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Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived With Disability for 328 Diseases and Injuries for 195 Countries, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Publisher Pubmed



Vos T1 ; Abajobir AA4 ; Abbafati C8 ; Abbas KM9 ; Abdallah F10 ; Abdulle AM11 ; Abebo TA12 ; Abera SF13, 18 ; Aboyans V19 ; Aburaddad LJ20 ; Ackerman IN21 ; Adamu AA24 ; Adetokunboh O26 ; Afarideh M90 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Vos T1
  2. Abajobir AA4
  3. Abbafati C8
  4. Abbas KM9
  5. Abdallah F10
  6. Abdulle AM11
  7. Abebo TA12
  8. Abera SF13, 18
  9. Aboyans V19
  10. Aburaddad LJ20
  11. Ackerman IN21
  12. Adamu AA24
  13. Adetokunboh O26
  14. Afarideh M90
  15. Afshin A1
  16. Agarwal SK27
  17. Aggarwal R28
  18. Agrawal A29, 30
  19. Agrawal S33
  20. Ahmad Kiadaliri A34
  21. Ahmadieh H36, 39
  22. Ahmed MB40
  23. Aichour AN42
  24. Aichour I43
  25. Aichour MTE44
  26. Aiyar S1
  27. Akinyemi RO45, 46
  28. Akseer N47, 48
  29. Al Lami FH51
  30. Alahdab F52, 53
  31. Alaly Z54
  32. Alam K55, 59, 61
  33. Alam N62
  34. Alam T1
  35. Alasfoor D63
  36. Alene KA64, 67
  37. Ali R75
  38. Alizadehnavaei R76
  39. Alkerwi A77
  40. Alla F78
  41. Allebeck P112
  42. Allen C1
  43. Almaskari F79
  44. Alraddadi R80
  45. Alsharif U82
  46. Alsowaidi S79
  47. Altirkawi KA83
  48. Amare AT84, 86
  49. Amini E88, 89
  50. Ammar W104
  51. Amoako YA105
  52. Andersen HH106
  53. Antonio CAT108
  54. Anwari P109
  55. Arnlov J110, 114
  56. Artaman A115
  57. Aryal KK116, 117
  58. Asayesh H118
  59. Asgedom SW17
  60. Assadi R119
  61. Atey TM17
  62. Atnafu NT120
  63. Atre SR121, 123
  64. Avilaburgos L124
  65. Avokpaho EFGA125, 126
  66. Awasthi A127
  67. Ayala Quintanilla BP128, 129
  68. Ba Saleem HO130
  69. Bacha U131
  70. Badawi A49, 132
  71. Balakrishnan K133
  72. Banerjee A134
  73. Bannick MS1
  74. Barac A137
  75. Barber RM1
  76. Barkercollo SL139
  77. Barnighausen T140, 142, 143
  78. Barquera S124
  79. Barregard L144
  80. Barrero LH145
  81. Basu S146
  82. Battista B147
  83. Battle KE69
  84. Baune BT84
  85. Bazarganhejazi S148, 149
  86. Beardsley J150
  87. Bedi N151
  88. Beghi E152
  89. Bejot Y153
  90. Bekele BB65, 154
  91. Bell ML155
  92. Bennett DA71
  93. Bensenor IM158
  94. Benson J1
  95. Berhane A159
  96. Berhe DF14, 161
  97. Bernabe E165
  98. Betsu BD17
  99. Beuran M166, 167
  100. Beyene AS168
  101. Bhala N170, 171
  102. Bhansali A172
  103. Bhatt S173
  104. Bhutta ZA47, 177
  105. Biadgilign S178
  106. Bienhoff K1
  107. Bikbov B179
  108. Birungi C136
  109. Biryukov S1
  110. Bisanzio D72
  111. Bizuayehu HM181
  112. Boneya DJ180
  113. Boufous S182
  114. Bourne RRA186
  115. Brazinova A187
  116. Brugha TS188
  117. Buchbinder R21, 189
  118. Bulto LNB169
  119. Bumgarner BR1
  120. Butt ZA190
  121. Cahuanahurtado L124
  122. Cameron E70
  123. Car M176, 191
  124. Carabin H192
  125. Carapetis JR193
  126. Cardenas R194
  127. Carpenter DO195
  128. Carrero JJ111
  129. Carter A1
  130. Carvalho F196
  131. Casey DC1
  132. Caso V200
  133. Castanedaorjuela CA201, 202
  134. Castle CD1
  135. Catalalopez F203, 204
  136. Chang HY205, 206
  137. Chang JC207
  138. Charlson FJ1, 4, 208
  139. Chen H209
  140. Chibalabala M210
  141. Chibueze CE211
  142. Chisumpa VH212, 213
  143. Chitheer AA214
  144. Christopher DJ215
  145. Ciobanu LG84
  146. Cirillo M216
  147. Colombara D1
  148. Cooper C73, 217, 218
  149. Cortesi PA219
  150. Criqui MH221
  151. Crump JA222
  152. Dadi AF66, 224
  153. Dalal K225
  154. Dandona L1, 33
  155. Dandona R1, 33
  156. Das Neves J197
  157. Davitoiu DV166
  158. De Courten B23
  159. De Leo D226
  160. Degenhardt L1, 183
  161. Deiparine S1
  162. Dellavalle RP227
  163. Deribe K228, 229
  164. Des Jarlais DC231, 232
  165. Dey S31
  166. Dharmaratne SD233
  167. Dhillon PK33
  168. Dicker D1
  169. Ding EL140
  170. Djalalinia S234
  171. Do HP235
  172. Dorsey ER236
  173. Dos Santos KPB237
  174. Douwesschultz D1
  175. Doyle KE68, 238
  176. Driscoll TR60
  177. Dubey M239
  178. Duncan BB240, 241
  179. Elkhatib ZZ112, 242
  180. Ellerstrand J4
  181. Enayati A243
  182. Endries AY244
  183. Ermakov SP245, 246
  184. Erskine HE1, 4, 208
  185. Eshrati B247, 248
  186. Eskandarieh S249
  187. Esteghamati A90
  188. Estep K1
  189. Fanuel FBB250, 251
  190. Farinha CSES252, 253
  191. Faro A254
  192. Farzadfar F89
  193. Fazeli MS147
  194. Feigin VL255
  195. Fereshtehnejad SM110
  196. Fernandes JC256
  197. Ferrari AJ1, 4, 208
  198. Feyissa TR257
  199. Filip I258
  200. Fischer F259
  201. Fitzmaurice C1, 2, 260
  202. Flaxman AD1
  203. Flor LS261, 262
  204. Foigt N263
  205. Foreman KJ1
  206. Franklin RC264
  207. Fullman N1
  208. Furst T173, 265, 267
  209. Furtado JM268
  210. Futran ND3
  211. Gakidou E1
  212. Ganji M103
  213. Garciabasteiro AL269, 270
  214. Gebre T271
  215. Gebrehiwot TT41
  216. Geleto A169, 272
  217. Gemechu BL273
  218. Gesesew HA41, 224
  219. Gething PW74
  220. Ghajar A91
  221. Gibney KB274
  222. Gill PS275
  223. Gillum RF276
  224. Ginawi IAM277
  225. Giref AZ230
  226. Gishu MD169, 278
  227. Giussani G152
  228. Godwin WW1
  229. Gold AL1
  230. Goldberg EM1
  231. Gona PN279
  232. Goodridge A280
  233. Gopalani SV281
  234. Goto A282
  235. Goulart AC156, 283
  236. Griswold M1
  237. Gugnani HC284
  238. Gupta R285
  239. Gupta R285
  240. Gupta T287, 288
  241. Gupta V289
  242. Hafezinejad N90
  243. Hailu AD229, 292
  244. Hailu GB17, 293
  245. Hamadeh RR294
  246. Hamidi S295
  247. Handal AJ296
  248. Hankey GJ297, 298, 299
  249. Hao Y300
  250. Harb HL104
  251. Hareri HA230
  252. Haro JM301
  253. Harvey J1
  254. Hassanvand MS92
  255. Havmoeller R113
  256. Hawley C1
  257. Hay RJ70, 165, 302
  258. Hay SI1
  259. Henry NJ1
  260. Herediapi IB124
  261. Heydarpour P93
  262. Hoek HW162, 303
  263. Hoffman HJ305
  264. Horita N307
  265. Hosgood HD288
  266. Hostiuc S166
  267. Hotez PJ308
  268. Hoy DG309
  269. Htet AS117, 310
  270. Hu G311
  271. Huang H312
  272. Huynh C1
  273. Iburg KM314
  274. Igumbor EU315, 316
  275. Ikeda C1
  276. Irvine CMS1
  277. Jacobsen KH317
  278. Jahanmehr N37
  279. Jakovljevic MB1, 318
  280. Jassal SK220
  281. Javanbakht M319
  282. Jayaraman SP320
  283. Jeemon P32, 321
  284. Jensen PN3
  285. Jha V75, 322
  286. Jiang G323
  287. John D324
  288. Johnson CO1
  289. Johnson SC1
  290. Jonas JB325
  291. Jurisson M326
  292. Kabir Z327
  293. Kadel R328
  294. Kahsay A17
  295. Kamal R329
  296. Kan H331
  297. Karam NE332
  298. Karch A333, 334
  299. Karema CK266, 335
  300. Kasaeian A90, 94
  301. Kassa GM181
  302. Kassaw NA230
  303. Kassebaum NJ1, 336
  304. Kastor A239
  305. Katikireddi SV337
  306. Kaul A338
  307. Kawakami N339
  308. Keiyoro PN340, 341
  309. Kengne AP343, 345, 494
  310. Keren A346
  311. Khader YS347
  312. Khalil IA1
  313. Khan EA348
  314. Khang YH349, 350
  315. Khosravi A89, 351
  316. Khubchandani J352
  317. Kieling C240, 353
  318. Kim D354
  319. Kim P1
  320. Kim YJ355
  321. Kimokoti RW356
  322. Kinfu Y357
  323. Kisa A358
  324. Kissimovaskarbek KA360
  325. Kivimaki M135, 361
  326. Knudsen AK290, 364
  327. Kokubo Y366
  328. Kolte D367
  329. Kopec JA368
  330. Kosen S369
  331. Koul PA370
  332. Koyanagi A371
  333. Kravchenko M372
  334. Krishnaswami S373
  335. Krohn KJ1
  336. Kuate Defo B374
  337. Kucuk Bicer B375
  338. Kumar GA33
  339. Kumar P239
  340. Kumar S376
  341. Kyu HH1
  342. Lal DK33
  343. Lalloo R5
  344. Lambert N377
