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Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived With Disability for 301 Acute and Chronic Diseases and Injuries in 188 Countries, 1990-2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Publisher Pubmed



Vos T1 ; Barber RM1 ; Bell B1 ; Bertozzivilla A1 ; Biryukov S1 ; Bolliger I1 ; Charlson F9 ; Davis A10 ; Degenhardt L11 ; Dicker D1 ; Duan L12 ; Erskine H9 ; Feigin VL13 ; Ferrari AJ9 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Vos T1
  2. Barber RM1
  3. Bell B1
  4. Bertozzivilla A1
  5. Biryukov S1
  6. Bolliger I1
  7. Charlson F9
  8. Davis A10
  9. Degenhardt L11
  10. Dicker D1
  11. Duan L12
  12. Erskine H9
  13. Feigin VL13
  14. Ferrari AJ9
  15. Fitzmaurice C1
  16. Fleming T1
  17. Graetz N1
  18. Guinovart C15
  19. Haagsma J1
  20. Hansen GM1
  21. Hanson SW1
  22. Heuton KR1
  23. Higashi H1
  24. Kassebaum N3
  25. Kyu H1
  26. Laurie E1
  27. Liang X12
  28. Lofgren K1
  29. Lozano R1, 16
  30. Macintyre MF1
  31. Moradilakeh M1
  32. Naghavi M1
  33. Nguyen G1
  34. Odell S1
  35. Ortblad K1
  36. Roberts DA1
  37. Roth GA1
  38. Sandar L1
  39. Serina PT1
  40. Stanaway JD1
  41. Steiner C1
  42. Thomas B1
  43. Vollset SE1
  44. Whiteford H9
  45. Wolock TM1
  46. Ye P12
  47. Zhou M12
  48. Avila MA16
  49. Aasvang GM17
  50. Abbafati C18
  51. Ozgoren AA19
  52. Abdallah F20
  53. Aziz MIA21
  54. Abera SF22
  55. Aboyans V23
  56. Abraham JP25
  57. Abraham B24
  58. Abubakar I26
  59. Aburaddad LJ27
  60. Aburmeileh NME28
  61. Aburto TC16
  62. Achoki T1
  63. Ackerman IN32
  64. Adelekan A33
  65. Ademi Z32
  66. Adou AK34
  67. Adsuar JC35
  68. Arnlov J69
  69. Agardh EE36
  70. Al Khabouri MJ37
  71. Alam SS38
  72. Alasfoor D37
  73. Albittar MI39
  74. Alegretti MA40
  75. Aleman AV41
  76. Alemu ZA43
  77. Alfonsocristancho R6
  78. Alhabib S44
  79. Ali R45
  80. Alla F46
  81. Allebeck P47
  82. Allen PJ52
  83. Almazroa MA53
  84. Alsharif U54
  85. Alvarez E55
  86. Alvisguzman N56
  87. Ameli O60
  88. Amini H61, 62, 63
  89. Ammar W57, 64
  90. Anderson BO6
  91. Anderson HR65
  92. Antonio CAT67
  93. Anwari P68
  94. Apfel H1
  95. Arsenijevic VSA70
  96. Artaman A71
  97. Asghar RJ72
  98. Assadi R73
  99. Atkins LS74
  100. Atkinson C1
  101. Badawi A75
  102. Bahit MC76
  103. Bakfalouni T77
  104. Balakrishnan K78
  105. Balalla S13
  106. Banerjee A79
  107. Barkercollo SL80
  108. Barquera S16
  109. Barregard L82
  110. Barrero LH84
  111. Basu S86
  112. Basu A85
  113. Baxter A86
  114. Beardsley J87
  115. Bedi N88
  116. Beghi E89
  117. Bekele T91
  118. Bell ML92
  119. Benjet C93
  120. Bennett DA45
  121. Bensenor IM94
  122. Benzian H26
  123. Bernabe E96
  124. Beyene TJ97
  125. Bhala N98
  126. Bhalla A99
  127. Bhutta Z100
  128. Bienhoff K1
  129. Bikbov B102
  130. Abdulhak AB103
  131. Blore JD1
  132. Blyth FM106
  133. Bohensky MA32
  134. Basara BB108
  135. Borges G93
  136. Bornstein NM109
  137. Bose D110
  138. Boufous S11
  139. Bourne RR111
  140. Boyers LN112
  141. Brainin M114
  142. Brauer M115
  143. Brayne CEG116
  144. Brazinova A117
  145. Breitborde NJK118
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  147. Briggs ADM45
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  163. Caso V133
  164. Castanedaorjuela CA134
  165. Catalalopez F135
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  167. Chang JC138
  168. Chen H140
  169. Chen W139
  170. Chiang PP29
  171. Chimedochir O142
  172. Chowdhury R143
  173. Christensen H144
  174. Christophi CA145
  175. Chugh SS146
  176. Cirillo M147
  177. Coggeshall M1
  178. Cohen A148
  179. Colistro V42
  180. Colquhoun SM30
  181. Contreras AG16
  182. Cooper LT149
  183. Cooper C150
  184. Cooperrider K1
  185. Coresh J151
  186. Cortinovis M91
  187. Criqui MH153
  188. Crump JA154
  189. Cuevasnasu L16
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  191. Dandona L1
  192. Dansereau E1
  193. Dantes HG16
  194. Dargan PI158
  195. Davey G159
  196. Davitoiu DV160
  197. Dayama A161
  198. De La Cruzgongora V16
  199. De La Vega SF162
  200. De Leo D164
  201. Del Pozocruz B81
  202. Dellavalle RP165
  203. Deribe K97
  204. Derrett S166
  205. Des Jarlais DC167
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  208. Dharmaratne SD170
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  210. Ding EL125
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  212. Dorsey ER173
  213. Driscoll TR104
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  216. Edmond KM177
  217. Ellenbogen RG2
  218. Endres M54
  219. Ermakov SP178
  220. Eshrati B179
  221. Esteghamati A180
  222. Estep K1
  223. Fahimi S125
  224. Farzadfar F180
  225. Fay DFJ10
  226. Felson DT60
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  229. Ferri CP186
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  232. Foreman KJ1
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  234. Franklin RC189
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  236. Futran ND6
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  238. Gankpe FG192
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  240. Geleijnse JM193
  241. Gessner BD194
  242. Gibney KB191
  243. Gillum RF195
  244. Ginawi IA196
  245. Giroud M197
  246. Giussani G91
  247. Goenka S156
  248. Goginashvili K198
  249. Gona P123
  250. De Cosio TG16
  251. Gosselin RA199
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  255. Guerrant RL201
  256. Gugnani HC203
  257. Gunnell D204
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  259. Gupta R205
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  263. Halasa Y208
  264. Hamadeh RR209
  265. Hamavid H1
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  268. Hao Y211
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  274. Hedayati MT214
  275. Pi IBH16
  276. Heydarpour P184
