Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Core–Shell Ag@Cds Nanoprobes From Sweet Lemon Waste for Selective Fluorescence Detection of Losartan in Biofluids Publisher



Safarpoor M¹ ; Ghaedi M² ; Dinarvand R¹ ; Asfaram A³ Show Affiliations
Source: Microchemical Journal Published:2025

Abstract

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, such as losartan (LST), are widely used in the treatment of hypertension, making their rapid and reliable detection highly desirable. This study, therefore, presents a selective and cost-effective fluorescence sensor for the detection of LST using core–shell AgNPs@CDs nanoparticles (NPs) as a nanoprobe. Firstly, the nanoprobes were synthesized using carbon dots (CDs) derived from Sweet lemon waste through an environmentally friendly process, where the CDs directly reduced Ag + to AgNPs. Subsequently, key sensing parameters, including nanoprobe volume and incubation time, were optimized. The results showed that the fluorescence intensity of the nanoprobes at 420 nm exhibited a significant blue shift and increased proportionally with the LST concentration, ranging from 0.5 μM to 45 μM. Moreover, the response was linear over the range of 0.5 to 4.5 μM, with a detection limit (LOD) of 180 nM. This study demonstrates a green and economical strategy for LST detection in biofluids, utilizing waste-derived nanomaterials for fluorescence-based sensing applications. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.