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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Rheumatoid Arthritis, 1990–2020, and Projections to 2050: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Publisher



Black RJ1 ; Cross M3, 6 ; Haile LM7 ; Culbreth GT7 ; Steinmetz JD7 ; Hagins H7 ; Kopec JA10, 11 ; Brooks PM12 ; Woolf AD6, 13 ; Ong KL7 ; Kopanskygiles DR14, 17 ; Dreinhoefer KE6, 18 ; Betteridge N20 ; Aali A21 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Black RJ1
  2. Cross M3, 6
  3. Haile LM7
  4. Culbreth GT7
  5. Steinmetz JD7
  6. Hagins H7
  7. Kopec JA10, 11
  8. Brooks PM12
  9. Woolf AD6, 13
  10. Ong KL7
  11. Kopanskygiles DR14, 17
  12. Dreinhoefer KE6, 18
  13. Betteridge N20
  14. Aali A21
  15. Abbasifard M24, 25
  16. Abbasikangevari M27
  17. Abdurehman AM38
  18. Abedi A40
  19. Abidi H41
  20. Aboagye RG43
  21. Abolhassani H28, 45
  22. Abugharbieh E46
  23. Abuzaid A49, 50
  24. Adamu K51
  25. Addo IY52, 53
  26. Adesina MA54, 55
  27. Adnani QES59
  28. Afzal MS60
  29. Ahmed A62, 63
  30. Aithala JP64
  31. Akhlaghdoust M65, 66
  32. Alemayehu A69, 70
  33. Alvand S29
  34. Alviszakzuk NJ71, 72
  35. Amu H44
  36. Antony B74
  37. Arabloo J75
  38. Aravkin AY7, 8, 9
  39. Arulappan J78
  40. Ashraf T79
  41. Athari SS81
  42. Azadnajafabad S27
  43. Badawi A15, 82
  44. Baghcheghi N83
  45. Baig AA80
  46. Balta AB85
  47. Banach M91, 92
  48. Banik PC93
  49. Barrow A94, 95
  50. Bashiri A96
  51. Bearne LM99, 100
  52. Bekele A86
  53. Bensenor IM101
  54. Berhie AY102
  55. Bhagavathula AS103
  56. Bhardwaj P104, 105
  57. Bhat AN107
  58. Bhojaraja VS110
  59. Bitaraf S112
  60. Bodicha BBA87
  61. Botelho JS113
  62. Briggs AM114
  63. Buchbinder R115, 116
  64. Castanedaorjuela CA73, 117
  65. Charalampous P118
  66. Chattu VK16, 119
  67. Coberly K7
  68. Cruzmartins N120, 121
  69. Dadras O122, 123
  70. Dai X7, 9
  71. De Luca K124
  72. Dessalegn FN125
  73. Dessie G126
  74. Dhimal M128
  75. Digesa LE88
  76. Diress M127
  77. Doku PN129
  78. Edinur HA130
  79. Ekholuenetale M56, 57
  80. Elhadi M131
  81. Elsherbiny YM132, 133
  82. Etaee F135
  83. Ezzeddini R138
  84. Faghani S30
  85. Filip I139, 140
  86. Fischer F19
  87. Fukumoto T141
  88. Ganesan B142, 143
  89. Gebremichael MA89
  90. Gerema U144
  91. Getachew ME144, 145
  92. Ghashghaee A146
  93. Gill TK147
  94. Gupta B148
  95. Gupta S149
  96. Gupta VB150
  97. Gupta VK151
  98. Halwani R46, 47
  99. Hannan MA153, 154
  100. Haque S155
  101. Harlianto NI156, 157
  102. Harorani M158
  103. Hasaballah AI159
  104. Hassen MB7, 160
  105. Hay SI7, 9
  106. Hayat K161, 162
  107. Heidari G163
  108. Hezam K164, 165
  109. Hill CL2, 147
  110. Hiraike Y166
  111. Horita N167, 168
  112. Hoveidaei AH169
  113. Hsiao AK170
  114. Hsieh E136, 171
  115. Hussain S172, 173
  116. Iavicoli I175
  117. Ilic IM176
  118. Islam SMS4, 177
  119. Ismail NE178, 179
  120. Iwagami M180, 181
  121. Jakovljevic M182, 183
  122. Jani CT184
  123. Jeganathan J107
  124. Joseph N108
  125. Kadashetti V185
  126. Kandel H5, 186
  127. Kanko TK87
  128. Karaye IM187
  129. Khajuria H188
  130. Khan MJ189
  131. Khan MAB190, 191
  132. Khanali J27, 67
  133. Khatatbeh MM192
  134. Khubchandani J193
  135. Kim YJ194
  136. Kisa A195, 196
  137. Kolahi AA67
  138. Kompani F31
  139. Koohestani HR84
  140. Koyanagi A197
  141. Krishan K198
  142. Kuddus M199
  143. Kumar N200
  144. Kuttikkattu A201
  145. Larijani B32
  146. Lim SS7, 9
  147. Lo J7
  148. Machado VS113
  149. Mahajan PB202
  150. Majeed A203
  151. Rad EM33
  152. Malik AA80, 204
  153. Mansournia MA34
  154. Mathews E206
  155. Mendes JJ207
  156. Mentis AFA208
  157. Mesregah MK209
  158. Mestrovic T7, 210
  159. Mirghaderi SP35
  160. Mirrakhimov EM211, 212
  161. Misganaw A9, 160
  162. Mohamadkhani A36
  163. Mohammed S213, 214
  164. Mokdad AH7, 9
  165. Moniruzzaman M215
  166. Al Montasir A216, 217
  167. Mulu GB218
  168. Murillozamora E219, 220
  169. Murray CJL7, 9
  170. Mustafa G221, 223
  171. Naghavi M7, 9
  172. Nair TS224
  173. Naqvi AA225
  174. Natto ZS205, 226
  175. Nayak BP188
  176. Neupane S228
  177. Nguyen CT229
  178. Niazi RK230
  179. Nzoputam OJ231, 232
  180. Oh IH233
  181. Okatialiabad H234
  182. Okonji OC235
  183. Olufadewa II54, 57
  184. Owolabi MO58, 236
  185. Pachecobarrios K227, 237
  186. Padubidri JR238
  187. Patel J239, 240
  188. Pathan AR222, 241
  189. Pawar S137
  190. Pedersini P242
  191. Perianayagam A243
  192. Petcu IR244
  193. Qattea I245
  194. Radfar A246
  195. Rafiei A247, 248
  196. Ur Rahman MH249
  197. Rahmanian V250
  198. Rashedi V251
  199. Rashidi MM27, 67
  200. Ratan ZA252, 253
  201. Rawaf S203, 254
  202. Razeghinia MS255, 257
  203. Redwan EMM258, 259
  204. Renzaho AMN260, 261
  205. Rezaei N27
  206. Rezaei N27
  207. Riad A172, 174
  208. Saad AMA263
  209. Saddik B48
  210. Saeed U264, 265
  211. Safary A266
  212. Sahebazzamani M26, 256
  213. Sahebkar A22, 23
  214. Sahoo H243
  215. Farrokhi AS269
  216. Saqib MAN61, 270
  217. Seylani A271
  218. Shahabi S97
  219. Shaikh MA272
  220. Shashamo BB90
  221. Shetty A109
  222. Shetty JK111
  223. Shigematsu M273
  224. Shivarov V274, 275
  225. Shobeiri P37, 276
  226. Sibhat MM277
  227. Sinaei E98
  228. Singh A74
  229. Singh JA278, 279
  230. Singh P280
  231. Singh S106
  232. Siraj MS281
  233. Skryabina AA282
  234. Slater H114
  235. Smith AE7
  236. Solomon Y283
  237. Soltanizangbar MS267
  238. Tabish M222
  239. Tan KK284
  240. Tat NY285, 286
  241. Tehranibanihashemi A76, 77
  242. Tharwat S134
  243. Tovanipalone MR287, 288
  244. Tusa BS39
  245. Tahbaz SV289, 290
  246. Valdez PR291, 292
  247. Valizadeh R293
  248. Vaziri S294
  249. Vollset SE7, 9
  250. Wu AM295
  251. Yada DY7
  252. Yehualashet SS218
  253. Yonemoto N296, 297
  254. You Y5, 152
  255. Yunusa I298
  256. Zangiabadian M68
  257. Zare I299
  258. Zarrintan A268
  259. Zhang ZI300
  260. Zhong C301
  261. Zoladl M42
  262. Vos T7, 9
  263. March LM3, 302
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  2. 2. Department of Rheumatology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, Australia
  3. 3. Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  4. 4. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  5. 5. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  6. 6. Global Alliance for Musculoskeletal Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  7. 7. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  8. 8. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  9. 9. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  10. 10. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  11. 11. Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada
  12. 12. Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  13. 13. Bone and Joint Research Group, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom
  14. 14. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  15. 15. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  16. 16. Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  17. 17. Department of Research and Innovation, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, ON, Canada
  18. 18. Center of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  19. 19. Institute of Public Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  20. 20. London, United Kingdom
