufeld Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
  10. 10. NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
  11. 11. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  12. 12. School of Public Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  13. 13. School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  14. 14. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  15. 15. Department of Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma, Ethiopia
  16. 16. Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  17. 17. La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  18. 18. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
  19. 19. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  20. 20. New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  21. 21. Hawassa University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  22. 22. School of Public Health, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  23. 23. School of Pharmacy, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  24. 24. College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  25. 25. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  26. 26. Food Security and Institute for Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
  27. 27. Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
  28. 28. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  29. 29. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  30. 30. Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  31. 31. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  32. 32. Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
  33. 33. Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  34. 34. Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
  35. 35. Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  36. 36. Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, Gurugram, India
  37. 37. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  38. 38. CSIR, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
  39. 39. Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  40. 40. Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  41. 41. Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  42. 42. Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom
  43. 43. University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  44. 44. National Institute of Nursing Education, Setif, Algeria
  45. 45. High National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria
  46. 46. Department of Epidemiology, Birmingham, AL, United States
  47. 47. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  48. 48. Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  49. 49. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  50. 50. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  51. 51. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  52. 52. National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  53. 53. Baghdad College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq
  54. 54. Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  55. 55. Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, United States
  56. 56. Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  57. 57. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  58. 58. Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  59. 59. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  60. 60. Department of Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  61. 61. Institute of Health and Ageing, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  62. 62. Center for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  63. 63. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  64. 64. Sydney School of Public Health, Australia
  65. 65. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  66. 66. Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  67. 67. Ministry of Health, Al Khuwair, Oman
  68. 68. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, Gondar, Ethiopia
  69. 69. College of Medical and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
  70. 70. University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  71. 71. Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  72. 72. Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  73. 73. Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  74. 74. South African Medical Research Council, Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  75. 75. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  76. 76. Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
  77. 77. School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
  78. 78. Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
  79. 79. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stockholm, Sweden
  80. 80. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
  81. 81. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  82. 82. Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  83. 83. Joint Program of Family and Community Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  84. 84. Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
  85. 85. Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA, United States
  86. 86. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  87. 87. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  88. 88. School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  89. 89. Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  90. 90. Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  91. 91. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  92. 92. Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  93. 93. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  94. 94. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  95. 95. Department of Internal Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  96. 96. Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran, Iran
  97. 97. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran, Iran
  98. 98. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  99. 99. Institute of Health Policy and Management, Tehran, Iran
  100. 100. Knowledge Utilization Research Center and Community Based Participatory Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  101. 101. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  102. 102. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran, Iran
  103. 103. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran, Iran
  104. 104. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  105. 105. Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran, Iran
  106. 106. Cancer Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  107. 107. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  108. 108. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  109. 109. Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
  110. 110. West Hararghe Zonal Health Department, Chiro, Ethiopia
  111. 111. Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  112. 112. Self-Employed, Kabul, Afghanistan
  113. 113. School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  114. 114. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  115. 115. Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  116. 116. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  117. 117. Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  118. 118. Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  119. 119. PMA 2020, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  120. 120. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico, Mexico
  121. 121. Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
  122. 122. Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin
  123. 123. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
  124. 124. Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherche-Action en Sante (LERAS Afrique), Parakou, Benin
  125. 125. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  126. 126. King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
  127. 127. Judith Lumley Centre for Mother, Infant and Family Health Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  128. 128. La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  129. 129. Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
  130. 130. Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  131. 131. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London, ON, Canada
  132. 132. Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  133. 133. Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  134. 134. Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  135. 135. Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  136. 136. Western Health, Footscray, VIC, Australia
  137. 137. School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  138. 138. Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  139. 139. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
  140. 140. Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  141. 141. Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  142. 142. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  143. 143. West Herts Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford, United Kingdom
  144. 144. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  145. 145. Department of Global Health and Population, United States
  146. 146. Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, United States
  147. 147. Ariadne Labs, United States
  148. 148. Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  149. 149. University of Texas, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
  150. 150. Africa Health Research Institute, Mtubatuba, South Africa
  151. 151. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  152. 152. Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
  153. 153. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  154. 154. Doctor Evidence, Santa Monica, CA, United States
  155. 155. College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  156. 156. David Gefen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  157. 157. Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  158. 158. College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  159. 159. University Hospital, Medical School of Dijon, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
  160. 160. Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia
  161. 161. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  162. 162. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Center, Hospital Universitario, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  163. 163. Internal Medicine Department, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  164. 164. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  165. 165. College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  166. 166. Public Health Department, College of Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  167. 167. Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  168. 168. Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, Netherlands
  169. 169. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  170. 170. University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  171. 171. Division of Health and Social Care Research, London, United Kingdom
