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Global, Regional, and National Sex-Specific Burden and Control of the Hiv Epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 Countries and Territories: The Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Jahagirdar D1 ; Walters MK1 ; Novotney A1 ; Brewer ED1 ; Frank TD7 ; Carter A1 ; Biehl MH8 ; Abbastabar H9 ; Abhilash ES19 ; Abugharbieh E20 ; Aburaddad LJ22 ; Adekanmbi V23 ; Adeyinka DA24, 25 ; Adnani QES26, 27 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Jahagirdar D1
  2. Walters MK1
  3. Novotney A1
  4. Brewer ED1
  5. Frank TD7
  6. Carter A1
  7. Biehl MH8
  8. Abbastabar H9
  9. Abhilash ES19
  10. Abugharbieh E20
  11. Aburaddad LJ22
  12. Adekanmbi V23
  13. Adeyinka DA24, 25
  14. Adnani QES26, 27
  15. Afzal S28, 29
  16. Aghababaei S30, 31
  17. Ahinkorah BO33
  18. Ahmad S34
  19. Ahmadi K35
  20. Ahmadi S36
  21. Ahmadpour E37
  22. Ahmed MB38, 40
  23. Rashid TA41
  24. Salih YA42, 43
  25. Aklilu A44
  26. Akram T46
  27. Akunna CJ48, 49
  28. Al Hamad H50, 51
  29. Alahdab F52
  30. Alanezi FM55
  31. Aleksandrova EA56
  32. Alene KA57, 59
  33. Ali L60
  34. Alipour V61, 62
  35. Almustanyir S67, 69
  36. Alvisguzman N70, 71
  37. Ameyaw EK33
  38. Amu H72
  39. Andrei CL73
  40. Andrei T74
  41. Anvari D75, 77
  42. Arabloo J61
  43. Aremu O78
  44. Arulappan J79
  45. Atnafu DD80
  46. Quintanilla BPA87, 89
  47. Ayza MA90
  48. Azari S61
  49. Darshan BB93
  50. Banach M98, 99
  51. Barnighausen TW100, 101
  52. Barra F103
  53. Barrow A106, 107
  54. Basu S102, 108
  55. Bazarganhejazi S112, 113
  56. Belay HG114
  57. Berheto TM116
  58. Bezabhe WM86, 117
  59. Bezabih YM81, 118
  60. Bhagavathula AS119, 120
  61. Bhardwaj N122
  62. Bhardwaj P123, 124
  63. Bhattacharyya K127, 128
  64. Bibi S129
  65. Bijani A130
  66. Bisignano C1
  67. Bolarinwa OA131
  68. Boloor A132
  69. Boltaev AA135
  70. Briko NI136
  71. Buonsenso D138, 139
  72. Burkart K1, 2
  73. Butt ZA140, 141
  74. Cao C142
  75. Charan J125
  76. Chatterjee S143
  77. Chattu SK144
  78. Chattu VK145, 146
  79. Choudhari SG147
  80. Chu DT148
  81. Couto RAS149
  82. Cowden RG153
  83. Dachew BA58, 154
  84. Dadras O159, 160
  85. Dagnew AB82
  86. Dahlawi SMA53
  87. Dai X1
  88. Dandona L1, 161, 162
  89. Dandona R1, 2, 162
  90. Das Neves J150, 151
  91. Degenhardt L1, 163
  92. Demeke FM83
  93. Desta AA155
  94. Deuba K165, 166
  95. Dhamnetiya D167
  96. Dhungana GP168
  97. Dianatinasab M169, 170
  98. Diaz D171, 172
  99. Djalalinia S173
  100. Doan LP174, 175
  101. Dorostkar F63
  102. Edinur HA176
  103. Effiong A177
  104. Eftekharzadeh S179
  105. El Sayed Zaki M180
  106. Elayedath R181
  107. Elhadi M182
  108. Eljaafary SI183
  109. Elkhatib Z185
  110. Elsharkawy A184
  111. Endalamaw A84
  112. Endries AY186
  113. Eskandarieh S10
  114. Ezeonwumelu IJ187, 188
  115. Ezzikouri S189
  116. Farahmand M11
  117. Faraon EJA190
  118. Fasanmi AO191, 192
  119. Ferrero S104
  120. Desideri LF105
  121. Filip I194, 195
  122. Fischer F196
  123. Folayan MO197
  124. Foroutan M198
  125. Fukumoto T199
  126. Gad MM200, 203
  127. Gadanya MA204, 205
  128. Gaidhane AM147
  129. Garg T206
  130. Gayesa RT207
  131. Gebreyohannes EA156, 208, 209
  132. Gesesew HA91, 209
  133. Obsa AG212
  134. Ghadiri K214, 215
  135. Ghashghaee A61, 64
  136. Gilani SA216, 218
  137. Ginindza TG131
  138. Glavan IR74
  139. Glushkova EV136
  140. Golechha M219
  141. Gugnani HC220, 221
  142. Gupta B222
  143. Gupta S223
  144. Gupta VB224
  145. Gupta VK225
  146. Hamidi S226
  147. Handanagic S227
  148. Haque S228
  149. Harapan H229
  150. Hargono A230
  151. Hasaballah AI231
  152. Hashi A232
  153. Hassan S233, 234
  154. Hassanipour S235, 236
  155. Hayat K237, 238
  156. Herediapi I239
  157. Hezam K240, 241
  158. Holla R93
  159. Hoogar P94
  160. Hoque ME242
  161. Hosseini M12, 13
  162. Hosseinzadeh M61
  163. Hsairi M244
  164. Hussain R47
  165. Ibitoye SE245
  166. Idrisov B248, 249
  167. Ikuta KS1, 3
  168. Ilesanmi OS246, 250
  169. Ilic IM252
  170. Ilic MD254
  171. Irvani SSN255
  172. Islam MM88
  173. Ismail NE256
  174. Itumalla R257
  175. Iyamu IO258, 259
  176. Jabbarinejad R14, 260
  177. Jain V201
  178. Jayawardena R261, 263
  179. Jha RP167, 264
  180. Joseph N133
  181. Kabir A65
  182. Kabir Z265
  183. Kalhor R266, 267
  184. Kaliyadan F268
  185. Kamath A93, 97
  186. Kanchan T126
  187. Kandel H243, 269
  188. Kassahun G270
  189. Katoto PDMC272, 273
  190. Kayode GA274, 275
  191. Kebede EM277
  192. Kebede HK39
  193. Khajuria H278
  194. Khalid N279
  195. Khan EA280
  196. Khan G121
  197. Khatab K281, 282
  198. Kim MS283, 284
  199. Kim YJ285
  200. Kisa A286, 287
  201. Kisa S288
  202. Kochhar S4, 289
  203. Korshunov VA136
  204. Koul PA290
  205. Laxminarayana SLK291
  206. Koyanagi A292, 293
  207. Krishan K294
  208. Defo BK295, 296
  209. Kumar GA161
  210. Kumar M297, 299
  211. Kumar N133
  212. Kwarteng A301
  213. Lal DK161
  214. Landires I302, 305
  215. Lasrado S306
  216. Lassi ZS307
  217. Lazarus JV311
  218. Lee JJH5
  219. Lee YY312, 313
  220. Legrand KE1
  221. Lin C1
  222. Liu X202, 314
  223. Maddison ER1
  224. El Razek HMA315
  225. Mahasha PW316
  226. Majeed A109
  227. Makki A21
  228. Malik AA217, 319
  229. Manamo WA213
  230. Mansournia MA12
  231. Martinsmelo FR320
  232. Masoumi SZ32
  233. Memish ZA67, 68
  234. Menezes RG54
  235. Mengesha EW85
  236. Merie HE321
  237. Mersha AG157, 178
  238. Mestrovic T322, 323
  239. Meylakhs P56, 324
  240. Mheidly N326
  241. Miller TR58, 327
  242. Mirica A74
  243. Moazen B100, 328
  244. Mohammad Y329
  245. Mohammadi M330
  246. Mohammed A331
  247. Mohammed S332, 333
  248. Mohammed S332, 333
  249. Moitra M1
  250. Mokdad AH1, 2
  251. Molokhia M337
  252. Moni MA339
  253. Moradi G340, 341
  254. Moradi Y340
  255. Mpundukaambwa C210
  256. Mubarik S342
  257. Munro SB344
  258. Mwanri L209
  259. Nachega JB345, 346
  260. Nagarajan AJ348, 349
  261. Narayana AI95
  262. Naveed M350
  263. Nayak BP278
  264. Nduaguba SO351
  265. Kandel SN352
  266. Nguefacktsague G353
  267. Nguyen TH174, 175
  268. Nixon MR1
  269. Nnaji CA318, 354
  270. Noubiap JJ308
  271. Nunezsamudio V303, 304
  272. Nyirenda TE273, 355
  273. Oghenetega OB247
  274. Olagunju AT356, 357
  275. Olakunde BO358
  276. Owopetu OF251
  277. Mahesh PA359
  278. Padubidri JR93
  279. Pakhale S360
  280. Parekh T361
  281. Kan FP66
  282. Pawar S362
  283. Pepito VCF363
  284. Peprah EK325
  285. Pinheiro M152
  286. Pokhrel KN364
  287. Polibin RV136
  288. Pollok RCG365
  289. Postma MJ366, 367
  290. Syed ZQ147
  291. Radfar A368
  292. Radhakrishnan RA95
  293. Rahim F15, 369
  294. Rahimimovaghar V16
  295. Rahimzadeh S370
  296. Rahman M371
  297. Rahmani AM372
  298. Ram P193
  299. Ranabhat CL373, 374
  300. Ranasinghe P262
  301. Rao CR96
  302. Rao SJ375
  303. Rathi P93
  304. Rawaf DL110, 377