  21. 21. Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  22. 22. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  23. 23. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  24. 24. Department of Internal Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  25. 25. Clinical Research Development Unit, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  26. 26. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  27. 27. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  30. 30. Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  31. 31. Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  32. 32. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  33. 33. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  34. 34. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  35. 35. Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  36. 36. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  38. 38. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  39. 39. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  40. 40. Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  41. 41. Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  42. 42. Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  43. 43. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  44. 44. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  45. 45. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  46. 46. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  47. 47. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  48. 48. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  49. 49. Department of Surgery, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  50. 50. College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
  51. 51. Department of Health System Management, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  52. 52. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  53. 53. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  54. 54. Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
  55. 55. Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  56. 56. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  57. 57. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  58. 58. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  59. 59. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  60. 60. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  61. 61. School of Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  62. 62. Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  63. 63. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  64. 64. Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
  65. 65. Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  66. 66. USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  67. 67. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  68. 68. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  69. 69. Department of Public Health, Harar Health Science College, Harar, Ethiopia
  70. 70. Department of Public Health, Rift Valley University, Harar, Ethiopia
  71. 71. Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  72. 72. National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  73. 73. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  74. 74. Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
  75. 75. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  76. 76. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  77. 77. Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  78. 78. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  79. 79. University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  80. 80. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  81. 81. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  82. 82. Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  83. 83. Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  84. 84. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  85. 85. Department of Clinical Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  86. 86. Department of Medical Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  87. 87. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  88. 88. Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  89. 89. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  90. 90. Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  91. 91. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  92. 92. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  93. 93. Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  94. 94. Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  95. 95. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  96. 96. Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  97. 97. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  98. 98. Department of Physical Therapy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  99. 99. Population Health Research Institute, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  100. 100. Centre for Engagement and Dissemination, National Institute for Health Research, London, United Kingdom
  101. 101. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  102. 102. School of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  103. 103. Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
  104. 104. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  105. 105. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  106. 106. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  107. 107. Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  108. 108. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  109. 109. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  110. 110. Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
  111. 111. Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
  112. 112. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  113. 113. Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigacao Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (Egas Moniz Interdisciplinary Research Center), Monte da Caparica, Portugal
  114. 114. School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  115. 115. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  116. 116. Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Hospital, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  117. 117. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  118. 118. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  119. 119. Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  120. 120. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Monte da Caparica, Portugal
  121. 121. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  122. 122. Section of Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  123. 123. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  124. 124. Chiropractic Discipline, CQ University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  125. 125. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