  345. Lan Q378
  346. Larsson A379
  347. Lavados PM380
  348. Leasher JL381
  349. Lee JT383
  350. Lee PH384
  351. Leigh J61
  352. Leshargie CT181
  353. Leung J3, 4
  354. Leung R385
  355. Levi M386
  356. Li Y387
  357. Li Y387
  358. Li Kappe D1
  359. Liang X389
  360. Liben ML391
  361. Lim SS1
  362. Linn S392
  363. Liu A1
  364. Liu PY1
  365. Liu S388
  366. Liu Y393
  367. Lodha R27
  368. Logroscino G394
  369. London SJ395
  370. Looker KJ396
  371. Lopez AD56
  372. Lorkowski S397, 398
  373. Lotufo PA158
  374. Low N399
  375. Lozano R1, 124
  376. Lucas TCD70
  377. Macarayan ERK141, 400
  378. Magdy Abd El Razek H401
  379. Magdy Abd El Razek M402
  380. Mahdavi M95, 403
  381. Majdan M404
  382. Majdzadeh R96, 405
  383. Majeed A174
  384. Malekzadeh R97
  385. Malhotra R27
  386. Malta DC406
  387. Mamun AA407
  388. Manguerra H1
  389. Manhertz T1
  390. Mantilla A4
  391. Mantovani LG408
  392. Mapoma CC212
  393. Marczak LB1
  394. Martinezraga J213, 410
  395. Martinsmelo FR411
  396. Martopullo I1
  397. Marz W412, 413
  398. Mathur MR33, 136
  399. Mazidi M414
  400. Mcalinden C415, 416
  401. Mcgaughey M1
  402. Mcgrath JJ6, 313
  403. Mckee M417
  404. Mcnellan C1
  405. Mehata S418
  406. Mehndiratta MM419
  407. Mekonnen TC420
  408. Memiah P421
  409. Memish ZA422, 423
  410. Mendoza W424
  411. Mengistie MA41
  412. Mengistu DT15
  413. Mensah GA306
  414. Meretoja A57, 425
  415. Meretoja TJ363, 426
  416. Mezgebe HB17
  417. Micha R427
  418. Millear A1
  419. Miller TR429, 430
  420. Mills EJ431
  421. Mirarefin M1, 432
  422. Mirrakhimov EM433, 434
  423. Misganaw A1
  424. Mishra SR7, 435
  425. Mitchell PB185
  426. Mohammad KA436, 437
  427. Mohammadi A438
  428. Mohammed KE15
  429. Mohammed S143, 439
  430. Mohanty SK239
  431. Mokdad AH1
  432. Mollenkopf SK1
  433. Monasta L441
  434. Hernandez JM124
  435. Montico M441
  436. Moradilakeh M443
  437. Moraga P446
  438. Mori R447
  439. Morozoff C1
  440. Morrison SD3
  441. Moses M1
  442. Mountjoyvenning C1
  443. Mruts KB160
  444. Mueller UO450
  445. Muller K1
  446. Murdoch ME451
  447. Murthy GVS31, 417
  448. Musa KI452
  449. Nachega JB26, 453, 454
  450. Nagel G455
  451. Naghavi M1
  452. Naheed A456
  453. Naidoo KS459
  454. Naldi L460
  455. Nangia V461
  456. Natarajan G462
  457. Negasa DE169
  458. Negoi I166, 167
  459. Negoi RI166
  460. Newton CR463
  461. Ngunjiri JW464
  462. Nguyen CT235
  463. Nguyen G1
  464. Nguyen M1
  465. Nguyen QL235
  466. Nguyen TH235
  467. Nichols E1
  468. Ningrum DNA465, 466
  469. Nolte S81, 467
  470. Nong VM235
  471. Norrving B35
  472. Noubiap JJN345, 469
  473. Odonnell MJ470
  474. Ogbo FA471
  475. Oh IH473
  476. Okoro A474
  477. Oladimeji O475
  478. Olagunju AT85, 476, 477
  479. Olagunju TO478, 480
  480. Olsen HE1
  481. Olusanya BO481
  482. Olusanya JO481
  483. Ong K1
  484. Opio JN482
  485. Oren E483
  486. Ortiz A484
  487. Osgoodzimmerman A1
  488. Osman M485, 549
  489. Owolabi MO486, 487
  490. Pa M488
  491. Pacella RE489, 490
  492. Pana A489, 490
  493. Panda BK239
  494. Papachristou C491
  495. Park EK492
  496. Parry CD25, 493
  497. Parsaeian M89, 98
  498. Patten SB495
  499. Patton GC58
  500. Paulson K1
  501. Pearce N417
  502. Pereira DM497
  503. Perico N179
  504. Pesudovs K224
  505. Peterson CB107
  506. Petzold M498, 499
  507. Phillips MR393, 500
  508. Pigott DM1
  509. Pillay JD501
  510. Pinho C1
  511. Plass D502
  512. Pletcher MA1
  513. Popova S50
  514. Poulton RG223
  515. Pourmalek F368
  516. Prabhakaran D321
  517. Prasad N503
  518. Prasad NM504, 505
  519. Purcell C1
  520. Qorbani M506
  521. Quansah R507, 508
  522. Rabiee RHS112
  523. Radfar A509
  524. Rafay A510, 511
  525. Rahimi K75
  526. Rahimimovaghar A99
  527. Rahimimovaghar V100
  528. Rahman M512
  529. Rahman MHU239
  530. Rai RK513
  531. Rajsic S514
  532. Ram U239
  533. Ranabhat CL515, 516
  534. Rankin Z1
  535. Rao PV517, 518
  536. Rao PC1
  537. Rawaf S176
  538. Ray SE1
  539. Reiner RC1
  540. Reinig N1
  541. Reitsma MB1
  542. Remuzzi G179, 519, 520
  543. Renzaho AMN472
  544. Resnikoff S184
  545. Rezaei S521
  546. Ribeiro AL108, 522
  547. Ronfani L441
  548. Roshandel G97, 523
  549. Roth GA1
  550. Roy A27
  551. Rubagotti E524
  552. Ruhago GM525
  553. Saadat S100
  554. Sadat N1
  555. Safdarian M100
  556. Safi S38
  557. Safiri S526
  558. Sagar R27
  559. Sahathevan R527, 528
  560. Salama J1
  561. Salomon JA140
  562. Salvi SS529
  563. Samy AM530
  564. Sanabria JR531, 532
  565. Santomauro D1, 4, 208
  566. Santos IS157
  567. Santos JV198, 533
  568. Santric Milicevic MM138
  569. Sartorius B342, 457
  570. Satpathy M534, 551
  571. Sawhney M531
  572. Saxena S176
  573. Schmidt MI240
  574. Schneider IJC535
  575. Schottker B536, 537
  576. Schwebel DC538
  577. Schwendicke F539
  578. Seedat S26
  579. Sepanlou SG97
  580. Servanmori EE124
  581. Setegn T87
  582. Shackelford KA1
  583. Shaheen A540
  584. Shaikh MA541
  585. Shamsipour M101
  586. Shariful Islam SM456, 542
  587. Sharma J543
  588. Sharma R544
  589. She J330
  590. Shi P428
  591. Shields C1
  592. Shigematsu M545, 546
  593. Shinohara Y547
  594. Shiri R362
  595. Shirkoohi R102
  596. Shirude S1
  597. Shishani K548
  598. Shrime MG549
  599. Sibai AM550
  600. Sigfusdottir ID534, 551
  601. Silva DAS552
  602. Silva JP199
  603. Silveira DGA553
  604. Singh JA538
  605. Singh NP554
  606. Sinha DN555, 556
  607. Skiadaresi E557, 558
  608. Skirbekk V304, 365
  609. Slepak EL1
  610. Sligar A1
  611. Smith DL1
  612. Smith M1
  613. Sobaih BHA83, 559
  614. Sobngwi E560, 561
  615. Sorensen RJD1
  616. Sousa TCM562
  617. Sposato LA479
  618. Sreeramareddy CT563
  619. Srinivasan V1
  620. Stanaway JD1
  621. Stathopoulou V564
  622. Steel N565, 566
  623. Stein DJ344, 567
  624. Stein MB221
  625. Steiner C1
  626. Steiner TJ175, 568
  627. Steinke S569
  628. Stokes MA468
  629. Stovner LJ568, 570
  630. Strub B1
  631. Subart M1
  632. Sufiyan MB440
  633. Suliankatchi Abdulkader R571
  634. Sunguya BF525
  635. Sur PJ1
  636. Swaminathan S572
  637. Sykes BL573
  638. Sylte DO1
  639. Tabaresseisdedos R203
  640. Taffere GR16
  641. Takala JS574, 575
  642. Tandon N27
  643. Tavakkoli M576
  644. Taveira N577, 578
  645. Taylor HR59
  646. Tehranibanihashemi A442, 444
  647. Tekelab T257, 272
  648. Temam Shifa G230, 244
  649. Terkawi AS579, 580, 581
  650. Tesfaye DJ12
  651. Tesssema B66
  652. Thamsuwan O1
  653. Thomas KE1
  654. Thrift AG22
  655. Tiruye TY181
  656. Tobegai R583
  657. Tollanes MC292, 584
  658. Tonelli M496
  659. Topormadry R359, 585
  660. Tortajada M409, 586
  661. Touvier M587
  662. Tran BX122, 588
  663. Troeger C1
  664. Truelsen T589
  665. Tsoi D1
  666. Tuem KB17
  667. Tuzcu EM582
  668. Tyrovolas S590
  669. Ukwaja KN591
  670. Undurraga EA592
  671. Uneke CJ593
  672. Updike R1
  673. Uthman OA594
  674. Uzochukwu BSC595
  675. Van Boven JFM163
  676. Varughese S215
  677. Vasankari T596
  678. Venkatesh S597
  679. Venketasubramanian N598
  680. Vidavalur R599
  681. Violante FS600
  682. Vladimirov SK601
  683. Vlassov VV602
  684. Vollset SE1, 291, 364
  685. Wadilo F251
  686. Wakayo T41
  687. Wang YP603
  688. Weaver M1
  689. Weichenthal S604
  690. Weiderpass E111, 605, 606, 607
  691. Weintraub RG59, 608, 609
  692. Werdecker A448
  693. Westerman R449, 610
  694. Whiteford HA1, 4, 208
  695. Wijeratne T59, 611
  696. Wiysonge CS26, 612
  697. Wolfe CDA164, 613
  698. Woodbrook R1
  699. Woolf AD614
  700. Workicho A41, 615
  701. Wulf Hanson S1