  305. Rawaf S109, 378
  306. Regassa LD379
  307. Ur Rehman I380
  308. Renzaho AMN381, 382
  309. Rezaei N17, 383
  310. Rezahosseini O384
  311. Rezai MS76
  312. Rezapour A61
  313. Ripon RK385
  314. Rodrigues V386
  315. Roshchin DO387
  316. Rwegerera GM388
  317. Saeed U389, 390
  318. Moghaddam SS18
  319. Sagar R391
  320. Saifurrahman KM392, 393
  321. Salem MR394
  322. Samaei M395
  323. Samy AM396
  324. Santricmilicevic MM252, 253
  325. Saroshe S397
  326. Sathian B50, 398
  327. Satpathy M399, 400
  328. Sawhney M401
  329. Schutte AE164, 402
  330. Seylani A403
  331. Shaikh MA404
  332. Shaka MF405
  333. Shamshad H406
  334. Shamsizadeh M407
  335. Shannawaz M408
  336. Shetty A134
  337. Shin JI409
  338. Shivakumar KM410
  339. Singh JA411, 412
  340. Skryabin VY413
  341. Skryabina AA415
  342. Somayaji R6, 416
  343. Soshnikov S249, 417
  344. Spurlock EE1
  345. Stein DJ317
  346. Sufiyan MB335
  347. Tadbiri H347
  348. Tadesse BT271, 418
  349. Tadesse EG45
  350. Tamiru AT158
  351. Tarkang EE72, 419
  352. Taveira N420, 421
  353. Tekalegn Y422
  354. Tesfay FH92, 211
  355. Tessema GA58, 309
  356. Thapar R133
  357. Tovanipalone MR423, 424
  358. Traini E276, 425
  359. Tran BX426
  360. Tsai AC427, 428
  361. Tusa BS429
  362. Ullah S129
  363. Umeokonkwo CD430
  364. Unnikrishnan B93
  365. Tahbaz SV431, 432
  366. Villafane JH433
  367. Vladimirov SK137, 434
  368. Vo B435
  369. Vongpradith A1
  370. Vu GT436
  371. Waheed Y34
  372. Wamai RG298, 437
  373. Wang G438
  374. Wang Y338
  375. Ward P209
  376. Westerman R439
  377. Winkler AS440, 441
  378. Yadav L310, 442
  379. Jabbari SHY431
  380. Yazie TS115
  381. Yi S443, 444
  382. Yigit V445
  383. Yirdaw BW158
  384. Yonemoto N446, 447
  385. Yu C342
  386. Yunusa I101, 448
  387. Zastrozhin MS414, 449
  388. Zastrozhina A450
  389. Zhang ZJ343
  390. Zumla A300, 376
  391. Salomon JA451
  392. Eaton JW1, 111
  393. Naghavi M1, 2
  394. Dwyerlindgren L1, 2
  395. Wang H1, 2
  396. Lim SS1, 2
  397. Hay SI1, 2
  398. Murray CJL1
  399. Kyu HH1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeones, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
  8. 8. Division of Data, Analytics, and Delivery for Impact, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
  9. 9. Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Paediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Department of Botany, Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, India
  20. 20. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  21. 21. Mass Communication Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  22. 22. Department of Health-Care Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  23. 23. Department of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
  24. 24. Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
  25. 25. Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
  26. 26. Department of Midwifery, Karya Husada Institute of Health Sciences, Kediri, Indonesia
  27. 27. Department of Midwifery, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  28. 28. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  29. 29. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  30. 30. Mother and Child Care Research Centre, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  31. 31. Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  32. 32. Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  33. 33. The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  34. 34. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  35. 35. Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham and Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
  36. 36. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  38. 38. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  39. 39. School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  40. 40. Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  41. 41. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
  42. 42. Database Technology Department, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  43. 43. College of Informatics, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  44. 44. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  45. 45. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  46. 46. School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  47. 47. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  48. 48. Department of Public Health, The Intercountry Centre for Oral Health for Africa, Jos, Nigeria
  49. 49. Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria
  50. 50. Geriatric and Long-Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  51. 51. Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  52. 52. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  53. 53. Environmental Health Department, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  54. 54. Forensic Medicine Division, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  55. 55. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  56. 56. International Centre for Health Economics, Management, and Policy, National Research University, Higher School of Economics, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
  57. 57. Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  58. 58. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  59. 59. Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
  60. 60. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  61. 61. Health Management and Economics Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
  62. 62. Department of Health Economics, Tehran, Iran
  63. 63. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  64. 64. Student Research Committee, Tehran, Iran
  65. 65. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
  66. 66. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  67. 67. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  68. 68. Research and Innovation Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  69. 69. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  70. 70. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
  71. 71. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  72. 72. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  73. 73. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  74. 74. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  75. 75. Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  76. 76. Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  77. 77. Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  78. 78. Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  79. 79. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  80. 80. Department of Health System and Health Economics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  81. 81. Department of Internal Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  82. 82. Department of Nursing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  83. 83. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  84. 84. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Nursing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  85. 85. Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  86. 86. Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  87. 87. The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  88. 88. School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  89. 89. San Martin de Porres University, Lima, Peru