  126. 126. Biochemistry Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  127. 127. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  128. 128. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  129. 129. School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  130. 130. School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  131. 131. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  132. 132. Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  133. 133. Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  134. 134. Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  135. 135. Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  136. 136. Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  137. 137. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  138. 138. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  139. 139. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  140. 140. School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  141. 141. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  142. 142. School of Global Health, Institute of Health & Management, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  143. 143. Department of Occupational Therapy, Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India
  144. 144. Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  145. 145. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  146. 146. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  147. 147. Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  148. 148. Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  149. 149. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
  150. 150. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  151. 151. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  152. 152. Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  153. 153. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  154. 154. Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
  155. 155. Research & Scientific Studies Unit, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  156. 156. Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  157. 157. Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
  158. 158. Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  159. 159. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  160. 160. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  161. 161. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  162. 162. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  163. 163. Santa Clara, CA, United States
  164. 164. Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  165. 165. School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  166. 166. Division for Health Service Promotion, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  167. 167. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
  168. 168. National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  169. 169. Sinai Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
  170. 170. Outpatient Rehabilitation, Southcoast Health Tobey Hospital, Wareham, MA, United States
  171. 171. Rheumatology Department, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
  172. 172. Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  173. 173. Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  174. 174. Department of Public Health, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  175. 175. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  176. 176. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  177. 177. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  178. 178. Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Kedah, Malaysia
  179. 179. Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia
  180. 180. Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  181. 181. Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  182. 182. Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
  183. 183. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  184. 184. Department of Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
  185. 185. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  186. 186. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  187. 187. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  188. 188. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  189. 189. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  190. 190. Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  191. 191. Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
  192. 192. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  193. 193. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  194. 194. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  195. 195. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  196. 196. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  197. 197. San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Barcelona, Spain
  198. 198. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  199. 199. Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  200. 200. Department of Orthopaedics, Medanta Hospital, Lucknow, India
  201. 201. Department of Nephrology, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, India
  202. 202. Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Karaikal, India
  203. 203. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  204. 204. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  205. 205. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  206. 206. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  207. 207. Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigacao Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (Egas Moniz Interdisciplinary Research Center), Monte de Caparica, Portugal
  208. 208. International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
  209. 209. Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
  210. 210. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  211. 211. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  212. 212. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  213. 213. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  214. 214. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  215. 215. Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  216. 216. Department of Medicine, TMSS Medical College, Bogura, Bangladesh
  217. 217. Department of Medicine, Sofia Ismail Memorial Medical Centre, Bogura, Bangladesh
  218. 218. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  219. 219. Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico
  220. 220. Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
  221. 221. Department of Pediatrics, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  222. 222. Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  223. 223. Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  224. 224. Health Workforce Department, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
  225. 225. School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
  226. 226. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  227. 227. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  228. 228. Department of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
  229. 229. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  230. 230. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  231. 231. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
  232. 232. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
  233. 233. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  234. 234. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  235. 235. School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  236. 236. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  237. 237. Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