  172. 172. King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  173. 173. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  174. 174. Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  175. 175. College of Health and Medical Sciences, Harar, Ethiopia
  176. 176. Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  177. 177. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  178. 178. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, United States
  179. 179. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  180. 180. Imperial College London, London, UK, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  181. 181. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  182. 182. Independent Public Health Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  183. 183. IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
  184. 184. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, United Kingdom
  185. 185. University College London, London, United Kingdom
  186. 186. Department of Public Health, United States
  187. 187. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  188. 188. World Bank, Washington, DC, United States
  189. 189. Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  190. 190. Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
  191. 191. Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  192. 192. Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
  193. 193. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  194. 194. INDICASAT AIP, Panama, Panama
  195. 195. University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  196. 196. Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  197. 197. Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  198. 198. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  199. 199. Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  200. 200. University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  201. 201. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  202. 202. I3S - Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em Saude, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  203. 203. INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  204. 204. Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  205. 205. UCIBIO at REQUIMTE, Toxicology Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  206. 206. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  207. 207. Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
  208. 208. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  209. 209. Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica
  210. 210. Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
  211. 211. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
  212. 212. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  213. 213. School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  214. 214. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  215. 215. Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  216. 216. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
  217. 217. Crowd Watch Africa, Lusaka, Zambia
  218. 218. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya Ku, Japan
  219. 219. University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  220. 220. University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  221. 221. Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
  222. 222. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  223. 223. Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
  224. 224. University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
  225. 225. Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
  226. 226. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  227. 227. University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  228. 228. Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  229. 229. VA San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
  230. 230. University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
  231. 231. Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, Dunedin, New Zealand
  232. 232. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  233. 233. Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  234. 234. Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
  235. 235. Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
  236. 236. Republican Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  237. 237. School of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  238. 238. Grifth University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  239. 239. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  240. 240. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  241. 241. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  242. 242. School of Optometry and Vision Science, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  243. 243. University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  244. 244. University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, United States
  245. 245. Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  246. 246. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  247. 247. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  248. 248. KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilif, Kenya
  249. 249. Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, United States
  250. 250. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  251. 251. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  252. 252. Undersecretary for Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  253. 253. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  254. 254. Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University - Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
  255. 255. University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  256. 256. University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
  257. 257. University of Rochester, Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
  258. 258. Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  259. 259. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  260. 260. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  261. 261. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  262. 262. Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Kigali, Rwanda
  263. 263. School of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Center, Sari, Iran
  264. 264. Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  265. 265. Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  266. 266. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  267. 267. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  268. 268. Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  269. 269. Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  270. 270. Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  271. 271. DGS Directorate General of Health, Lisboa, Portugal
  272. 272. Universidade Aberta, Lisboa, Portugal
  273. 273. Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
  274. 274. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland, New Zealand
  275. 275. Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  276. 276. CBQF - Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal
  277. 277. Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  278. 278. Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  279. 279. School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  280. 280. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
  281. 281. Institute of Gerontology, Academy of Medical Science, Kyiv, Ukraine
  282. 282. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  283. 283. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, United States
  284. 284. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
  285. 285. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  286. 286. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  287. 287. Manhica Health Research Center, Manhica, Mozambique
  288. 288. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  289. 289. Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States
  290. 290. Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  291. 291. University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  292. 292. Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
  293. 293. Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  294. 294. Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  295. 295. College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  296. 296. Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Harar, Ethiopia
  297. 297. IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
  298. 298. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  299. 299. University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  300. 300. Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas, Servicios de Alta Tecnologia, INDICASAT-AIP, Cuidad del Saber, Panama
  301. 301. Department of Health and Social Afairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  302. 302. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  303. 303. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  304. 304. Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
  305. 305. Center of Check of Hospital Sirio Libanes, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  306. 306. Department of Microbiology and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter, Anguilla
  307. 307. Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  308. 308. Healis, Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, India
  309. 309. Montefore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
  310. 310. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  311. 311. Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
  312. 312. West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
  313. 313. National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico
  314. 314. Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  315. 315. Western University, London, ON, Canada
  316. 316. Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  317. 317. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  318. 318. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  319. 319. Kilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  320. 320. Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  321. 321. Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  322. 322. Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States
  323. 323. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  324. 324. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  325. 325. Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  326. 326. Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  327. 327. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  328. 328. Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  329. 329. German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
  330. 330. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
  331. 331. Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
  332. 332. International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom
