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Estimates, Trends, and Drivers of the Global Burden of Type 2 Diabetes Attributable to Pm2·5 Air Pollution, 1990–2019: An Analysis of Data From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Burkart K1, 2 ; Causey K4 ; Cohen AJ1, 5 ; Wozniak SS1 ; Salvi DD6 ; Abbafati C7 ; Adekanmbi V8 ; Adsuar JC9 ; Ahmadi K10 ; Alahdab F12 ; Alaly Z13, 14 ; Alipour V15, 16 ; Alvisguzman N20, 21 ; Amegah AK22 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Burkart K1, 2
  2. Causey K4
  3. Cohen AJ1, 5
  4. Wozniak SS1
  5. Salvi DD6
  6. Abbafati C7
  7. Adekanmbi V8
  8. Adsuar JC9
  9. Ahmadi K10
  10. Alahdab F12
  11. Alaly Z13, 14
  12. Alipour V15, 16
  13. Alvisguzman N20, 21
  14. Amegah AK22
  15. Andrei CL23
  16. Andrei T25
  17. Ansari F26, 27
  18. Arabloo J15
  19. Aremu O28
  20. Aripov T29, 30
  21. Babaee E17
  22. Banach M31, 32
  23. Barnett A33
  24. Barnighausen TW34, 35
  25. Bedi N37, 38
  26. Behzadifar M39
  27. Bejot Y40, 41
  28. Bennett DA42
  29. Bensenor IM44
  30. Bernstein RS45, 46
  31. Bhattacharyya K47, 48
  32. Bijani A49
  33. Biondi A50
  34. Bohlouli S51
  35. Breitner S52, 53
  36. Brenner H54
  37. Butt ZA55, 56
  38. Camera LA57, 58
  39. Cantubrito C60
  40. Carvalho F61
  41. Cerin E33, 63
  42. Chattu VK64, 65
  43. Chauhan BG66, 68
  44. Choi JYJ69
  45. Chu DT70
  46. Dai X1, 2
  47. Dandona L1, 72, 73, 74
  48. Dandona R1, 72, 73
  49. Daryani A76
  50. Davletov K79
  51. De Courten B80
  52. Demeke FM83
  53. Denovagutierrez E84
  54. Dharmaratne SD2, 75, 85
  55. Dhimal M86
  56. Diaz D87, 88
  57. Djalalinia S89
  58. Duncan BB90
  59. El Sayed Zaki M91
  60. Eskandarieh S92
  61. Fareed M101
  62. Farzadfar F93
  63. Fattahi N282
  64. Fazlzadeh M94, 102
  65. Fernandes E62
  66. Filip I103, 104
  67. Fischer F105
  68. Foigt NA106
  69. Freitas M62
  70. Ghashghaee A107
  71. Gill PS108
  72. Ginawi IA109
  73. Gopalani SV110, 111
  74. Guo Y81, 112
  75. Gupta RD113, 114
  76. Habtewold TD115
  77. Hamadeh RR116
  78. Hamidi S117
  79. Hankey GJ118, 119
  80. Hasanpoor E120
  81. Hassen HY122, 123
  82. Hay SI1, 2
  83. Heibati B124
  84. Hole MK125
  85. Hossain N126
  86. Househ M127
  87. Irvani SSN128
  88. Jaafari J129
  89. Jakovljevic M130, 131
  90. Jha RP132, 133
  91. Jonas JB134, 135
  92. Jozwiak JJ136
  93. Kasaeian A18, 95
  94. Kaydi N137
  95. Khader YS139
  96. Khafaie MA138
  97. Khan EA140
  98. Khan J67
  99. Khan MN141
  100. Khatab K142, 143
  101. Khater AM144
  102. Kim YJ145
  103. Kimokoti RW146
  104. Kisa A147, 148
  105. Kivimaki M149, 150
  106. Knibbs LD151
  107. Kosen S152
  108. Koul PA153
  109. Koyanagi A154, 155
  110. Defo BK156, 157
  111. Kugbey N158
  112. Lauriola P159
  113. Lee PH160
  114. Leili M161
  115. Lewycka S43, 162
  116. Li S82
  117. Lim LL163, 164
  118. Linn S165
  119. Liu Y166, 167
  120. Lorkowski S168, 169
  121. Mahasha PW170
  122. Mahotra NB172
  123. Majeed A11
  124. Maleki A94, 173
  125. Malekzadeh R96, 174
  126. Mamun AA175
  127. Manafi N176
  128. Martini S177, 178
  129. Meharie BG179
  130. Menezes RG181
  131. Mestrovic T182, 183
  132. Miazgowski B184
  133. Miazgowski T185
  134. Miller TR186, 187
  135. Mini GK188, 189
  136. Mirica A25
  137. Mirrakhimov EM190, 191
  138. Mohajer B93
  139. Mohammed S192, 193
  140. Mohan V194, 195
  141. Mokdad AH1, 2
  142. Monasta L196
  143. Moraga P197
  144. Morrison SD3
  145. Mueller UO198, 199
  146. Mukhopadhyay S200
  147. Mustafa G201, 202
  148. Muthupandian S203, 204
  149. Naik G205
  150. Nangia V206
  151. Ndwandwe DE171
  152. Negoi RI24, 207
  153. Ningrum DNA208, 209
  154. Noubiap JJ210
  155. Ogbo FA212
  156. Olagunju AT213, 214
  157. Onwujekwe OE215
  158. Ortiz A216, 217
  159. Owolabi MO218, 219
  160. Mahesh PA220
  161. Pandajonas S221
  162. Park EK222
  163. Kan FP19
  164. Pirsaheb M282
  165. Postma MJ223, 224
  166. Pourjafar H121, 225
  167. Radfar A226
  168. Rafiei A77, 78
  169. Rahim F97
  170. Rahimimovaghar V98
  171. Rahman MA227, 228
  172. Rai RK229, 230
  173. Ranabhat CL231, 232
  174. Raoofi S233
  175. Rawal L234
  176. Renzaho AMN235, 236
  177. Rezapour A15
  178. Ribeiro D62, 237
  179. Roever L238
  180. Ronfani L196
  181. Sabour S239
  182. Saddik B240
  183. Sadeghi E282
  184. Moghaddam SS93
  185. Sahebkar A241, 242
  186. Sahraian MA92
  187. Salimzadeh H96
  188. Salvi SS243
  189. Samy AM244
  190. Sanabria J245, 246
  191. Sarmientosuarez R247, 248
  192. Sathish T283
  193. Schmidt MI90
  194. Schutte AE249, 250
  195. Sepanlou SG96, 174
  196. Shaikh MA251
  197. Sharafi K282
  198. Sheikh A36, 252
  199. Shigematsu M253
  200. Shiri R254
  201. Shirkoohi R99, 100
  202. Shuval K165, 255
  203. Soyiri IN256
  204. Tabaresseisdedos R257, 258
  205. Tefera YM180, 211
  206. Tehranibanihashemi A17, 19
  207. Temsah MH259
  208. Thankappan KR260
  209. Topormadry R261, 262
  210. Car LT263
  211. Ullah I264, 265
  212. Vacante M50
  213. Valdez PR59, 266
  214. Vasankari TJ267, 268
  215. Violante FS269, 270
  216. Waheed Y271
  217. Wolfe CDA272, 273
  218. Yamada T274
  219. Yonemoto N275, 276
  220. Yu C277
  221. Zaman SB80, 278
  222. Zhang Y279, 280
  223. Zodpey S71
  224. Lim SS1, 2
  225. Stanaway JD1, 2
  226. Brauer M1, 281
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Research, Insights, and Innovation, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States
  6. 6. School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  7. 7. Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  8. 8. Department of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
  9. 9. Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
  10. 10. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  11. 11. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  12. 12. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  13. 13. John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  14. 14. Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St Louis, MO, United States
  15. 15. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  21. 21. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  22. 22. Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  23. 23. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  24. 24. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  25. 25. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  26. 26. Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  27. 27. Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  29. 29. Public Health and Healthcare Management, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  30. 30. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  31. 31. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  32. 32. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  33. 33. Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  34. 34. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  35. 35. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  36. 36. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  37. 37. School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai, India
  38. 38. Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  39. 39. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  40. 40. Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
  41. 41. Dijon Stroke Registry - UFR Sciences Sante, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
  42. 42. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  43. 43. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  44. 44. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  45. 45. Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  46. 46. Butte County Department of Public Health, Chico, CA, United States
  47. 47. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  48. 48. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  49. 49. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  50. 50. Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  51. 51. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
  52. 52. Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
  53. 53. Institute of Epidemiology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