  702. Xavier D616
  703. Xu G617
  704. Yadgir S1
  705. Yaghoubi M445, 618
  706. Yakob B458
  707. Yan LL619
  708. Yano Y620
  709. Ye P388
  710. Yimam HH120
  711. Yip P621, 622
  712. Yonemoto N623
  713. Yoon SJ382
  714. Yotebieng M624, 625
  715. Younis MZ626
  716. Zaidi Z627
  717. Zaki MES628
  718. Zegeye EA459, 629
  719. Zenebe ZM17
  720. Zhang X630, 631
  721. Zhou M1, 388
  722. Zipkin B1
  723. Zodpey S33
  724. Zuhlke LJ631
  725. Murray CJL1
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Center for Health Trends and Forecasts, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, United States
  2. 2. Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, United States
  3. 3. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. School of Public Health, United States
  5. 5. School of Dentistry, United States
  6. 6. Queensland Brain Institute, Australia
  7. 7. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  8. 8. La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  9. 9. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
  10. 10. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  11. 11. New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  12. 12. Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  13. 13. School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, United States
  14. 14. School of Pharmacy, United States
  15. 15. College of Health Sciences, United States
  16. 16. School of Public Healths, United States
  17. 17. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  18. 18. Food Security and Institute for Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
  19. 19. Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
  20. 20. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  21. 21. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, United States
  22. 22. Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Australia
  23. 23. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  24. 24. Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Kano, Nigeria
  25. 25. Department of Psychiatry, United States
  26. 26. Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  27. 27. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  28. 28. Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  29. 29. CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
  30. 30. Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  31. 31. Indian Institute of Public Health, India
  32. 32. Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, India
  33. 33. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  34. 34. Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  35. 35. Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  36. 36. Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  38. 38. Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  39. 39. Department of Ophthalmology, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
  40. 40. Department of Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences, United States
  41. 41. Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  42. 42. University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  43. 43. National Institute of Nursing Education, Setif, Algeria
  44. 44. High National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria
  45. 45. University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  46. 46. Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
  47. 47. Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
  48. 48. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Canada
  49. 49. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Canada
  50. 50. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  51. 51. Baghdad College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq
  52. 52. Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  53. 53. Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, United States
  54. 54. Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  55. 55. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Australia
  56. 56. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Australia
  57. 57. Department of Medicine, Australia
  58. 58. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Australia
  59. 59. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  60. 60. Sydney School of Public Health, Australia
  61. 61. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  62. 62. Department of Health, Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  63. 63. Ministry of Health, Al Khuwair, Oman
  64. 64. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, United States
  65. 65. College of Medical and Health Sciences, United States
  66. 66. University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  67. 67. Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australia
  68. 68. Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  69. 69. Malaria Atlas Project, United Kingdom
  70. 70. Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, United Kingdom
  71. 71. Nuffield Department of Population Health, United Kingdom
  72. 72. Nuffield Department of Medicine, United Kingdom
  73. 73. NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
  74. 74. Department of Zoology, United Kingdom
  75. 75. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  76. 76. Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  77. 77. Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
  78. 78. School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
  79. 79. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  80. 80. Joint Program of Family and Community Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  81. 81. Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, United States
  82. 82. Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
  83. 83. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  84. 84. School of Medicine, United States
  85. 85. Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  86. 86. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United States
  87. 87. Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  88. 88. Uro-Oncology Research Center, United States
  89. 89. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, United States
  90. 90. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, United States
  91. 91. Department of Internal Medicine, United States
  92. 92. Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, United States
  93. 93. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, United States
  94. 94. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, United States
  95. 95. Institute of Health Policy and Management, United States
  96. 96. Knowledge Utilization Research Center, United States
  97. 97. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, United States
  98. 98. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, United States
  99. 99. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iran
  100. 100. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Iran
  101. 101. Institute for Environmental Research, Iran
  102. 102. Cancer Research Center, Iran
  103. 103. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  104. 104. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  105. 105. Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
  106. 106. Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Denmark
  107. 107. Aalborg University, Aalborg Esst, Denmark
  108. 108. Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  109. 109. Kabul, Afghanistan