  333. 333. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  334. 334. Centre for Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  335. 335. Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
  336. 336. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States
  337. 337. Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  338. 338. Epidemiology and Statistics Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, United States
  339. 339. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  340. 340. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  341. 341. Bureau of Child, Family and Community Wellness, Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, United States
  342. 342. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
  343. 343. College of Medicine, Baylor University, Houston, TX, United States
  344. 344. Public Health Division, Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia
  345. 345. International Relations Division, Ministry of Health, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
  346. 346. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
  347. 347. National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus, Denmark
  348. 348. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  349. 349. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa
  350. 350. School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  351. 351. Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  352. 352. School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  353. 353. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  354. 354. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
  355. 355. University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  356. 356. Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
  357. 357. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
  358. 358. George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  359. 359. Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
  360. 360. International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India
  361. 361. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  362. 362. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  363. 363. University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  364. 364. London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
  365. 365. CSIR, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
  366. 366. SCB Medical College, Cuttack, India
  367. 367. University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
  368. 368. Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  369. 369. Hannover- Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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  371. 371. University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States
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  373. 373. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  374. 374. Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
  375. 375. School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
  376. 376. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  377. 377. Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
  378. 378. School of Continuing and Distance Education, Nairobi, Kenya
  379. 379. UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
  380. 380. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  381. 381. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
  382. 382. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  383. 383. Assuta Hospitals, Assuta Hashalom, Tel Aviv, Israel
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  395. 395. Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States
  396. 396. Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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  398. 398. Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, United States
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  410. 410. Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
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  412. 412. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, United States
  413. 413. Department of Demography, Public Health Research Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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  416. 416. Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Solna, Sweden
  417. 417. Ministry of Public Health and Fight Against AIDS, Mukaza, Burundi
  418. 418. National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
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  422. 422. College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  423. 423. Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  424. 424. State University of New York, Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
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  428. 428. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  429. 429. San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
  430. 430. Samara University, Samara, Russian Federation
  431. 431. University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  432. 432. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  433. 433. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  434. 434. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  435. 435. University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  436. 436. Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
  437. 437. Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
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  439. 439. School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  440. 440. Farr Institute, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
  441. 441. Ateneo de Manila University, Manila, Philippines
  442. 442. Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
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  444. 444. National Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS, Secretariat of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
  445. 445. Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  446. 446. Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  447. 447. National Institute of Health Research, Tehran, Iran
  448. 448. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  449. 449. University of Queensland, Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  450. 450. University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  451. 451. Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
  452. 452. CEU Cardinal Herrera University, Moncada, Spain
  453. 453. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Caucaia, Brazil
  454. 454. Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany
  455. 455. Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
  456. 456. Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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  458. 458. Public Health Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom
  459. 459. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
  460. 460. Queensland Brain Institute, London, United Kingdom
  461. 461. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  462. 462. Ipas Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
  463. 463. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  464. 464. Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
  465. 465. University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States
  466. 466. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  467. 467. United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
  468. 468. Department of Neurology, United States
  469. 469. Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, United States
  470. 470. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  471. 471. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  472. 472. Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
  473. 473. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  474. 474. Hunger Action Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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  476. 476. National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  477. 477. Nepal Development Society, Chitwan, Nepal
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  479. 479. ISHIK University, Erbil, Iraq
  480. 480. Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  481. 481. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Zaria, Nigeria
  482. 482. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  483. 483. Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
  484. 484. Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
  485. 485. Department of Community Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  486. 486. Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  487. 487. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  488. 488. Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
  489. 489. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, United States
  490. 490. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  491. 491. Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  492. 492. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
  493. 493. Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Hyderabad, India
  494. 494. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany, Hyderabad, India
  495. 495. Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, India
  496. 496. School of Medical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  497. 497. Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  498. 498. Social Work and Social Administration Department, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  499. 499. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
  500. 500. Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, Durban, South Africa
  501. 501. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, Durban, South Africa
  502. 502. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  503. 503. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  504. 504. Ministry of Public Health and Population, Sana'a, Yemen
  505. 505. Madras Medical College, Chennai, India
  506. 506. KEMRI Wellcome Trust, Kilif, Kenya
  507. 507. University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  508. 508. Department of Public Health, Semarang State University, Semarang City, Indonesia
  509. 509. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
  510. 510. Medical Diagnostic Centre, Yaounde, Cameroon
  511. 511. Rwanda Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
  512. 512. American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  513. 513. National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
  514. 514. Centre for Health Research, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  515. 515. Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  516. 516. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  517. 517. Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria
  518. 518. Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  519. 519. Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  520. 520. Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
  521. 521. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  522. 522. Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  523. 523. Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Uganda