  90. 90. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  91. 91. Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  92. 92. School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  93. 93. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  94. 94. Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Manipal, India
  95. 95. Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, India
  96. 96. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal, India
  97. 97. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  98. 98. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  99. 99. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  100. 100. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  101. 101. T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  102. 102. Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  103. 103. Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  104. 104. Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal, and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  105. 105. University Eye Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  106. 106. Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  107. 107. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  108. 108. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  109. 109. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  110. 110. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  111. 111. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  112. 112. Department of Psychiatry, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  113. 113. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  114. 114. Department of Midwifery, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  115. 115. Department of Pharmacy, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  116. 116. HIV and TB Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  117. 117. University of Tasmania, Tasmania, VIC, Australia
  118. 118. One Health, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
  119. 119. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
  120. 120. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  121. 121. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  122. 122. Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India
  123. 123. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  124. 124. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  125. 125. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  126. 126. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  127. 127. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  128. 128. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  129. 129. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  130. 130. Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  131. 131. Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  132. 132. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  133. 133. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  134. 134. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  135. 135. Department of Mental Health, Human Research and Development Centre, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
  136. 136. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine
  137. 137. Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  138. 138. Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy
  139. 139. Global Health Research Institute, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
  140. 140. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  141. 141. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  142. 142. Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  143. 143. Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Medanta Medicity, Gurugram, India
  144. 144. Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
  145. 145. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  146. 146. Global Institute of Public Health, Thiruvananthapuram, India
  147. 147. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  148. 148. Centre for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  149. 149. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  150. 150. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  151. 151. Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  152. 152. Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  153. 153. Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Park West, South Africa
  154. 154. Department of Epidemiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  155. 155. Department of Surgical Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  156. 156. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  157. 157. School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
  158. 158. Department of Midwifery, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
  159. 159. School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
  160. 160. Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  161. 161. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  162. 162. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  163. 163. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  164. 164. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  165. 165. National Centre for AIDS and STD Control, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal
  166. 166. Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  167. 167. Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Sahib Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India
  168. 168. Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal
  169. 169. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  170. 170. Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  171. 171. Centre of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  172. 172. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  173. 173. Development of Research and Technology Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  174. 174. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  175. 175. Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  176. 176. School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  177. 177. Centre Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  178. 178. School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  179. 179. Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  180. 180. Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities-Cairo, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Cairo, Egypt
