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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Other Musculoskeletal Disorders, 1990–2020, and Projections to 2050: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Publisher



Gill TK1 ; Mittinty MM2 ; March LM3, 5, 10 ; Steinmetz JD6 ; Culbreth GT6 ; Cross M3, 10 ; Kopec JA11, 12 ; Woolf AD10, 13 ; Haile LM6 ; Hagins H6 ; Ong KL6 ; Kopanskygiles DR10, 14, 15 ; Dreinhoefer KE16 ; Betteridge N10 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Gill TK1
  2. Mittinty MM2
  3. March LM3, 5, 10
  4. Steinmetz JD6
  5. Culbreth GT6
  6. Cross M3, 10
  7. Kopec JA11, 12
  8. Woolf AD10, 13
  9. Haile LM6
  10. Hagins H6
  11. Ong KL6
  12. Kopanskygiles DR10, 14, 15
  13. Dreinhoefer KE16
  14. Betteridge N10
  15. Abbasian M17, 19
  16. Abbasifard M23, 24
  17. Abedi K25, 26
  18. Adesina MA28, 29
  19. Aithala JP31
  20. Akbarzadehkhiavi M32
  21. Thaher YA34, 35
  22. Alalwan TA36
  23. Alzahrani H37
  24. Amiri S1, 2, 38
  25. Antony B39
  26. Arabloo J40
  27. Aravkin AY6, 7, 8
  28. Arumugam A43, 46
  29. Aryal KK47
  30. Athari SS48
  31. Atreya A49
  32. Baghdadi S50
  33. Bardhan M13, 51, 52, 67, 68
  34. Barrero LH53
  35. Bearne LM54, 55
  36. Bekele AB56
  37. Bensenor IM58
  38. Bhardwaj P60, 61
  39. Bhatti R62
  40. Bijani A63
  41. Bordianu T6
  42. Bouaoud S64, 65
  43. Briggs AM10, 66
  44. Cheema HA67, 68
  45. Christensen SW69, 70
  46. Chukwu IS71
  47. Clarsen B72, 73
  48. Dai X6, 8
  49. De Luca K74
  50. Desye B75
  51. Dhimal M76
  52. Do TC77
  53. Fagbamigbe AF30, 78
  54. Forghani SF41, 42
  55. Ferreira N79
  56. Ganesan B80, 81
  57. Gebrehiwot M82
  58. Ghashghaee A83
  59. Graham SM84, 85
  60. Harlianto NI86, 87
  61. Hartvigsen J88, 89
  62. Hasaballah AI90
  63. Hasanian M91, 100
  64. Hassen MB6, 92
  65. Hay SI6, 8
  66. Heidari M93, 100
  67. Hsiao AK94
  68. Ilic IM95
  69. Jokar M96, 98
  70. Khajuria H99
  71. Khan MJ100
  72. Khanal P101
  73. Khateri S102
  74. Kiadaliri A103
  75. Kim MS104, 105
  76. Kisa A106, 107
  77. Kolahi AA20
  78. Krishan K108
  79. Krishnamoorthy V9, 109
  80. Landires I110, 111
  81. Larijani B112
  82. Le TTT116
  83. Lee YH117
  84. Lim SS6, 8
  85. Lo J6
  86. Madani SP118
  87. Malagonrojas JN119, 120
  88. Malik I121
  89. Marateb HR122, 123
  90. Mathew AJ124
  91. Meretoja TJ125, 126
  92. Mesregah MK127
  93. Mestrovic T6, 128
  94. Mirahmadi A21
  95. Misganaw A8, 92
  96. Mohaghegh S22
  97. Mokdad AH6, 8
  98. Momenzadeh K17
  99. Momtazmanesh S113, 114
  100. Monasta L129
  101. Moni MA130
  102. Moradi Y131
  103. Mostafavi E132, 133
  104. Muhammad JS44
  105. Murray CJL6, 8
  106. Muthu S134, 135
  107. Nargus S136, 139
  108. Nassereldine H6
  109. Neupane S140
  110. Niazi RK141
  111. Oh IH142
  112. Okatialiabad H143
  113. Oulhaj A144
  114. Pachecobarrios K18, 145
  115. Park S2, 146
  116. Patel J147, 148
  117. Pawar S149
  118. Pedersini P150
  119. Peres MF59, 151
  120. Petcu IR152
  121. Petermannrocha FE153, 154
  122. Poursadeqiyan M155
  123. Qattea I156
  124. Qureshi MF157
  125. Rafferty Q6
  126. Rahimidehgolan S115
  127. Rahman M158
  128. Ramasamy SK159
  129. Rashedi V160
  130. Redwan EMM161, 162
  131. Ribeiro DC163
  132. Roever L164
  133. Safary A33
  134. Sagoe D22, 165
  135. Sharifaskari FS45
  136. Sahebkar A137, 138
  137. Salehi S27
  138. Shafaat A123
  139. Shahabi S166
  140. Sharma S167, 168
  141. Shashamo BB57
  142. Shiri R169
  143. Singh A39
  144. Slater H66
  145. Smith AE6
  146. Sunuwar DR170, 171
  147. Tabish M172
  148. Tharwat S173
  149. Ullah I174
  150. Tahbaz SV97, 175
  151. Vasankari TJ176, 177
  152. Villafane JH150
  153. Vollset SE6, 8
  154. Wiangkham T178
  155. Yonemoto N179, 180
  156. You Y4, 181
  157. Zare I182
  158. Zheng P6, 8
  159. Vos T6, 8
  160. Brooks PM183
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  2. 2. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
  3. 3. Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  4. 4. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  5. 5. Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
  6. 6. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  8. 8. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  9. 9. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  10. 10. Global Alliance for Musculoskeletal Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  11. 11. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  12. 12. Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada
  13. 13. Bone and Joint Research Group, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom
  14. 14. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  15. 15. Department of Research and Innovation, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, ON, Canada
  16. 16. Center of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charite University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  17. 17. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  18. 18. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  19. 19. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Department of Orthopedics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  23. 23. Department of Internal Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  24. 24. Clinical Research Development Unit, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  25. 25. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  26. 26. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  27. 27. Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  28. 28. Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
  29. 29. Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  30. 30. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  31. 31. Orthopedic Department, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
  32. 32. Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  33. 33. Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  34. 34. Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  35. 35. School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
  36. 36. Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
  37. 37. Department of Physiotherapy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
  38. 38. Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  39. 39. Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