  277. Hijar M215
  278. Hoek HW58, 216
  279. Hoffman HJ174
  280. Hornberger JC217
  281. Hosgood HD218
  282. Hossain M219
  283. Hotez PJ220
  284. Hoy DG7, 222
  285. Hsairi M221
  286. Hu H224, 225
  287. Hu G223
  288. Huang JJ92
  289. Huang C92
  290. Huiart L226
  291. Husseini A227
  292. Iannarone M1
  293. Iburg KM228
  294. Innos K229
  295. Inoue M230
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  298. Jeemon P233
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  300. Jha V234
  301. Jiang G235
  302. Jiang Y141
  303. Jonas JB236
  304. Joseph J1
  305. Juel K237
  306. Kan H239
  307. Karch A240
  308. Karimkhani C241
  309. Karthikeyan G242
  310. Katz R4
  311. Kaul A243
  312. Kawakami N231
  313. Kazi DS199
  314. Kemp AH95
  315. Kengne AP244
  316. Khader YS245
  317. Khalifa SEAH246
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  320. Khang YH249
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  322. Kieling C251
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  324. Kim S253
  325. Kimokoti RW254
  326. Kinfu Y255
  327. Kinge JM17
  328. Kissela BM256
  329. Kivipelto M50
  330. Knibbs L9
  331. Knudsen AK17
  332. Kokubo Y257
  333. Kosen S258
  334. Kramer A259
  335. Kravchenko M261
  336. Krishnamurthi RV14
  337. Krishnaswami S262
  338. Defo BK263
  339. Bicer BK264
  340. Kuipers EJ266
  341. Kulkarni VS267
  342. Kumar K268
  343. Kumar GA157
  344. Kwan GF269
  345. Lai T270
  346. Lalloo R271
  347. Lam H163
  348. Lan Q272
  349. Lansingh VC273
  350. Larson H219
  351. Larsson A69
  352. Lawrynowicz AEB274
  353. Leasher JL275
  354. Lee JT276
  355. Leigh J106
  356. Leung R277
  357. Levi M278
  358. Li B281
  359. Li Y12
  360. Li Y12
  361. Liang J282
  362. Lim S1
  363. Lin HH137
  364. Lind M1
  365. Lindsay MP283
  366. Lipshultz SE284
  367. Liu S12
  368. Lloyd BK191, 285
  369. Ohno SL1
  370. Logroscino G286
  371. Looker KJ204
  372. Lopez AD1, 32
  373. Lopezolmedo N16
  374. Lortettieulent J287
  375. Lotufo PA95
  376. Low N288
  377. Lucas RM289
  378. Lunevicius R290
  379. Lyons RA291
  380. Ma J12
  381. Ma S292
  382. Mackay MT294
  383. Majdan M117
  384. Malekzadeh R181
  385. Mapoma CC295
  386. Marcenes W66
  387. March LM106
  388. Margono C1
  389. Marks GB105
  390. Marzan MB296
  391. Masci JR297
  392. Masonjones AJ298
  393. Matzopoulos RG299
  394. Mayosi BM300
  395. Mazorodze TT301
  396. Mcgill NW302
  397. Mcgrath JJ9
  398. Mckee M219
  399. Mclain A1
  400. Mcmahon BJ303
  401. Meaney PA304
  402. Mehndiratta MM306
  403. Mejiarodriguez F16
  404. Mekonnen W97
  405. Melaku YA22
  406. Meltzer M307
  407. Memish ZA53
  408. Mensah G308
  409. Meretoja A32
  410. Mhimbira FA309
  411. Micha R310
  412. Miller TR312
  413. Mills EJ313
  414. Mitchell PB11
  415. Mock CN6
  416. Moffitt TE314
  417. Ibrahim NM315
  418. Mohammad KA316
  419. Mokdad AH1
  420. Mola GL317
  421. Monasta L91
  422. Montico M91
  423. Montine TJ6
  424. Moore AR318
  425. Moran AE241
  426. Morawska L319
  427. Mori R320
  428. Moschandreas J321
  429. Moturi WN322
  430. Moyer M1
  431. Mozaffarian D310
  432. Mueller UO323
  433. Mukaigawara M324
  434. Murdoch ME325
  435. Murray J1, 143
  436. Murthy KS157
  437. Naghavi P1
  438. Nahas Z326
  439. Naheed A38
  440. Naidoo KS327
  441. Naldi L328
  442. Nand D329
  443. Nangia V330
  444. Narayan KMV332
  445. Nash D333
  446. Nejjari C334
  447. Neupane SP335
  448. Newman LM336
  449. Newton CR337
  450. Ng M1
  451. Ngalesoni FN338
  452. Nhung NT339
  453. Nisar MI101
  454. Nolte S54
  455. Norheim OF340
  456. Norman RE9
  457. Norrving B341
  458. Nyakarahuka L342
  459. Oh IH343
  460. Ohkubo T344
  461. Omer SB332
  462. Opio JN345
  463. Ortiz A346
  464. Pandian JD347
  465. Panelo CIA67
  466. Papachristou C54
  467. Park EK348
  468. Parry CD299
  469. Caicedo AJP56
  470. Patten SB127
  471. Paul VK242
  472. Pavlin BI349
  473. Pearce N219
  474. Pedraza LS16
  475. Pellegrini CA6
  476. Pereira DM350
  477. Perezruiz FP351
  478. Perico N91
  479. Pervaiz A352
  480. Pesudovs K353
  481. Peterson CB354
  482. Petzold M83, 355
  483. Phillips MR332, 356
  484. Phillips D1
  485. Phillips B1
  486. Piel FB45
  487. Plass D260
  488. Poenaru D357
  489. Polanczyk GV95
  490. Polinder S265
  491. Pope CA454
  492. Popova S358
  493. Poulton RG155
  494. Pourmalek F115
  495. Prabhakaran D233
  496. Prasad NM359
  497. Qato D360
  498. Quistberg DA6
  499. Rafay A361
  500. Rahimi K45
  501. Rahimimovaghar V182
  502. Rahman SU362
  503. Raju M363
  504. Rakovac I336
  505. Rana SM364
  506. Razavi H365
  507. Refaat A366
  508. Rehm J358
  509. Remuzzi G89
  510. Resnikoff S367
  511. Ribeiro AL368
  512. Riccio PM370
  513. Richardson L1
  514. Richardus JH266
  515. Riederer AM6
  516. Robinson M1
  517. Roca A371
  518. Rodriguez A190
  519. Rojasrueda D372
  520. Ronfani L90
  521. Rothenbacher D373
  522. Roy N374
  523. Ruhago GM375
  524. Sabin N376
  525. Sacco RL377
  526. Ksoreide K398
  527. Saha S378
  528. Sahathevan R379
  529. Sahraian MA183
  530. Sampson U380
  531. Sanabria JR381
  532. Sanchezriera L382
  533. Santos IS95
  534. Satpathy M11
  535. Saunders JE383
  536. Sawhney M384
  537. Saylan MI385
  538. Scarborough P45
  539. Schoettker B119
  540. Schneider IJC386
  541. Schwebel DC387
  542. Scott JG8
  543. Seedat S388
  544. Sepanlou SG181
  545. Serdar B389
  546. Servanmori EE16
  547. Shackelford K1
  548. Shaheen A390
  549. Shahraz S208
  550. Levy TS16
  551. Shangguan S125
  552. She J238
  553. Sheikhbahaei S180
  554. Shepard DS208
  555. Shi P310, 311
  556. Shibuya K391
  557. Shinohara Y392
  558. Shiri R393
  559. Shishani K394
  560. Shiue I395
  561. Shrime MG126
  562. Sigfusdottir ID396
  563. Silberberg DH305
  564. Simard EP331
  565. Sindi S51
  566. Singh JA387
  567. Singh L1
  568. Skirbekk V17