  181. 181. School of Behavioural Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Kottayam, India
  182. 182. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  183. 183. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  184. 184. Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  185. 185. World Health Programme, Universite du Quebec en Abitibi-Temiscamingue (University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue), Quebec, QC, Canada
  186. 186. Public Health Department, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  187. 187. Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
  188. 188. IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
  189. 189. Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco
  190. 190. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  191. 191. Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
  192. 192. School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  193. 193. Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  194. 194. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  195. 195. School of Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  196. 196. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg- Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  197. 197. Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
  198. 198. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  199. 199. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  200. 200. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  201. 201. Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  202. 202. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  203. 203. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  204. 204. Community Medicine Department, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
  205. 205. Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
  206. 206. Department of Radiology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  207. 207. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  208. 208. Division of Pharmacy, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  209. 209. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  210. 210. Health and Social Care Economics Group, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  211. 211. Southgate Institute for Health and Society, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  212. 212. School of Psychology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  213. 213. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  214. 214. Infectious Disease Research Centre, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  215. 215. Paediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  216. 216. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  217. 217. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  218. 218. Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  219. 219. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  220. 220. Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla
  221. 221. Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla
  222. 222. Department of Public Health, Torrens University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  223. 223. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
  224. 224. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  225. 225. Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  226. 226. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  227. 227. WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Strategic Information, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  228. 228. Research and Scientific Studies Unit, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  229. 229. Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  230. 230. Department of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
  231. 231. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  232. 232. Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
  233. 233. Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  234. 234. Bergen Centre for Ethics and Priority Setting, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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  236. 236. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Centre, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  237. 237. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  238. 238. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  239. 239. Centre for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  240. 240. Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  241. 241. Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  242. 242. NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  243. 243. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  244. 244. Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
  245. 245. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  246. 246. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  247. 247. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  248. 248. Infectious Diseases Department, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation
  249. 249. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalisation, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  250. 250. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  251. 251. Department of Total Quality Management, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  252. 252. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  253. 253. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  254. 254. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  255. 255. Tabriz, Iran
  256. 256. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
  257. 257. Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  258. 258. Knowledge Translation Program, Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  259. 259. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  260. 260. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  261. 261. Department of Physiology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  262. 262. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  263. 263. School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  264. 264. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  265. 265. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  266. 266. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  267. 267. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  268. 268. Dermatology Department, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
  269. 269. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  270. 270. School of Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  271. 271. Department of Paediatrics, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  272. 272. Centre for Tropical Diseases and Global Health, Catholic Universsity of Bukavu, Bukavu, Congo
