Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

Science Communicator Platform

Stay connected! Follow us on X network (Twitter):
Share this content! On (X network) By
Dairy Products Consumption and the Risk of Hypertension in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies Publisher Pubmed



Heidari Z1, 2 ; Rashidi Pour Fard N3 ; Clark CCT4 ; Haghighatdoost F5
Authors
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  2. 2. Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  3. 3. Shahid Motahari Hospital, Fooladshahr, Isfahan, Iran
  4. 4. Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
  5. 5. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Source: Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases Published:2021


Abstract

Aims: With an increase in the number of published prospective cohort studies, we sought to summarize the relationship between dairy products consumption and the risk of hypertension (HTN). Data synthesis: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Science direct, and Scopus. Pooled RRs and 95% CIs were calculated using a random effects model. The certainty of the evidence was assessed by Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Sixteen studies were included in the current meta-analysis. We found an inverse association between total dairy products (RR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.87, 0.94; n = 16), low-fat dairy products (RR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.96; n = 8), milk (RR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.99; n = 11), and fermented dairy (RR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.99; n = 8) consumption and the risk of HTN. However, in subgroup analysis, despite a significant association for total dairy products in women, Americans, longer and larger studies, and self-reported HTN, no associations were found in males, Europeans, or Asians, and studies which followed participants for <10 years or had <3000 participants or measured HTN. Dose–response analysis revealed a non-linear association between total dairy products and milk consumption and the risk of HTN, but a linear association for low-fat dairy products. Conclusions: Higher dairy products consumption was associated with reduced risk of HTN. This association was dependent on sex, geographical region of study, and the stage of HTN. However, the certainty of the evidence was graded either as low or very low. © 2021 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University
Related Docs
View other Related Docs
1. The Relationship Between Fermented and Nonfermented Dairy Products Consumption and Hypertension Among Premature Coronary Artery Disease Patients: Iran Premature Coronary Artery Disease Study, Food Science and Nutrition (2024)
2. Dairy As a Functional Food in Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrients in Dairy and Their Implications for Health and Disease (2017)
3. Association of Dairy Consumption With Metabolic Syndrome, Hypertension and Diabetes in 147 812 Individuals From 21 Countries, BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care (2020)
4. The Effect of Fermented Dairy Intake and Abdominal Obesity in Adults: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies, Eating and Weight Disorders (2025)
5. High Vs. Low-Fat Dairy and Milk Differently Affects the Risk of All-Cause, Cvd, and Cancer Death: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (2022)
6. Whole Milk Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: Isfahan Cohort Study, European Journal of Nutrition (2019)
7. Estimation and Prediction of Avoidable Health Care Costs of Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes Through Adequate Dairy Food Consumption: A Systematic Review and Micro Simulation Modeling Study, Archives of Iranian Medicine (2018)
8. Association of Dairy Intake With Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in 21 Countries From Five Continents (Pure): A Prospective Cohort Study, The Lancet (2018)
Experts (# of related papers)
View all Related Experts
Noushin Mohammadifard (30)
Nizal Sarrafzadegan (22)
Other Related Docs
9. Coffee Consumption and Risk of Hypertension in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Nutrients (2023)
10. Dairy Consumption and Premature Coronary Artery Disease Onset: Iran Premature Coronary Artery Disease (Ipad) Study Insights, Scientific Reports (2025)
11. Potential of Favorable Effects of Probiotics Fermented Milk Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, International Journal of Food Properties (2020)
12. The Association Between Consumption of Dairy Products and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Endocrinology and Metabolism (2024)
13. Consumption of Dairy Products and Odds of Breast Cancer: An Iranian Case–Control Study, Breast Cancer (2022)
14. Dairy Products and Metabolic Syndrome Among Iranian Adult Population: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program, International Dairy Journal (2020)
15. Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Adult Obesity Risk: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (2022)
16. Association of Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (2023)
17. The Association Between Types of Seafood Intake and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies, Health Promotion Perspectives (2019)