  110. 110. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, United States
  111. 111. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States
  112. 112. Department of Public Health Sciences, United States
  113. 113. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  114. 114. School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  115. 115. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  116. 116. Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  117. 117. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  118. 118. Department of Medical Emergency, School of Paramedic, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  119. 119. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  120. 120. Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  121. 121. Centre for Clinical Global Health Education (CCGHE), United States
  122. 122. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  123. 123. Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Pune, India
  124. 124. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  125. 125. Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin
  126. 126. Laboratoire D'Etudes et de Recherche-Action en Sante (LERAS Afrique), Parakou, Benin
  127. 127. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  128. 128. Judith Lumley Centre for Mother, Infant and Family Health Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  129. 129. Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
  130. 130. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aden University, Aden, Yemen
  131. 131. School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  132. 132. Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  133. 133. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
  134. 134. Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, United States
  135. 135. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, United Kingdom
  136. 136. University College London, London, United Kingdom
  137. 137. Faculty of Medicine, United States
  138. 138. Institute of Social Medicine, Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  139. 139. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  140. 140. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, United States
  141. 141. Ariadne Labs, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  142. 142. Africa Health Research Institute, Mtubatuba, South Africa
  143. 143. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  144. 144. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  145. 145. Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
  146. 146. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  147. 147. Doctor Evidence, Santa Monica, CA, United States
  148. 148. College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  149. 149. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  150. 150. Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, United Kingdom
  151. 151. College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  152. 152. IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
  153. 153. University Hospital and Medical School of Dijon, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
  154. 154. Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia
  155. 155. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  156. 156. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Center, Hospital Universitario, Argentina
  157. 157. Internal Medicine Department, Brazil
  158. 158. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  159. 159. College of Health Science, United States
  160. 160. Public Health Department, College of Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  161. 161. University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
  162. 162. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
  163. 163. University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  164. 164. Division of Health and Social Care Research, United Kingdom
  165. 165. King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  166. 166. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  167. 167. Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  168. 168. College of Health and Medical Sciences, United Kingdom
  169. 169. Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  170. 170. Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  171. 171. University of Otago Medical School, Wellington, New Zealand
  172. 172. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  173. 173. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, United Kingdom
  174. 174. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, United Kingdom
  175. 175. Division of Brain Sciences, United Kingdom
  176. 176. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  177. 177. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  178. 178. Independent Public Health Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  179. 179. IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
  180. 180. Department of Public Health, United States
  181. 181. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  182. 182. Transport and R. Safety (TARS) Research, United States
  183. 183. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, United States
  184. 184. Brien Holden Vision Institute, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Australia
  185. 185. University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  186. 186. Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  187. 187. Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
  188. 188. University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  189. 189. Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  190. 190. Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  191. 191. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
  192. 192. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  193. 193. Telethon Kids Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
  194. 194. Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  195. 195. University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  196. 196. Faculty of Pharmacy, United States
  197. 197. I3S - Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em Saude, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, Portugal
  198. 198. Faculty of Medicines, Portugal
  199. 199. UCIBIO at REQUIMTE, Toxicology Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  200. 200. Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
  201. 201. Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
  202. 202. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  203. 203. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
  204. 204. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  205. 205. National Health Research Institutes, Zgunan Town, Taiwan
  206. 206. National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
  207. 207. School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  208. 208. Park Centre for Mental Health, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  209. 209. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
  210. 210. Crowd Watch Africa, Lusaka, Zambia
  211. 211. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya ku, Japan
  212. 212. University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  213. 213. University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  214. 214. Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
  215. 215. Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