  273. 273. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  274. 274. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  275. 275. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  276. 276. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  277. 277. Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
  278. 278. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  279. 279. School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  280. 280. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  281. 281. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  282. 282. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  283. 283. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
  284. 284. Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
  285. 285. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  286. 286. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  287. 287. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  288. 288. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  289. 289. Global Health-Care Consulting, New Delhi, India
  290. 290. Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  291. 291. Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India
  292. 292. Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  293. 293. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  294. 294. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  295. 295. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  296. 296. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  297. 297. Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  298. 298. School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  299. 299. Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  300. 300. Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  301. 301. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  302. 302. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  303. 303. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  304. 304. Department of Public Health, Herrera, Panama
  305. 305. Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  306. 306. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  307. 307. Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  308. 308. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  309. 309. School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  310. 310. Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  311. 311. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  312. 312. Department of Medicine, University of Science Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
  313. 313. School of Medical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
  314. 314. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  315. 315. Radiology Department, Egypt Ministry of Health and Population, Mansoura, Egypt
  316. 316. Grants, Innovation, Product Development Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
  317. 317. Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
  318. 318. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  319. 319. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  320. 320. Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Caucaia, Brazil
  321. 321. Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  322. 322. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  323. 323. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  324. 324. The Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  325. 325. School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  326. 326. Department of Communication and Journalism, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  327. 327. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  328. 328. Institute of Addiction Research, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  329. 329. Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  330. 330. Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
  331. 331. Department of Biology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  332. 332. Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
  333. 333. Department of Pharmacy, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia
  334. 334. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  335. 335. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  336. 336. Department of Health-Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  337. 337. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  338. 338. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  339. 339. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh
  340. 340. Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  341. 341. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  342. 342. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  343. 343. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  344. 344. Scientific Communications Department, Invitae, Boulder, CO, United States
  345. 345. Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  346. 346. Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, United States
  347. 347. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  348. 348. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  349. 349. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  350. 350. Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  351. 351. Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  352. 352. Bupa Clemton Park, Bupa, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  353. 353. Department of Public Health, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
  354. 354. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  355. 355. European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, European Commission, Cape Town, South Africa
  356. 356. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  357. 357. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  358. 358. Community Prevention and Care Services, National AIDS Control Committee, Abuja, Nigeria
  359. 359. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  360. 360. Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  361. 361. Department of Health Administration and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  362. 362. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  363. 363. Centre for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
  364. 364. HIV and Mental Health Department, Integrated Development Foundation Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
  365. 365. Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
  366. 366. University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  367. 367. School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  368. 368. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  369. 369. Thalassaemia and Haemoglobinopathy Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  370. 370. Department of Natural Science, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