  40. 40. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  41. 41. Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  42. 42. Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  43. 43. Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  44. 44. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  45. 45. Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  46. 46. Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy Section, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
  47. 47. Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal
  48. 48. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  49. 49. Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
  50. 50. Division of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  51. 51. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
  52. 52. Molecular Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  53. 53. Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia
  54. 54. Population Health Research Institute, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  55. 55. Centre for Engagement and Dissemination, National Institute for Health Research, Twickenham, United Kingdom
  56. 56. Department of Medical Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  57. 57. Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  58. 58. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  59. 59. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  60. 60. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  61. 61. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  62. 62. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
  63. 63. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  64. 64. Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  65. 65. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria
  66. 66. School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  67. 67. Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
  68. 68. Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
  69. 69. Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
  70. 70. Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark, Aalborg, Denmark
  71. 71. Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
  72. 72. Department of Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  73. 73. Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
  74. 74. Discipline of Chiropractic, CQ University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  75. 75. Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  76. 76. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  77. 77. Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  78. 78. Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  79. 79. Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
  80. 80. School of Global Health, Institute of Health and Management, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  81. 81. Department of Occupational Therapy, Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India
  82. 82. Department of Environmental Health, Dessie, Ethiopia
  83. 83. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  84. 84. Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
  85. 85. Liverpool Orthopaedic and Trauma Service, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  86. 86. Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  87. 87. Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
  88. 88. Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  89. 89. Research Department, Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark
  90. 90. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  91. 91. Department of Radiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  92. 92. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  93. 93. Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  94. 94. Outpatient Rehabilitation, Southcoast Health: Tobey Hospital, Wareham, MA, United States
  95. 95. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  96. 96. Zoonoses Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  97. 97. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  98. 98. Department of Clinical Sciences, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  99. 99. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  100. 100. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  101. 101. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  102. 102. School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  103. 103. Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  104. 104. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
  105. 105. Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
  106. 106. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  107. 107. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  108. 108. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  109. 109. Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  110. 110. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  111. 111. Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  112. 112. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  113. 113. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  114. 114. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  115. 115. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  116. 116. University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  117. 117. Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  118. 118. Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  119. 119. Department of Public Health Research, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  120. 120. Faculty of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia
  121. 121. Material Science Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
  122. 122. Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Universidad Politecnica de Cataluna, Barcelona Tech, Barcelona, Spain
  123. 123. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
  124. 124. Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
  125. 125. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  126. 126. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  127. 127. Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
  128. 128. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  129. 129. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  130. 130. School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  131. 131. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan, Iran
  132. 132. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  133. 133. Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  134. 134. Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Dindigul, Dindigul, India