  216. 216. University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
  217. 217. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  218. 218. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
  219. 219. Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  220. 220. VA San Diego, United States
  221. 221. University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
  222. 222. Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand
  223. 223. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  224. 224. Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  225. 225. Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
  226. 226. Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  227. 227. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, United States
  228. 228. Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  229. 229. Schools of Public Health, United States
  230. 230. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  231. 231. Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, United States
  232. 232. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  233. 233. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  234. 234. Undersecretary for Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  235. 235. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  236. 236. University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
  237. 237. Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  238. 238. RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
  239. 239. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  240. 240. Federal University of Rio Grande Do sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  241. 241. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  242. 242. Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Kigali, Rwanda
  243. 243. School of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Center, Sari, Iran
  244. 244. Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  245. 245. Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  246. 246. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  247. 247. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  248. 248. Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  249. 249. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  250. 250. Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  251. 251. Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  252. 252. DGS Direct. General of Health, Lisboa, Portugal
  253. 253. Universidade Aberta, Lisboa, Portugal
  254. 254. Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
  255. 255. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  256. 256. CBQF - Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Associ. Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal
  257. 257. Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  258. 258. Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  259. 259. School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  260. 260. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
  261. 261. Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca (ENSP/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  262. 262. Universidade Federal Do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
  263. 263. Institute of Gerontology, Academy of Medical Science, Kyiv, Ukraine
  264. 264. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  265. 265. Department of Epidemiology, Portugal
  266. 266. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
  267. 267. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  268. 268. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  269. 269. Manhica Health Research Center, Manhica, Mozambique
  270. 270. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  271. 271. Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States
  272. 272. University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  273. 273. Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
  274. 274. Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  275. 275. Warwick Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  276. 276. Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  277. 277. College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  278. 278. Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Harar, Ethiopia
  279. 279. University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  280. 280. Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia - INDICASAT-AIP, Cuidad del Saber, Panama
  281. 281. Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  282. 282. Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
  283. 283. Center of Check of Hospital Sirio Libanes, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  284. 284. Department of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, Quarter, Anguilla
  285. 285. West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
  286. 286. Eternal Heart Care Centre, Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  287. 287. Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
  288. 288. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  289. 289. Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
  290. 290. Department of Psychosocial Science, Portugal
  291. 291. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, United Kingdom
  292. 292. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  293. 293. Kilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  294. 294. Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  295. 295. Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  296. 296. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  297. 297. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  298. 298. Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  299. 299. Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  300. 300. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  301. 301. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu - CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
  302. 302. International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom
  303. 303. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, United States
  304. 304. Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  305. 305. Epidemiology and Statistics Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, United States
  306. 306. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  307. 307. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
  308. 308. College of Medicine, Baylor University, Houston, TX, United States
  309. 309. Public Health Division, Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia
  310. 310. International Relations Division, Ministry of Health, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
  311. 311. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
  312. 312. Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
  313. 313. National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences, Denmark
  314. 314. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  315. 315. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa
  316. 316. School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  317. 317. Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  318. 318. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  319. 319. University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  320. 320. Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
  321. 321. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