  238. 238. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  239. 239. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  240. 240. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  241. 241. Research Consultancy, Author Gate Publications, Malegaon, India
  242. 242. Clinical Research Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
  243. 243. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  244. 244. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  245. 245. Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  246. 246. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  247. 247. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  248. 248. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  249. 249. Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  250. 250. Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran
  251. 251. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  252. 252. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
  253. 253. School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
  254. 254. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  255. 255. Department of Immunology and Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
  256. 256. Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
  257. 257. Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  258. 258. Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  259. 259. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  260. 260. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  261. 261. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  262. 262. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran
  263. 263. Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
  264. 264. Multidisciplinary Laboratory, Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  265. 265. International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
  266. 266. Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  267. 267. Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  268. 268. Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  269. 269. Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
  270. 270. Research Development Coordination Section, Pakistan Health Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan
  271. 271. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  272. 272. Karachi, Pakistan
  273. 273. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  274. 274. Clinical Immunology and Hematology, Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
  275. 275. Department of Genetics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridiski�, Sofia, Bulgaria
  276. 276. Department of International Studies, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  277. 277. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  278. 278. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  279. 279. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  280. 280. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  281. 281. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  282. 282. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  283. 283. Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  284. 284. Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  285. 285. Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
  286. 286. Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States
  287. 287. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
  288. 288. College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
  289. 289. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  290. 290. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  291. 291. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  292. 292. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  293. 293. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  294. 294. Department of Infectious Disease, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  295. 295. Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
  296. 296. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  297. 297. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  298. 298. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  299. 299. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  300. 300. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  301. 301. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  302. 302. Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia

Source: The Lancet Rheumatology Published:2023


Abstract

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease associated with disability and premature death. Up-to-date estimates of the burden of rheumatoid arthritis are required for health-care planning, resource allocation, and prevention. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, we provide updated estimates of the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and its associated deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age, sex, year, and location, with forecasted prevalence to 2050. Methods: Rheumatoid arthritis prevalence was estimated in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020 using Bayesian meta-regression models and data from population-based studies and medical claims data (98 prevalence and 25 incidence studies). Mortality was estimated from vital registration data with the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm). Years of life lost (YLL) were calculated with use of standard GBD lifetables, and years lived with disability (YLDs) were estimated from prevalence, a meta-analysed distribution of rheumatoid arthritis severity, and disability weights. DALYs were calculated by summing YLLs and YLDs. Smoking was the only risk factor analysed. Rheumatoid arthritis prevalence was forecast to 2050 by logistic regression with Socio-Demographic Index as a predictor, then multiplying by projected population estimates. Findings: In 2020, an estimated 17·6 million (95% uncertainty interval 15·8–20·3) people had rheumatoid arthritis worldwide. The age-standardised global prevalence rate was 208·8 cases (186·8–241·1) per 100 000 population, representing a 14·1% (12·7–15·4) increase since 1990. Prevalence was higher in females (age-standardised female-to-male prevalence ratio 2·45 [2·40–2·47]). The age-standardised death rate was 0·47 (0·41–0·54) per 100 000 population (38 300 global deaths [33 500–44 000]), a 23·8% (17·5–29·3) decrease from 1990 to 2020. The 2020 DALY count was 3 060 000 (2 320 000–3 860 000), with an age-standardised DALY rate of 36·4 (27·6–45·9) per 100 000 population. YLDs accounted for 76·4% (68·3–81·0) of DALYs. Smoking risk attribution for rheumatoid arthritis DALYs was 7·1% (3·6–10·3). We forecast that 31·7 million (25·8–39·0) individuals will be living with rheumatoid arthritis worldwide by 2050. Interpretation: Rheumatoid arthritis mortality has decreased globally over the past three decades. Global age-standardised prevalence rate and YLDs have increased over the same period, and the number of cases is projected to continue to increase to the year 2050. Improved access to early diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis globally is required to reduce the future burden of the disease. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, and Global Alliance for Musculoskeletal Health. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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