  569. Sliwa K300
  570. Soljak M190
  571. Soneji S397
  572. Soshnikov SS399
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  575. Sreeramareddy CT401
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  577. Stathopoulou VK402
  578. Steckling N403
  579. Stein MB153
  580. Stein DJ300
  581. Steiner TJ405
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  586. Sturua L250
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  588. Swaroop M407
  589. Sykes BL408
  590. Tabb KM409
  591. Takahashi K141
  592. Tan F410
  593. Tandon N242
  594. Tanne D411
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  600. Have MT414
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  602. Terkawi AS202, 416
  603. Theadom AM14
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  606. Thrift AG191
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  622. Uzun SB107
  623. Van Brakel WH428
  624. Van De Vijver S429
  625. Dingenen RV430
  626. Van Gool CH431
  627. Varakin YY432
  628. Vasankari TJ433
  629. Vavilala MS6
  630. Veerman LJ9
  631. Velasquezmelendez G369
  632. Venketasubramanian N434
  633. Vijayakumar L435
  634. Villalpando S16
  635. Violante FS436
  636. Vlassov VV437
  637. Waller S438
  638. Wallin MT113, 439
  639. Wan X440
  640. Wang L12
  641. Wang J127
  642. Wang Y441
  643. Warouw TS258
  644. Weichenthal S442
  645. Weiderpass E49
  646. Weintraub RG32, 293
  647. Werdecker A443
  648. Wessells KR444
  649. Westerman R445
  650. Wilkinson JD446
  651. Williams HC448
  652. Williams TN447
  653. Woldeyohannes SM449
  654. Wolfe CDA96
  655. Wong JQ450
  656. Wong H1
  657. Woolf AD451
  658. Wright JL5
  659. Wurtz B1
  660. Xu G452
  661. Yang G452
  662. Yano Y453
  663. Yenesew MA59
  664. Yentur GK454
  665. Yip P455
  666. Yonemoto N456
  667. Yoon SJ276
  668. Younis M457
  669. Yu C458
  670. Kim KY459
  671. Zaki MES460
  672. Zhang Y280
  673. Zhao Z292
  674. Zhao Y461
  675. Zhu J432
  676. Zonies D308
  677. Zunt JR6
  678. Salomon JA126
  679. Murray CJL1
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States
  2. 2. Harborview Hospital, Department of Medicine, United States
  3. 3. Childrens Hospital, United States
  4. 4. Kidney Research Institute, United States
  5. 5. School of Medicine, United States
  6. 6. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. School of Population Health, United States
  8. 8. Centre for Clinical Research, United States
  9. 9. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
  10. 10. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  11. 11. Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
  12. 12. National Centers for Chronic and Noncommunible Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control, China
  13. 13. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland, New Zealand
  14. 14. Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  15. 15. PATH, Seattle, WA, United States
  16. 16. National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
  17. 17. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  18. 18. La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  19. 19. Hacettepe University, Institute of Population Studies, Turkey
  20. 20. Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  21. 21. Public Health Institute, Sudan
  22. 22. Mekelle University, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Ethiopia
  23. 23. Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
  24. 24. Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences (HiOA), Oslo, Norway
  25. 25. University of Texas School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, United States
  26. 26. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, London, United Kingdom
  27. 27. Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  28. 28. Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine
  29. 29. General Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre, Australia
  30. 30. Centre for International Child Health, Australia
  31. 31. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Australia
  32. 32. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
  33. 33. Public Health Promotion Alliance, Osogbo, Nigeria
  34. 34. Association Ivoirienne Pour le Bien-Etre Familial, Abidjan, Cote DIvoire, Cote d'Ivoire
  35. 35. University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
  36. 36. Institution of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
  37. 37. Ministry of Health, Muskat, Oman
  38. 38. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  39. 39. Public Health Consultant, Syrian Arab Republic
  40. 40. Faculty of Medicine, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Social, United States
  41. 41. School of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
  42. 42. Department of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
  43. 43. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Amhara, Ethiopia
  44. 44. National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  45. 45. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  46. 46. School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
  47. 47. Department of Public Health Sciences, United States
  48. 48. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Sweden
  49. 49. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States
  50. 50. Aging Research Center, Sweden
  51. 51. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  52. 52. Ministry of Health, Belmopan, Belize
  53. 53. Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  54. 54. Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  55. 55. Government of Spain, Spain
  56. 56. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  57. 57. Department of Epidemiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates
  58. 58. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  59. 59. Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  60. 60. Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  61. 61. Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
  62. 62. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
  63. 63. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  64. 64. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  65. 65. St Georges, United States
  66. 66. Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  67. 67. College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
  68. 68. United Nations Population Fund, Kabul, Afghanistan
  69. 69. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  70. 70. University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Belgrade, Serbia
  71. 71. Evidera Inc, Lexington, KY, United States
  72. 72. South Asian Public Health Forum, Pakistan
  73. 73. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  74. 74. Ministry of Health, Wellness, Human Services and Gender Relations, Castries, St. Lucia, Australia
  75. 75. Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  76. 76. INECO Neurociencias, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
  77. 77. Ministry of Health, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
  78. 78. Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  79. 79. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  80. 80. School of Psychology, Auckland, New Zealand
  81. 81. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  82. 82. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Gothenburg, St.Gothenburg, Sweden
  83. 83. Health Metrics at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, St.Gothenburg, Sweden
  84. 84. Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
  85. 85. School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
  86. 86. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  87. 87. Oxford University, HoHi Minh City, United Kingdom
  88. 88. College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  89. 89. Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
  90. 90. Burlo Garofolo, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche, Trieste, Italy
  91. 91. Madawalabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  92. 92. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  93. 93. National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muniz, Mexico City, Mexico
  94. 94. Hospital Universitario, Brazil
  95. 95. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  96. 96. Kings College, London, United Kingdom
  97. 97. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  98. 98. Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
  99. 99. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, UT, India
  100. 100. Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan
  101. 101. Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  102. 102. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
  103. 103. University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, KS, United States
  104. 104. Sydney School of Public Health, Australia
  105. 105. Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (G B Marks PhD), Sydney, Australia
  106. 106. University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
  107. 107. Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
  108. 108. General Directrate of Health Research, Ankara, Turkey
  109. 109. Tel Aviv Saurasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
  110. 110. World Bank, Washington DC, DC, United States
  111. 111. Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  112. 112. School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington DC, DC, United States
  113. 113. Neurology Department, Georgetown University, Washington DC, DC, United States
  114. 114. Danube-University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
  115. 115. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
  116. 116. Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  117. 117. Trnava University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava, Slovakia
  118. 118. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  119. 119. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Germany
  120. 120. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  121. 121. University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  122. 122. Monash University, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, Australia
  123. 123. University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
  124. 124. Harvard Medical School, United States
  125. 125. Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, United States
  126. 126. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
  127. 127. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  128. 128. Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
  129. 129. University of Joinville, Brazil
  130. 130. Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Australia
  131. 131. Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
  132. 132. University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
  133. 133. Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
  134. 134. Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
  135. 135. Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency (AEMPS), Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
  136. 136. National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
  137. 137. Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
  138. 138. National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
  139. 139. Ancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
  140. 140. Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
  141. 141. Department of Health Development, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
  142. 142. Department of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
