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Global, Regional, and National Age-Sex-Specific Mortality for 282 Causes of Death in 195 Countries and Territories, 1980–2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Publisher Pubmed



Roth GA1, 2 ; Abate D18 ; Abate KH19 ; Abay SM24 ; Abbafati C28 ; Abbasi N29, 52 ; Abbastabar H30 ; Abdallah F54 ; Abdela J12 ; Abdelalim A54 ; Abdollahpour I34, 56 ; Abdulkader RS57 ; Abebe HT25 ; Abebe M67 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Roth GA1, 2
  2. Abate D18
  3. Abate KH19
  4. Abay SM24
  5. Abbafati C28
  6. Abbasi N29, 52
  7. Abbastabar H30
  8. Abdallah F54
  9. Abdela J12
  10. Abdelalim A54
  11. Abdollahpour I34, 56
  12. Abdulkader RS57
  13. Abebe HT25
  14. Abebe M67
  15. Abebe Z68
  16. Abejie AN75
  17. Abera SF26, 76
  18. Abil OZ77, 79
  19. Abraha HN58
  20. Abrham AR13
  21. Aburaddad LJ80
  22. Accrombessi MMK81
  23. Acharya D83, 84
  24. Adamu AA3, 87
  25. Adebayo OM91
  26. Adedoyin RA92
  27. Adekanmbi V93
  28. Adetokunboh OO3, 87
  29. Adhena BM26
  30. Adib MG94
  31. Admasie A95
  32. Afshin A2, 10
  33. Agarwal G96
  34. Agesa KM2
  35. Agrawal A97, 98
  36. Agrawal S104, 105
  37. Ahmadi A106
  38. Ahmadi M117
  39. Ahmed MB20
  40. Ahmed S122, 126
  41. Aichour AN131
  42. Aichour I131
  43. Aichour MTE132
  44. Akbari ME42
  45. Akinyemi RO138
  46. Akseer N139
  47. Alaly Z141, 142
  48. Aleyadhy A143
  49. Alraddadi RM145
  50. Alahdab F146, 147
  51. Alam K148
  52. Alam T2
  53. Alebel A73
  54. Alene KA69, 150
  55. Alijanzadeh M152
  56. Alizadehnavaei R153
  57. Aljunid SM161, 162
  58. Alkerwi A163
  59. Alla F164
  60. Allebeck P127, 165
  61. Alonso J166, 167
  62. Altirkawi K144
  63. Alvisguzman N168, 170
  64. Amare AT171, 174
  65. Aminde LN15
  66. Amini E31
  67. Ammar W180, 181
  68. Amoako YA182
  69. Anber NH183, 185
  70. Andrei CL190
  71. Androudi S191
  72. Animut MD193
  73. Anjomshoa M32, 194
  74. Ansari H195
  75. Ansha MG196
  76. Antonio CAT198
  77. Anwari P201
  78. Aremu O202
  79. Arnlov J128, 203
  80. Arora A204, 207
  81. Arora M100, 208
  82. Artaman A209
  83. Aryal KK210
  84. Asayesh H211
  85. Ataro Z14
  86. Atique S212, 213
  87. Atre SR215, 220
  88. Ausloos M222
  89. Avokpaho EFGA82, 224
  90. Awasthi A103, 104
  91. Ayala Quintanilla BP225, 227
  92. Ayele Y12
  93. Ayer R228
  94. Azzopardi PS172, 230
  95. Babazadeh A231
  96. Bacha U232
  97. Badali H154
  98. Badawi A140, 234
  99. Bali AG15
  100. Ballesteros KE2
  101. Banach M236, 237
  102. Banerjee K238
  103. Bannick MS2
  104. Banoub JAM241, 242
  105. Barboza MA243, 245
  106. Barkercollo SL247
  107. Barnighausen TW249, 253
  108. Barquera S265
  109. Barrero LH266
  110. Bassat Q267, 270
  111. Basu S271
  112. Baune BT272
  113. Baynes HW72
  114. Bazarganhejazi S273, 274
  115. Bedi N275, 276
  116. Beghi E277
  117. Behzadifar M281, 288
  118. Behzadifar M281, 288
  119. Bejot Y290, 291
  120. Bekele BB69, 213
