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Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Melanoma: Advantages, Shortcomings and Emerging Roles of the Nanoparticles Publisher Pubmed



Mahdavi Gorabi A1 ; Sadat Ravari M2 ; Sanaei MJ3 ; Davaran S4, 5 ; Kesharwani P6 ; Sahebkar A7, 8, 9, 10
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  3. 3. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  4. 4. Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
  5. 5. Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
  7. 7. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  8. 8. Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  9. 9. School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
  10. 10. Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Source: International Immunopharmacology Published:2022


Abstract

The early stages of melanoma could be treated promisingly by surgical resection; however, the challenge is in advanced cases in which targeted therapy could be an option. The expression of immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, TIM-3, LAG-3, and VISTA is at adequate levels in the melanoma tumor microenvironment (TME) implying the promising outcomes of applying immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs). Since the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ICB, ipilimumab, in melanoma patients, the treatment of melanoma patients with ICBs resulted in improved survival rate and anti-tumor responses, making ICB one of the promising therapeutic approaches. However, due to high biodistribution, these drugs could non-specifically target healthy cells and empower the immune reactions out of control, which results in the incidence of immune-related adverse events. Although there are development management approaches, a new emerging platform is recently available with aid of drug delivery strategies, particularly nanoparticles (NPs). Here, we investigated the recent trials of ICBs in the context of melanoma cases while showing the challenges of this approach. Also, the application of NPs in order to locally deliver ICBs in melanoma tumor models is discussed. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
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