  143. 143. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  144. 144. Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
  145. 145. Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
  146. 146. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  147. 147. University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
  148. 148. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States
  149. 149. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  150. 150. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  151. 151. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
  152. 152. VA San Diego, United States
  153. 153. University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
  154. 154. Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, United States
  155. 155. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  156. 156. Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, India
  157. 157. Public Health Foundation of India, Delhi, India
  158. 158. Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  159. 159. Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  160. 160. University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  161. 161. Department of Surgery, Jacobi Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
  162. 162. Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
  163. 163. Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
  164. 164. Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
  165. 165. US Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO, United States
  166. 166. Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
  167. 167. Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
  168. 168. Africa Medical and Research Foundation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  169. 169. Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
  170. 170. University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  171. 171. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
  172. 172. Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
  173. 173. University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
  174. 174. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD, United States
  175. 175. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  176. 176. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Australia
  177. 177. University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
  178. 178. Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
  179. 179. Arak University of Medical Sciences and Health Affairs, Arak, Markazi, Iran
  180. 180. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolic Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  181. 181. Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  182. 182. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  183. 183. MS Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  184. 184. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  185. 185. German Hospital Oswaldo Cruz, Institute of Education and Sciences, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  186. 186. Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  187. 187. Institute of Gerontology, Acad Med Sci, Kyiv, Ukraine
  188. 188. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  189. 189. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  190. 190. Centre for Health Policy, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  191. 191. Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Malvern East, VIC, Australia
  192. 192. Clinique Cooperative de Parakou, Parakou, Borgou, Benin
  193. 193. Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
  194. 194. Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France
  195. 195. Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  196. 196. University of Hail, College of Medicine, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  197. 197. University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
  198. 198. Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs, Tbilisi, Georgia
  199. 199. University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  200. 200. Department of Diabetes Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
  201. 201. University of Virginia School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  202. 202. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  203. 203. Saint James School of Medicine, Netherlands
  204. 204. University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  205. 205. Fortis Escorts Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India
  206. 206. Kanawha Charleston Health Department, Charleston, WV, United States
  207. 207. School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  208. 208. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
  209. 209. Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  210. 210. Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Wayne, MI, United States
  211. 211. School of Public Health, Sun Yae-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
  212. 212. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  213. 213. International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom
  214. 214. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
  215. 215. Fundacion Entornos AC, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
  216. 216. Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, Netherlands
  217. 217. Cedar Asociates, Menlo Park, CA, United States
  218. 218. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  219. 219. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  220. 220. Baylor College of Medicine, Waco, TX, United States
  221. 221. National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
  222. 222. Public Health Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, NC, Australia