  121. Belachew AB26
  122. Belay E66
  123. Belay YA74
  124. Bell ML294
  125. Bello AK296
  126. Bennett DA297
  127. Bensenor IM302
  128. Berman AE311, 312
  129. Bernabe E314
  130. Bernstein RS3, 319
  131. Bertolacci GJ2
  132. Beuran M186
  133. Beyranvand T287
  134. Bhalla A321
  135. Bhattarai S326, 327
  136. Bhaumik S329
  137. Bhutta ZA139, 330
  138. Biadgo B67
  139. Biehl MH2
  140. Bijani A331
  141. Bikbov B278
  142. Bilano V340
  143. Bililign N346
  144. Bin Sayeed MS151, 347
  145. Bisanzio D348, 349
  146. Biswas T351
  147. Blacker BF2
  148. Basara BB352
  149. Borschmann R148, 359
  150. Bosetti C279
  151. Bozorgmehr K365
  152. Brady OJ323
  153. Brant LC366
  154. Brayne C370
  155. Brazinova A372
  156. Breitborde NJK373, 375
  157. Brenner H376
  158. Briant PS2
  159. Britton G377, 379
  160. Brugha T223
  161. Busse R380
  162. Butt ZA383, 385
  163. Callender CSKH2
  164. Camposnonato IR265
  165. Campuzano Rincon JC265, 386
  166. Cano J324
  167. Car M341, 358
  168. Cardenas R387
  169. Carreras G388
  170. Carrero JJ129
  171. Carter A2
  172. Carvalho F389, 394
  173. Castanedaorjuela CA396, 397
  174. Castillo Rivas J244, 246
  175. Castle CD2
  176. Castro C169, 399
  177. Castro F378
  178. Catalalopez F400
  179. Cerin E15, 401
  180. Chaiah Y406
  181. Chang JC407
  182. Charlson FJ3, 15
  183. Chaturvedi P409
  184. Chiang PPC410
  185. Chimedochir O411
  186. Chisumpa VH412, 413
  187. Chitheer A74
  188. Chowdhury R370
  189. Christensen H414
  190. Christopher DJ416
  191. Chung SC419, 423
  192. Cicuttini FM424
  193. Ciobanu LG427
  194. Cirillo M429
  195. Cohen AJ2, 430
  196. Cooper LT431
  197. Cortesi PA435
  198. Cortinovis M279
  199. Cousin E436
  200. Cowie BC8, 437
  201. Criqui MH440
  202. Cromwell EA2, 10
  203. Crowe CS4
  204. Crump JA441, 442
  205. Cunningham M1
  206. Daba AK445
  207. Dadi AF69, 447
  208. Dandona L2, 104
  209. Dandona R2, 104
  210. Dang AK448
  211. Dargan PI315, 449
  212. Daryani A155
  213. Das SK451
  214. Gupta RD452, 549, 550
  215. Neves JD390, 395
  216. Dasa TT16
  217. Dash AP454
  218. Davis AC342, 420
  219. Davis Weaver N2
  220. Davitoiu DV187, 455
  221. Davletov K456
  222. De La Hoz FP398
  223. De Neve JW249
  224. Degenhardt L2, 457
  225. Degfie TT461
  226. Deiparine S2
  227. Demoz GT27, 462
  228. Demtsu BB66
  229. Denovagutierrez E262
  230. Deribe K15, 463
  231. Dervenis N464, 465
  232. Des Jarlais DC466
  233. Dessie GA73
  234. Dey S468
  235. Dharmaratne SD2, 469
  236. Dicker D2
  237. Dinberu MT197
  238. Ding EL254
  239. Dirac MA2, 470
  240. Djalalinia S471
  241. Dokova K475
  242. Doku DT476, 477
  243. Donnelly CA343
  244. Dorsey ER479
  245. Doshi PP443
  246. Douwesschultz D2
  247. Doyle KE480
  248. Driscoll TR482
  249. Dubey M487
  250. Dubljanin E488
  251. Duken EE21, 78
  252. Duncan BB436
  253. Duraes AR490, 491
  254. Ebrahimi H29, 33
  255. Ebrahimpour S231
  256. Edessa D12