  54. 54. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  55. 55. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  56. 56. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  57. 57. Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  58. 58. Board of Directors, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  59. 59. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  60. 60. Department of Neurology, Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
  61. 61. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  62. 62. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  63. 63. School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  64. 64. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
  65. 65. Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  66. 66. Population Research Centre, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, India
  67. 67. Department of Population Studies, Mumbai, India
  68. 68. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  69. 69. Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  70. 70. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  71. 71. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India
  72. 72. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  73. 73. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  74. 74. Department of Health Metric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  75. 75. Institute for Health Metric and Evaluations, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  76. 76. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  77. 77. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  78. 78. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  79. 79. Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  80. 80. The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  81. 81. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  82. 82. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  83. 83. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  84. 84. Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  85. 85. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  86. 86. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  87. 87. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  88. 88. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  89. 89. Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  90. 90. Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande Dosul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  91. 91. Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities-Cairo, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Cairo, Egypt
  92. 92. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  93. 93. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  94. 94. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  95. 95. Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  96. 96. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  97. 97. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  98. 98. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  99. 99. Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  100. 100. Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  101. 101. College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  102. 102. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  103. 103. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  104. 104. School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  105. 105. Institute of Public Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  106. 106. Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  107. 107. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  108. 108. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  109. 109. Family Medicine Research Center, Ministry of Health, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  110. 110. Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  111. 111. Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  112. 112. Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
  113. 113. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  114. 114. Centre for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  115. 115. Department of Quantitative Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
  116. 116. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  117. 117. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  118. 118. Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  119. 119. Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
  120. 120. Department of Healthcare Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  121. 121. Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  122. 122. Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
  123. 123. Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  124. 124. Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  125. 125. Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States
  126. 126. Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
  127. 127. College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  128. 128. Tabriz, Iran
  129. 129. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  130. 130. Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
  131. 131. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  132. 132. Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  133. 133. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  134. 134. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  135. 135. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  136. 136. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  137. 137. Environmental Health Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  138. 138. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  139. 139. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  140. 140. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  141. 141. Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  142. 142. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  143. 143. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  144. 144. National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  145. 145. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  146. 146. Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
  147. 147. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  148. 148. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  149. 149. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  150. 150. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  151. 151. School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
  152. 152. Jakarta, Indonesia
  153. 153. Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  154. 154. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  155. 155. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  156. 156. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  157. 157. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  158. 158. University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
  159. 159. International Society Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, Italy
  160. 160. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  161. 161. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  162. 162. Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  163. 163. Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  164. 164. Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
  165. 165. School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  166. 166. Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
  167. 167. Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
  168. 168. Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
  169. 169. Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NutriCARD), Jena, Germany
  170. 170. Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  171. 171. Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  172. 172. Department of Clinical Physiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  173. 173. Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  174. 174. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  175. 175. Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
  176. 176. Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  177. 177. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
  178. 178. Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia
