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The Possible Double-Edged Sword Effects of Vitamin D on Covid-19: A Hypothesis Publisher Pubmed



Shojaeefar E1 ; Malih N2 ; Rezaei N3, 4, 5
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Immunology Board for Transplantation and Advanced Cellular Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific and Education Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

Source: Cell Biology International Published:2021


Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) gains access to host cells by attaching to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Vitamin D (VitD) can upregulate ACE2 and has an antagonistic effect on Renin, which exerts a vasodilatation and anti-inflammatory effect against coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, it may also facilitate viral entry by increasing ACE2 as the main SARS-CoV-2 receptor and mediates ROS production through NADPH oxidase, as a double-edged sword effect. Lung function and the immune system are also influenced by VitD through several mechanisms, including increased natural antibiotics (Defensin and Cathelicidin) and upregulated transforming growth factor-β. A higher IgA, Th2/Th1 ratio, and T-regulatory cells are attributable to VitD effects on the immune cells, while these changes may also be a double-edged sword in COVID-19. Although VitD supplementation might be highly recommended in COVID-19, the administration's dosage and route could be challenging. Furthermore, this issue has not been mentioned in various studies so far. So, the report aimed to explain the current challenges with the application of VitD in COVID-19. © 2020 International Federation for Cell Biology
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