  257. Edvardsson D16, 492
  258. Eggen AE493
  259. El Bcheraoui C2, 10
  260. El Sayed Zaki M184
  261. Elkhatib Z127
  262. Elkout H494, 495
  263. Ellingsen CL497, 500
  264. Endres M381
  265. Endries AY501
  266. Er B358
  267. Erskine HE15, 504
  268. Eshrati B472
  269. Eskandarieh S34
  270. Esmaeili R505
  271. Esteghamati A35
  272. Fakhar M160
  273. Fakhim H506
  274. Faramarzi M339
  275. Fareed M507
  276. Farhadi F287
  277. Farinha CSE509
  278. Faro A510
  279. Farvid MS254
  280. Farzadfar F29
  281. Farzaei MH107, 115
  282. Feigin VL2, 511
  283. Feigl AB253, 512
  284. Fentahun N173
  285. Fereshtehnejad SM53, 130
  286. Fernandes E391
  287. Fernandes JC513
  288. Ferrari AJ15, 504
  289. Feyissa GT22
  290. Filip I350, 514
  291. Finegold S2
  292. Fischer F516
  293. Fitzmaurice C2, 5
  294. Foigt NA517
  295. Foreman KJ2
  296. Fornari C435
  297. Frank TD2
  298. Fukumoto T518, 519
  299. Fuller JE2
  300. Fullman N2
  301. Furst T433, 520
  302. Furtado JM303
  303. Futran ND6
  304. Gallus S64
  305. Garciabasteiro AL268
  306. Garciagordillo MA521
  307. Gardner WM2
  308. Gebre AK58
  309. Gebrehiwot TT20
  310. Gebremedhin AT19, 523
  311. Gebremichael B25
  312. Gebremichael TG58
  313. Gelano TF18
  314. Geleijnse JM524
  315. Genovamaleras R525
  316. Geramo YCD74
  317. Gething PW298
  318. Gezae KE59
  319. Ghadami MR108
  320. Ghadimi R332
  321. Ghasemi Falavarjani K250
  322. Ghasemikasman M332
  323. Ghimire M526
  324. Gibney KB438, 527
  325. Gill PS528
  326. Gill TK427
  327. Gillum RF530, 531
  328. Ginawi IA214
  329. Giroud M532, 535
  330. Giussani G277
  331. Goenka S101, 536
  332. Goldberg EM2
  333. Goli S240, 538
  334. Gomezdantes H263
  335. Gona PN539
  336. Gopalani SV540, 541
  337. Gorman TM2
  338. Goto A542
  339. Goulart AC304, 310
  340. Gnedovskaya EV676
  341. Grada A543
  342. Grosso G544
  343. Gugnani HC545, 546
  344. Guimaraes ALS547
  345. Guo Y424
  346. Gupta PC255, 548
  347. Gupta R551
  348. Gupta R551
  349. Gupta T553, 555
  350. Gutierrez RA556
  351. Gyawali B557, 559
  352. Haagsma JA560
  353. Hafezinejad N36, 216
  354. Hagos TB60
  355. Hailegiyorgis TT18
  356. Hailu GB61
  357. Hajmirzaian A37, 133, 216
  358. Hajmirzaian A37, 133, 216
  359. Hamadeh RR561
  360. Hamidi S562
  361. Handal AJ563
  362. Hankey GJ149, 564
  363. Harb HL533
  364. Harikrishnan S565
  365. Haro JM8, 568
  366. Hasan M452
  367. Hassankhani H571
  368. Hassen HY213, 573
  369. Havmoeller R574
  370. Hay RJ316, 575
  371. Hay SI2, 10
  372. He Y2
  373. Hedayatizadehomran A160
  374. Hegazy MI54
  375. Heibati B282
  376. Heidari M576
  377. Hendrie D523
  378. Henok A293
  379. Henry NJ2
  380. Herteliu C577
  381. Heydarpour F34, 109
  382. Heydarpour P34
  383. Heydarpour S116
  384. Hibstu DT446
  385. Hoek HW578, 579
  386. Hole MK581
  387. Homaie Rad E582, 583
  388. Hoogar P584
  389. Hosgood HD554
  390. Hosseini SM38
  391. Hosseinzadeh M585
  392. Hostiuc M187, 586