  223. 223. Central South University, Changsha, China
  224. 224. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  225. 225. George Washington University, WA, United States
  226. 226. Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de la Reunion, France
  227. 227. Public Health Program, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  228. 228. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  229. 229. National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
  230. 230. Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  231. 231. School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  232. 232. George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  233. 233. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
  234. 234. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  235. 235. Tianjin Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
  236. 236. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
  237. 237. National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
  238. 238. Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  239. 239. Holtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  240. 240. German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
  241. 241. College of Phys. and Surg. (C Karimkhani BA), Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  242. 242. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  243. 243. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
  244. 244. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  245. 245. Jordan University of Science and Technology, AlRamtha, Irbid, Jordan
  246. 246. Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Qatar
  247. 247. Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan
  248. 248. UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  249. 249. Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  250. 250. National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
  251. 251. Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rio Grande Do sul, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
  252. 252. Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  253. 253. Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
  254. 254. Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States
  255. 255. University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  256. 256. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
  257. 257. Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  258. 258. Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy and Humanities, NIHRD, MoH Indonesia, Indonesia
  259. 259. School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
  260. 260. Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
  261. 261. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  262. 262. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  263. 263. Univeristy of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  264. 264. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  265. 265. Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  266. 266. University Medical Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  267. 267. Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
  268. 268. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  269. 269. Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  270. 270. Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia
  271. 271. Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health (ARCPOH), School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Gold Coast, ALD, Australia
  272. 272. National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  273. 273. IAPB, Vision 2020 la, Weston, FL, United States
  274. 274. Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia Dr. Juan H Jara, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  275. 275. Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States
  276. 276. Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  277. 277. State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
  278. 278. Tuscany Regional Centre for Occupational Injuries and Diseases, Florence, Italy
  279. 279. Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
  280. 280. Department of Gerontology, Jinan, Shandong, China
  281. 281. Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
  282. 282. National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
  283. 283. Heart and Stroke Foundation Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  284. 284. Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
  285. 285. Turning Point, Alcohol and Drug Centre, Eastern Health, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
  286. 286. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  287. 287. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
  288. 288. University of Bern, Switzerland
  289. 289. Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  290. 290. Aintree University Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  291. 291. Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
  292. 292. Ministry of Health Singapore, Singapore
  293. 293. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
  294. 294. Royal Childrens Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
  295. 295. University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  296. 296. University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
  297. 297. Elmhurst Hospital Center, Mount Sinai Services, Elmhurst, NY, United States
  298. 298. University of York, York, United Kingdom
  299. 299. Medical Research Council, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
  300. 300. Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  301. 301. AIDC EC, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa
  302. 302. Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
  303. 303. Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, United States