18. The Relationship Between Dairy Food Intake and Psychological Distress Among Iranian Adults: Results From a Large Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study, Journal of Public Health (Germany) (2019)
19. Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Relation to Gastric Cancer Risk: A Comprehensive and Updated Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies, Frontiers in Nutrition (2023)
20. Association Between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and the Incidence of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies, Public Health (2018)
21. Dietary Intake of Total, Animal and Plant Proteins and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (2022)
22. The Association Between Dietary Inflammatory Index (Dii) and Risk of Hypertension: A Case–Control Study, High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Prevention (2022)
23. Effects of Gluten on Dyspeptic Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials, Nutrition Reviews (2024)
24. Effect of Dairy Consumption on Weight and Body Composition in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials, International Journal of Obesity (2012)
25. Dairy Consumption, Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Inflammation in Elderly Subjects, ARYA Atherosclerosis (2015)
26. Consumption of Milk and Dairy Products and Risk of Osteoporosis and Hip Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (2020)
27. Dairy Products, Satiety and Food Intake: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials, Clinical Nutrition (2017)
28. The Association Between Dairy Products and the Risk of Covid-19, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2022)
29. Dietary Intake of Linoleic Acid, Its Concentrations, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematireview and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies, Diabetes Care (2021)
30. Dairy Consumption and Risk of Stroke: A Case‑Control Study, International Journal of Preventive Medicine (2016)
31. Cheese Consumption in Relation to Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Iranian Adults-Ihhp Study, Nutrition Research and Practice (2014)
32. The Efficacy of Sour Tea (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) on Selected Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials, Phytotherapy Research (2020)
33. Adherence to the Healthy Eating Index and Alternative Healthy Eating Index Dietary Patterns and Mortality From All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies, Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics (2017)
34. Does Cocoa/Dark Chocolate Supplementation Have Favorable Effect on Body Weight, Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference? a Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Dose-Response of Randomized Clinical Trials, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (2019)
35. Relationship Between Breast Cancer and Dietary Inflammatory Index; a Case–Control Study, Clinical Nutrition ESPEN (2022)
36. The Association of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption With Adult Mental Health Disorders: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of 260,385 Participants, Nutritional Neuroscience (2023)
37. Association of Healthy Foods Intake With Anthropometric Measures and Blood Pressure in a National Sample of Iranian Children and Adolescents: The Caspian-Iv Study, Minerva Pediatrica (2019)
38. Reversal to Normal Anatomy After One-Anastomosis/Mini Gastric Bypass, Indications and Results: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases (2021)
39. Association Between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity and Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study in a Middle Eastern Country, Public Health Nutrition (2021)
40. Soy Milk Consumption, Inflammation, Coagulation, and Oxidative Stress Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Nephropathy, Diabetes Care (2012)
41. Dietary Patterns and Risk of Breast Cancer Among Pre and Post-Menopausal Women: A Case-Control Study in Iran, Journal of Nutrition and Food Security (2022)
42. Consumption of “Diabetes Risk Reduction Diet” and Odds of Breast Cancer Among Women in a Middle Eastern Country, Frontiers in Nutrition (2022)
43. The Effects of Whole Milk Compared to Skim Milk and Apple Juice Consumption in Breakfast on Appetite and Energy Intake in Obese Children: A Three-Way Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial, BMC Nutrition (2018)
44. Association Between Diabetes Risk Reduction Diet Score and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Case–Control Study, Clinical Nutrition ESPEN (2023)
45. Association of the Elderly Dietary Index With Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Elderly Men: A Cross-Sectional Study, Nutrition and Dietetics (2019)
46. The Association Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Dietary Intake of Carbohydrates in School-Aged Children in Iran: A Case–Control Study, Neuropsychopharmacology Reports (2025)
47. Nutritional Supplements and Mother’S Milk Composition: A Systematic Review of Interventional Studies, International Breastfeeding Journal (2021)
48. An Unhealthy Plant-Based Diet Increases Risk of Hypertension But Not Framingham Risk Score in Adults, Current Developments in Nutrition (2023)
49. Effects of Kefir Consumption on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, Current Drug Targets (2023)
50. The Effects of Soy Products on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials, Advances in Nutrition (2022)