  393. Hostiuc S188, 587
  394. Hotez PJ99
  395. Hoy DG486
  396. Hsiao T2
  397. Hu G588
  398. Huang JJ295
  399. Husseini A589, 590
  400. Hussen MM192
  401. Hutfless S217, 219
  402. Idrisov B591
  403. Ilesanmi OS592
  404. Iqbal U593
  405. Irvani SSN29, 133
  406. Irvine CMS2
  407. Islam N261, 371
  408. Islam SMS483, 595
  409. Islami F598
  410. Jacobsen KH599
  411. Jahangiry L570, 600
  412. Jahanmehr N15, 134
  413. Jain SK601
  414. Jakovljevic M602
  415. Jalu MT18
  416. James SL2
  417. Javanbakht M603
  418. Jayatilleke AU604, 605
  419. Jeemon P566
  420. Jenkins KJ606
  421. Jha RP607
  422. Jha V301, 328
  423. Johnson CO2
  424. Johnson SC2
  425. Jonas JB250, 608
  426. Joshi A609
  427. Jozwiak JJ614, 615
  428. Jungari SB616
  429. Jurisson M617
  430. Kabir Z618
  431. Kadel R313
  432. Kalani R7
  433. Karami M619
  434. Karami Matin B110
  435. Karch A622
  436. Karema C432, 434
  437. Karimisari H623, 625
  438. Kasaeian A39, 49
  439. Kassa DH58, 73
  440. Kassa GM25
  441. Kassa TD16
  442. Kassebaum NJ2, 626
  443. Katikireddi SV627
  444. Kaul A628, 629
  445. Kazemi Z473, 474
  446. Kazemi Karyani A110
  447. Kazi DS630, 631
  448. Kefale AT292
  449. Keiyoro PN632
  450. Kemp GR2, 634
  451. Kengne AP8, 635
  452. Keren A640, 641
  453. Kesavachandran CN642
  454. Khader YS643
  455. Khafaei B644
  456. Khafaie MA74
  457. Khajavi A59
  458. Khalid N233
  459. Khalil IA2
  460. Khan EA645
  461. Khan MS646, 647
  462. Khan MA649, 650
  463. Khang YH651, 652
  464. Khater MM55
  465. Khoja AT218, 508
  466. Khosravi A474
  467. Khosravi MH624, 653
  468. Khubchandani J654
  469. Kiadaliri AA655
  470. Kibret GD74
  471. Kidanemariam ZT17
  472. Kiirithio DN657, 658
  473. Kim D659
  474. Kim YE660
  475. Kim YJ661
  476. Kimokoti RW662
  477. Kinfu Y663
  478. Kisa A664, 666
  479. Kissimovaskarbek K667
  480. Kivimaki M74, 421
  481. Knudsen AKS498, 670
  482. Kocarnik JM2, 672
  483. Kochhar S3, 560
  484. Kokubo Y673
  485. Kolola T196
  486. Kopec JA384, 674
  487. Koul PA675
  488. Kravchenko MA676
  489. Krishan K677
  490. Kuate Defo B678, 679
  491. Kucuk Bicer B680, 681
  492. Kumar GA104
  493. Kumar M422, 633
  494. Kumar P240
  495. Kutz MJ2
  496. Kuzin I11
  497. Kyu HH2, 10
  498. Lad DP321, 322
  499. Lad SD13
  500. Lafranconi A435
  501. Lal DK104
  502. Lalloo R175
  503. Lallukka T74, 682
  504. Lam JO515
  505. Lami FH684
  506. Lansingh VC686, 688
  507. Lansky S687
  508. Larson HJ2, 10, 323
  509. Latifi A689
  510. Lau KMM2
  511. Lazarus JV267
  512. Lebedev G691, 693
  513. Lee PH694
  514. Leigh J484
  515. Leili M620
  516. Leshargie CT74
  517. Li S424
  518. Li Y695
  519. Liang J696, 697
  520. Lim LL698, 699
  521. Lim SS2, 10
  522. Limenih MA69
  523. Linn S700
  524. Liu S537
  525. Liu Y320
  526. Lodha R610
  527. Lonsdale C402
  528. Lopez AD2, 364
  529. Lorkowski S701, 702
  530. Lotufo PA305
  531. Lozano R2, 265
  532. Lunevicius R703, 704