  322. 322. George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  323. 323. Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
  324. 324. International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India
  325. 325. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  326. 326. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  327. 327. University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  328. 328. London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
  329. 329. CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
  330. 330. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, China
  331. 331. Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  332. 332. University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
  333. 333. Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  334. 334. Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  335. 335. Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda
  336. 336. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
  337. 337. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  338. 338. Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
  339. 339. School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  340. 340. Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
  341. 341. School of Continuing and Distance Education, Nairobi, Kenya
  342. 342. UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, South Africa
  343. 343. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  344. 344. Department of Psychiatrys, South Africa
  345. 345. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  346. 346. Assuta Hospitals, Assuta Hashalom, Tel Aviv, Israel
  347. 347. Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  348. 348. Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  349. 349. Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  350. 350. Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
  351. 351. Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  352. 352. Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
  353. 353. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  354. 354. Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  355. 355. School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia Campus, Sepang, Malaysia
  356. 356. Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States
  357. 357. Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  358. 358. Oslo University, Oslo, Norway
  359. 359. Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poland
  360. 360. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  361. 361. Clinicum, United States
  362. 362. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Work Organizations, Work Disability Program, Department of Public Health, Finland
  363. 363. Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  364. 364. Center for Disease Burden, United States
  365. 365. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  366. 366. Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  367. 367. Division of Cardiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  368. 368. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  369. 369. Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy and Humanities, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
  370. 370. Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  371. 371. Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
  372. 372. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  373. 373. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  374. 374. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Public Health Research Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  375. 375. Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  376. 376. National Health Systems Resource Centre, New Delhi, India
  377. 377. Ministry of Public Health and Fight Against AIDS, Mukaza, Burundi
  378. 378. National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  379. 379. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  380. 380. Servicio de Neurologia, Clinica Alemana, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
  381. 381. College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  382. 382. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, South Korea
  383. 383. Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  384. 384. Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  385. 385. State University of New York, Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  386. 386. Tuscany Regional Centre for Occupational Injuries and Diseases, Florence, Italy
  387. 387. Department of Data Management, Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
  388. 388. National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, China
  389. 389. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  390. 390. San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
  391. 391. Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
  392. 392. University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  393. 393. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  394. 394. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  395. 395. Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
  396. 396. University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  397. 397. Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
  398. 398. Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
  399. 399. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  400. 400. Ateneo de Manila University, Manila, Philippines
  401. 401. Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
  402. 402. Aswan University Hospital, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt
  403. 403. Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  404. 404. Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  405. 405. National Institute of Health Research, Tehran, Iran
  406. 406. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  407. 407. Universitys of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  408. 408. University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  409. 409. Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
  410. 410. CEU Cardinal Herrera University, Moncada, Spain
  411. 411. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Caucaia, Brazil
  412. 412. Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany
  413. 413. Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
  414. 414. Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  415. 415. University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
  416. 416. Public Health Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom
  417. 417. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  418. 418. Ipas Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
  419. 419. Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
  420. 420. Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  421. 421. University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States
  422. 422. Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  423. 423. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  424. 424. United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
  425. 425. Department of Neurology, Finland
  426. 426. Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  427. 427. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States
  428. 428. Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