  304. 304. Pereleman School of Medicine, United States
  305. 305. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  306. 306. Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India
  307. 307. Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  308. 308. Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, United States
  309. 309. Ifakara Health Institute, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
  310. 310. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
  311. 311. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  312. 312. Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
  313. 313. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  314. 314. Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  315. 315. Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lampur, Malaysia
  316. 316. University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
  317. 317. University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, NCD, Papua New Guinea
  318. 318. University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
  319. 319. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
  320. 320. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
  321. 321. Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
  322. 322. Egerton University, Egerton, Rift Valley, Kenya
  323. 323. Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
  324. 324. Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
  325. 325. West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
  326. 326. American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
  327. 327. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
  328. 328. Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  329. 329. Ministry of Health Fiji, Suva, Fiji
  330. 330. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
  331. 331. Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
  332. 332. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  333. 333. School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
  334. 334. Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco
  335. 335. Norwegian Center for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  336. 336. WHO Regional Office for Europe in Denmark, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
  337. 337. KEMRI Wellcome Trust, Kilifi, Kenya
  338. 338. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  339. 339. Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  340. 340. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  341. 341. Department of Clinical Sciences, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  342. 342. Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  343. 343. Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  344. 344. Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
  345. 345. Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Uganda
  346. 346. IISFundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
  347. 347. Christian Medical College Ludhiana, Ludhiana, India
  348. 348. Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
  349. 349. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
  350. 350. REQUIMTE, Laboratario de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Quamica, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Do Porto, Portugal
  351. 351. Hospital Universitario Cruces, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
  352. 352. Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  353. 353. Flinders University, Bedford-Park, SA, Australia
  354. 354. Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
  355. 355. School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  356. 356. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  357. 357. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  358. 358. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
  359. 359. The Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, Australia
  360. 360. College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
  361. 361. Contech International, Lahore, Pakistan
  362. 362. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  363. 363. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
  364. 364. Department of Public Health, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  365. 365. Center for Disease Analysis, Louisville, CO, United States
  366. 366. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  367. 367. International Health and Development, Switzerland
  368. 368. Hospital das Clinicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  369. 369. Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  370. 370. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
  371. 371. MRC Unit, Fajara, Gambia
  372. 372. Centre of Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
  373. 373. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  374. 374. BARC Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
  375. 375. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  376. 376. Rwanda Bio-Medical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
  377. 377. University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
  378. 378. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Park for Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
  379. 379. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  380. 380. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
  381. 381. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  382. 382. Mafraq Hospital-SEHA, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  383. 383. Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
  384. 384. Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  385. 385. Novartis, Istanbul, Turkey
  386. 386. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