  524. 524. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  525. 525. IIS- Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
  526. 526. Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  527. 527. YBank, Cambridge, MA, United States
  528. 528. St Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
  529. 529. Department of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria
  530. 530. Blossom Specialist Medical Center, Ibadan, Nigeria
  531. 531. JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, India
  532. 532. Christian Medical College Ludhiana, Ludhiana, India
  533. 533. Charite University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  534. 534. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  535. 535. Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, Karad, India
  536. 536. Krishan Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, School of Dental Sciences, Karad, India
  537. 537. Department of Community Health Sciences, Calgary, AB, Canada
  538. 538. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  539. 539. UK Department for International Development, Lalitpur, Nepal
  540. 540. REQUIMTE, LAQV, Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
  541. 541. Aalborg University, Aalborg Esst, Denmark
  542. 542. Department of Anesthesiology, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  543. 543. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  544. 544. Health Metrics Unit, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  545. 545. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  546. 546. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  547. 547. Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
  548. 548. Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
  549. 549. Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  550. 550. Intergrowth 21st Study Research Centre, Nagpur, India
  551. 551. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  552. 552. A T Still University, Kirksville, MO, United States
  553. 553. Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
  554. 554. Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  555. 555. Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  556. 556. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  557. 557. ERAWEB Program, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall, Tirol, Austria
  558. 558. Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
  559. 559. Health Science Foundation and Study Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
  560. 560. Schizophrenia Research Foundation, Chennai, India
  561. 561. Diabetes Research Society, Hyderabad, India
  562. 562. Diabetes Research Center, Hyderabad, India
  563. 563. Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale, Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  564. 564. Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  565. 565. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, United States
  566. 566. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  567. 567. Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  568. 568. RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
  569. 569. Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  570. 570. Campus MAR, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  571. 571. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  572. 572. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  573. 573. Universidad Tecnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador
  574. 574. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  575. 575. Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  576. 576. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  577. 577. Ballarat Health Service, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
  578. 578. Development Research and Projects Center, Abuja, Nigeria
  579. 579. Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India
  580. 580. Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  581. 581. J Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  582. 582. Department of Public Health, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  583. 583. School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
  584. 584. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  585. 585. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
  586. 586. Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Center for Health Technology and Services Research - CINTESIS, Porto, Portugal
  587. 587. Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  588. 588. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  589. 589. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  590. 590. Institute of Health Care and Social Sciences, FOM University, Essen, Germany
  591. 591. Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
  592. 592. Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  593. 593. South African Medical Research Council, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  594. 594. Charite Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  595. 595. Department of Public Health, An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
  596. 596. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  597. 597. George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  598. 598. Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
  599. 599. Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
  600. 600. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  601. 601. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  602. 602. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  603. 603. Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
  604. 604. University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  605. 605. Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  606. 606. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  607. 607. Brasilia University, Brasilia, Brazil
  608. 608. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  609. 609. Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India
  610. 610. Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  611. 611. Max Hospital, Gaziabad, India
  612. 612. School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
  613. 613. WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention, Noida, India
  614. 614. Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, United Kingdom
  615. 615. Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
  616. 616. King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  617. 617. University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon
  618. 618. Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
  619. 619. National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  620. 620. Department of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  621. 621. Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
  622. 622. University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
  623. 623. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  624. 624. South African Medical Research Council Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
  625. 625. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
  626. 626. Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  627. 627. Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  628. 628. Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
  629. 629. Ministry of Health, KSA, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  630. 630. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  631. 631. Department of Criminology, Law and Society, Sociology, and Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  632. 632. Grifth University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  633. 633. WSH Institute, Ministry of Manpower, Singapore, Singapore
  634. 634. Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
  635. 635. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
  636. 636. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  637. 637. Ethiopian Public Health Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  638. 638. New York Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States
  639. 639. Instituto Superior de Ciencias da Saude Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
  640. 640. Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
  641. 641. Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  642. 642. Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, United States
  643. 643. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  644. 644. School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  645. 645. Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India
  646. 646. Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
  647. 647. School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  648. 648. St John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
  649. 649. INSERM (French National Institute for Health and Medical Research), Paris, France
  650. 650. University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoca, Brazil
  651. 651. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  652. 652. Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  653. 653. Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  654. 654. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Fundacio Sant Joan de Deu, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
  655. 655. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  656. 656. School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
  657. 657. Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  658. 658. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  659. 659. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
  660. 660. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  661. 661. National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
  662. 662. Rafes Neuroscience Centre, Rafes Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  663. 663. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
  664. 664. VHS SNEHA, Chennai, India
  665. 665. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  666. 666. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  667. 667. National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  668. 668. VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
  669. 669. Neurology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  670. 670. University of Sao Paulo, Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  671. 671. McGill University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  672. 672. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway

Source: The Lancet Published:2017


Abstract

Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE difered from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs ofset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the fve lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs ofset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention eforts, and development assistance for health, including fnancial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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