  429. 429. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  430. 430. Centre for Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  431. 431. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  432. 432. Hunger Action Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  433. 433. Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  434. 434. National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  435. 435. Nepal Development Society, Chitwan, Nepal
  436. 436. University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
  437. 437. ISHIK University, Erbil, Iraq
  438. 438. Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  439. 439. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, United States
  440. 440. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  441. 441. Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
  442. 442. Department of Community Medicine, United States
  443. 443. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC) MD), Iran
  444. 444. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran
  445. 445. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  446. 446. Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
  447. 447. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
  448. 448. Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Germany
  449. 449. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  450. 450. West Herts Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford, United Kingdom
  451. 451. School of Medical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  452. 452. Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  453. 453. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
  454. 454. Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  455. 455. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (Icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
  456. 456. Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, South Africa
  457. 457. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, South Africa
  458. 458. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  459. 459. Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  460. 460. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  461. 461. Madras Medical College, Chennai, India
  462. 462. KEMRI Wellcome Trust, Kilifi, Kenya
  463. 463. University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  464. 464. Department of Public Health, Semarang State University, Semarang City, Indonesia
  465. 465. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
  466. 466. Population Health Strategic Research Centre, School of Health and Social Development, United States
  467. 467. Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  468. 468. Medical Diagnostic Centre, Yaounde, Cameroon
  469. 469. National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
  470. 470. Centre for Health Research, Australia
  471. 471. Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  472. 472. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  473. 473. Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria
  474. 474. Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  475. 475. Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  476. 476. Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
  477. 477. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  478. 478. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Canada
  479. 479. Western University, London, ON, Canada
  480. 480. Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  481. 481. Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Uganda
  482. 482. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  483. 483. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
  484. 484. YBank, Cambridge, MA, United States
  485. 485. Department of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria
  486. 486. Blossom Specialist Medical Center, Ibadan, Nigeria
  487. 487. JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, India
  488. 488. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  489. 489. Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  490. 490. Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  491. 491. Charite University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  492. 492. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  493. 493. South African Medical Research Councils, Cape Town, South Africa
  494. 494. Department of Community Health Sciences, Canada
  495. 495. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  496. 496. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
  497. 497. Health Metrics Unit, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  498. 498. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  499. 499. Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  500. 500. Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
  501. 501. Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
  502. 502. Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  503. 503. Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  504. 504. Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  505. 505. Non- Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  506. 506. University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
  507. 507. Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
  508. 508. A T Still University, Kirksville, MO, United States
  509. 509. Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
  510. 510. Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  511. 511. Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  512. 512. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  513. 513. ERAWEB Program, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
  514. 514. Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
  515. 515. Health Science Foundation and Study Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
  516. 516. Diabetes Research Society, Hyderabad, India
  517. 517. Diabetes Research Center, Hyderabad, India
  518. 518. Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale, Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  519. 519. Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  520. 520. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  521. 521. Hospital das Clinicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  522. 522. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  523. 523. Universidad Tecnica Del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador
  524. 524. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  525. 525. Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  526. 526. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  527. 527. Ballarat Health Service, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
  528. 528. Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India
  529. 529. Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  530. 530. J Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  531. 531. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  532. 532. Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Center for Health Technology and Services Research - CINTESIS, Porto, Portugal
  533. 533. Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  534. 534. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  535. 535. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  536. 536. Institute of Health Care and Social Sciences, FOM University, Essen, Germany
  537. 537. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  538. 538. Charite Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  539. 539. Department of Public Health, An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