  387. 387. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  388. 388. Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  389. 389. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
  390. 390. An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
  391. 391. Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan
  392. 392. Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
  393. 393. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
  394. 394. Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
  395. 395. Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  396. 396. Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  397. 397. Dartmouth College, Hannover, Germany
  398. 398. Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
  399. 399. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  400. 400. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
  401. 401. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
  402. 402. Centre Hospitalier Nord Deux-Sevres, Bressuire, France
  403. 403. University Hospital Munich, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Munich, Germany
  404. 404. Department of Neuroscience, Trondheim, Norway
  405. 405. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  406. 406. KEELPNO, Centre for Disease Control, Alexandra General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
  407. 407. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
  408. 408. Department of Criminology, Law and Society and Sociology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  409. 409. University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
  410. 410. National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, China CDC, China
  411. 411. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  412. 412. Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States
  413. 413. Jhpiego, An Affilate of Johns Hopkins University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  414. 414. Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands
  415. 415. Memorial University, St Johns, NL, Canada
  416. 416. Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  417. 417. College of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  418. 418. WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
  419. 419. University of Alberta, Edmonton, AL, Canada
  420. 420. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  421. 421. Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
  422. 422. Health Care Center, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
  423. 423. University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoca, Santa-Catarina, Brazil
  424. 424. Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
  425. 425. Servicio Canario de Salud, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
  426. 426. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  427. 427. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakailiki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
  428. 428. Netherlands Leprosy Relief, Netherlands
  429. 429. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  430. 430. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
  431. 431. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
  432. 432. Research Center of Neurology Moscow, Russian Federation
  433. 433. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  434. 434. Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  435. 435. Voluntary Health Services, Sneha, India
  436. 436. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  437. 437. Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  438. 438. Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
  439. 439. VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
  440. 440. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
  441. 441. National Office for Maternal and Childs Health Surveillance, China
  442. 442. Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  443. 443. Institute of Medical Sociology and Social Medicine, Germany
  444. 444. University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
  445. 445. University of Marburg, Hessen, Germany
  446. 446. University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
  447. 447. Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
  448. 448. University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  449. 449. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia
  450. 450. Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, Pasig City, Manila, Philippines
  451. 451. Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom
  452. 452. Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
  453. 453. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
  454. 454. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
  455. 455. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  456. 456. National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
  457. 457. Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  458. 458. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  459. 459. TCM Medical TK SDN BHD TCM, Nusajaya, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
  460. 460. Mansoura School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
  461. 461. Chongqing Medical University, China

Source: The Lancet Published:2015


Abstract

Background Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Methods Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries. Findings Disease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2·4 billion and 1·6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537·6 million in 1990 to 764·8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114·87 per 1000 people to 110·31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21·1% in 1990 to 31·2% in 2013. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
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