  179. 179. Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  180. 180. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  181. 181. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  182. 182. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  183. 183. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  184. 184. Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  185. 185. Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  186. 186. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  187. 187. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  188. 188. Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India
  189. 189. Women's Social and Health Studies Foundation, Trivandrum, India
  190. 190. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  191. 191. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  192. 192. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  193. 193. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  194. 194. Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
  195. 195. Department of Diabeteology, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
  196. 196. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  197. 197. Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  198. 198. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  199. 199. Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
  200. 200. Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India
  201. 201. Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Children's Hospital, The Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan
  202. 202. Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  203. 203. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  204. 204. Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
  205. 205. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  206. 206. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  207. 207. Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania
  208. 208. Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang (State University of Semarang), Kota Semarang, Indonesia
  209. 209. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  210. 210. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  211. 211. School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  212. 212. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  213. 213. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  214. 214. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  215. 215. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  216. 216. Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  217. 217. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation, Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
  218. 218. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  219. 219. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  220. 220. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  221. 221. Privatpraxis, Heidelberg, Germany
  222. 222. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  223. 223. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  224. 224. School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  225. 225. Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  226. 226. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  227. 227. School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  228. 228. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  229. 229. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  230. 230. Department of Economics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany
  231. 231. Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  232. 232. Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
  233. 233. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  234. 234. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  235. 235. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  236. 236. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  237. 237. Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal
  238. 238. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  239. 239. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  240. 240. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  241. 241. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  242. 242. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  243. 243. Clinical Research Division, Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India
  244. 244. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  245. 245. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  246. 246. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  247. 247. Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogota, Colombia
  248. 248. National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
  249. 249. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  250. 250. The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  251. 251. Karachi, Pakistan
  252. 252. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  253. 253. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  254. 254. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  255. 255. The Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
  256. 256. Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom
  257. 257. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  258. 258. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  259. 259. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  260. 260. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  261. 261. Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  262. 262. Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland
  263. 263. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  264. 264. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  265. 265. Pakistan Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  266. 266. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  267. 267. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  268. 268. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  269. 269. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  270. 270. Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  271. 271. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  272. 272. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  273. 273. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital and Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
  274. 274. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  275. 275. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  276. 276. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  277. 277. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  278. 278. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  279. 279. School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  280. 280. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  281. 281. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  282. 282. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  283. 283. Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Source: The Lancet Planetary Health Published:2022


Abstract

Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2·5 originating from ambient and household air pollution. Methods: We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM2·5) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure–response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM2·5 exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM2·5-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM2·5 exposure, with an estimated 3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117–223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of deaths and 13·6% (9·73–17·9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2·5, and 6·50% (4·22–9·53) of deaths and 5·92% (3·81–8·64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America. Since 1990, the attributable burden has increased by 50%, driven largely by population growth and ageing. Globally, the impact of reductions in household air pollution was largely offset by increased ambient PM2·5. Interpretation: Air pollution is a major risk factor for diabetes. We estimated that about a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes is attributable PM2·5 pollution. Air pollution mitigation therefore might have an essential role in reducing the global disease burden resulting from type 2 diabetes. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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