  135. 135. Quality Appraisal Committee, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India
  136. 136. Department of Psychiatry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  137. 137. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  138. 138. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  139. 139. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  140. 140. Department of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
  141. 141. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  142. 142. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  143. 143. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  144. 144. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  145. 145. Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
  146. 146. Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
  147. 147. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  148. 148. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  149. 149. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  150. 150. Clinical Research Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
  151. 151. International Institute for Educational Planning, Albert Einstein Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  152. 152. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  153. 153. Faculty of Medicine, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
  154. 154. BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  155. 155. Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  156. 156. Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  157. 157. Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  158. 158. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  159. 159. Department of Radiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
  160. 160. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  161. 161. Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  162. 162. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  163. 163. School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  164. 164. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  165. 165. Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  166. 166. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  167. 167. Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  168. 168. Department of Physiotherapy, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
  169. 169. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  170. 170. Research and Development Department, Armed Police Force Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
  171. 171. Department of Public Health, Asian College for Advance Studies, Purbanchal University, Lalitpur, Nepal
  172. 172. Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  173. 173. Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  174. 174. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  175. 175. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  176. 176. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  177. 177. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  178. 178. Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
  179. 179. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  180. 180. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  181. 181. Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  182. 182. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  183. 183. Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Source: The Lancet Rheumatology Published:2023


Abstract

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders include more than 150 different conditions affecting joints, muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and the spine. To capture all health loss from death and disability due to musculoskeletal disorders, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) includes a residual musculoskeletal category for conditions other than osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, low back pain, and neck pain. This category is called other musculoskeletal disorders and includes, for example, systemic lupus erythematosus and spondylopathies. We provide updated estimates of the prevalence, mortality, and disability attributable to other musculoskeletal disorders and forecasted prevalence to 2050. Methods: Prevalence of other musculoskeletal disorders was estimated in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020 using data from 68 sources across 23 countries from which subtraction of cases of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, low back pain, neck pain, and gout from the total number of cases of musculoskeletal disorders was possible. Data were analysed with Bayesian meta-regression models to estimate prevalence by year, age, sex, and location. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were estimated from prevalence and disability weights. Mortality attributed to other musculoskeletal disorders was estimated using vital registration data. Prevalence was forecast to 2050 by regressing prevalence estimates from 1990 to 2020 with Socio-demographic Index as a predictor, then multiplying by population forecasts. Findings: Globally, 494 million (95% uncertainty interval 431–564) people had other musculoskeletal disorders in 2020, an increase of 123·4% (116·9–129·3) in total cases from 221 million (192–253) in 1990. Cases of other musculoskeletal disorders are projected to increase by 115% (107–124) from 2020 to 2050, to an estimated 1060 million (95% UI 964–1170) prevalent cases in 2050; most regions were projected to have at least a 50% increase in cases between 2020 and 2050. The global age-standardised prevalence of other musculoskeletal disorders was 47·4% (44·9–49·4) higher in females than in males and increased with age to a peak at 65–69 years in male and female sexes. In 2020, other musculoskeletal disorders was the sixth ranked cause of YLDs globally (42·7 million [29·4–60·0]) and was associated with 83 100 deaths (73 600–91 600). Interpretation: Other musculoskeletal disorders were responsible for a large number of global YLDs in 2020. Until individual conditions and risk factors are more explicitly quantified, policy responses to this burden remain a challenge. Temporal trends and geographical differences in estimates of non-fatal disease burden should not be overinterpreted as they are based on sparse, low-quality data. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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