  371. 371. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  372. 372. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  373. 373. Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  374. 374. Health and Public Policy Department, Global Centre for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
  375. 375. Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
  376. 376. NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
  377. 377. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  378. 378. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  379. 379. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  380. 380. Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
  381. 381. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  382. 382. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  383. 383. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran
  384. 384. Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  385. 385. Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  386. 386. Nursing Department, Ireland Hospital, Abbeyleix, Ireland
  387. 387. Department of Lifestyle Research and Public Health, NA Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health, Moscow, Russian Federation
  388. 388. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  389. 389. Department of Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Centre Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
  390. 390. Biological Production Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
  391. 391. Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  392. 392. Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  393. 393. Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
  394. 394. Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
  395. 395. Emergency Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  396. 396. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  397. 397. Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore, India
  398. 398. Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  399. 399. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  400. 400. Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
  401. 401. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
  402. 402. The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  403. 403. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  404. 404. Karachi, Pakistan
  405. 405. School of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  406. 406. Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
  407. 407. Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life, and Social Welfare, University of Boras, Boras, Sweden
  408. 408. Department of Community Medicine, BLDE University, Vijayapur, India
  409. 409. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  410. 410. Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  411. 411. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  412. 412. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, United States
  413. 413. Department No 16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  414. 414. Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  415. 415. Therapeutic Department, Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russian Federation
  416. 416. Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  417. 417. Institute for Leadership and Health Management, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  418. 418. International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
  419. 419. HIV Health Promotion Division, HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Network, Kumba, Cameroon
  420. 420. University Institute Egas Moniz, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
  421. 421. Research Institute for Medicines, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
  422. 422. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  423. 423. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  424. 424. Modestum LTD, London, United Kingdom
  425. 425. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  426. 426. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  427. 427. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  428. 428. Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
  429. 429. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
  430. 430. Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  431. 431. Clinical Cancer Research Centre, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  432. 432. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  433. 433. Clinical Research Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
  434. 434. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  435. 435. Faculty of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  436. 436. Centre of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  437. 437. Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, Integrated Initiative for Global Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  438. 438. School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
  439. 439. Competence Centre of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  440. 440. Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  441. 441. Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
  442. 442. Research and Development Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  443. 443. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
  444. 444. Khana Centre for Population Health Research, KHANA, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
  445. 445. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi, Isparta, Turkey
  446. 446. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  447. 447. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  448. 448. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  449. 449. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  450. 450. Paediatrics Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  451. 451. Center for Health Policy, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States

Source: The Lancet HIV Published:2021


Abstract

Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was 1·94 (1·76–2·12). No regions met suggested thresholds for progress. Interpretation: Sub-Saharan Africa had both the highest HIV burden and the greatest progress between 1990 and 2019. The number of incident cases and deaths in males and females approached parity in 2019, although there remained more females with HIV than males with HIV. Globally, the HIV epidemic is far from the UNAIDS benchmarks on progress metrics. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Aging of the NIH. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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