  540. 540. Karachi, Pakistan
  541. 541. George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  542. 542. Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
  543. 543. Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
  544. 544. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  545. 545. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  546. 546. Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
  547. 547. Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
  548. 548. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
  549. 549. American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  550. 550. Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  551. 551. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  552. 552. Brasilia University, Brasilia, Brazil
  553. 553. Max Hospital, Ghaziabad, India
  554. 554. School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
  555. 555. WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention, Noida, India
  556. 556. Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, United Kingdom
  557. 557. Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
  558. 558. King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  559. 559. University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon
  560. 560. Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
  561. 561. National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  562. 562. Department of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  563. 563. Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
  564. 564. University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
  565. 565. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  566. 566. South African Medical Research Council Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
  567. 567. Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  568. 568. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
  569. 569. Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
  570. 570. Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  571. 571. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  572. 572. Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  573. 573. WSH Institute, Ministry of Manpower, Singapore, Singapore
  574. 574. Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
  575. 575. New York Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States
  576. 576. Instituto Superior de Ciencias da Saude Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
  577. 577. Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
  578. 578. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  579. 579. Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  580. 580. Outcomes Research Consortium, United States
  581. 581. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  582. 582. National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
  583. 583. National Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  584. 584. Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
  585. 585. School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  586. 586. INSERM (French National Institute for Health and Medical Research), Paris, France
  587. 587. Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  588. 588. Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  589. 589. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Fundacio Sant Joan de Deu, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
  590. 590. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  591. 591. School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
  592. 592. Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  593. 593. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  594. 594. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
  595. 595. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  596. 596. National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
  597. 597. Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  598. 598. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
  599. 599. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  600. 600. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  601. 601. National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  602. 602. University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  603. 603. McGill University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  604. 604. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
  605. 605. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
  606. 606. Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
  607. 607. Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  608. 608. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  609. 609. German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
  610. 610. Western Health, Footscray, VIC, Australia
  611. 611. South African Medical Research Council, Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  612. 612. National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  613. 613. Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom
  614. 614. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  615. 615. St John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
  616. 616. Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
  617. 617. School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
  618. 618. Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  619. 619. Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  620. 620. Social Work and Social Administration Department, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  621. 621. Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  622. 622. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  623. 623. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  624. 624. School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo
  625. 625. Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  626. 626. University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  627. 627. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  628. 628. Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  629. 629. University of Texas, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
  630. 630. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
  631. 631. Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Source: The Lancet Published:2017


Abstract

Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8-75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0-8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0-62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0-7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3-50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8-5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0-49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5-5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5-46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2-5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2·7% (95% UI 2·3-3·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10·4% (95% UI 9·0-11·8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862-11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018-19 228). Interpretation The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-todate information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response. © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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