  533. Ma S353, 705
  534. Macarayan ERK199, 256
  535. Mackay MT362, 707
  536. Maclachlan JH439
  537. Maddison ER2
  538. Madotto F435
  539. Magdy Abd El Razek H709
  540. Magdy Abd El Razek M710
  541. Maghavani DP711
  542. Majdan M712
  543. Majdzadeh R40, 50
  544. Majeed A341
  545. Malekzadeh R41, 713
  546. Malta DC367
  547. Manda AL714
  548. Mandaranofilho LG306
  549. Manguerra H2
  550. Mansournia MA38
  551. Mapoma CC412
  552. Marami D14
  553. Maravilla JC176
  554. Marcenes W317
  555. Marczak L2
  556. Marks A2
  557. Marks GB458, 485
  558. Martinez G715
  559. Martinsmelo FR716
  560. Martopullo I2
  561. Marz W251, 717
  562. Marzan MB718
  563. Masci JR467
  564. Massenburg BB4
  565. Mathur MR102, 421
  566. Mathur P719
  567. Matzopoulos R88, 637
  568. Maulik PK459
  569. Mazidi M721
  570. Mcalinden C722
  571. Mcgrath JJ177, 558
  572. Mckee M325
  573. Mcmahon BJ8, 723
  574. Mehata S724
  575. Mehndiratta MM725
  576. Mehrotra R726
  577. Mehta KM630
  578. Mehta V727
  579. Mekonnen TC728
  580. Melese A730
  581. Melku M69
  582. Memiah PTN731
  583. Memish ZA354, 406
  584. Mendoza W732
  585. Mengistu DT62
  586. Mengistu G12, 729
  587. Mensah GA8, 733
  588. Mereta ST23
  589. Meretoja A363, 734
  590. Meretoja TJ669, 735
  591. Mestrovic T736, 737
  592. Mezgebe HB738
  593. Miazgowski B740
  594. Miazgowski T236
  595. Millear AI2
  596. Miller TR741
  597. Millerpetrie MK2
  598. Mini GK566
  599. Mirabi P333
  600. Mirarefin M742
  601. Mirica A577, 743
  602. Mirrakhimov EM744, 745
  603. Misganaw AT2, 10
  604. Mitiku H14, 18
  605. Moazen B249, 746
  606. Mohammad KA747, 748
  607. Mohammadi M156
  608. Mohammadifard N749
  609. Mohammed MA486, 750
  610. Mohammed S249, 751
  611. Mohan V753
  612. Mokdad AH2, 10
  613. Molokhia M315
  614. Monasta L754
  615. Moradi G755, 756
  616. Moradilakeh M283
  617. Moradinazar M685
  618. Moraga P757
  619. Morawska L758
  620. Velasquez IM379
  621. Morgadodacosta J761
  622. Morrison SD9
  623. Moschos MM762, 763
  624. Mouodi S339
  625. Mousavi SM32
  626. Muchie KF69
  627. Mueller UO766, 767
  628. Mukhopadhyay S768
  629. Muller K2
  630. Mumford JE2
  631. Musa J769, 770
  632. Musa KI772
  633. Mustafa G773, 774
  634. Muthupandian S63
  635. Nachega JB217, 775
  636. Nagel G776
  637. Naheed A123
  638. Nahvijou A42
  639. Naik G135
  640. Nair S777, 778
  641. Najafi F38
  642. Naldi L779, 780
  643. Nam HS781, 782
  644. Nangia V783
  645. Nansseu JR534, 784
  646. Nascimento BR368
  647. Natarajan G786
  648. Neamati N334
  649. Negoi I186
  650. Negoi RI189, 787
  651. Neupane S478
  652. Newton CRJ299, 788
  653. Ngalesoni FN789
  654. Ngunjiri JW790
  655. Nguyen AQ791
  656. Nguyen G2
  657. Nguyen HT791
  658. Nguyen HT791
  659. Nguyen LH448
  660. Nguyen M2
  661. Nguyen TH448
  662. Nichols E2
  663. Ningrum DNA594, 792
  664. Nirayo YL58
  665. Nixon MR2
  666. Nolutshungu N793
  667. Nomura S229, 794
  668. Norheim OF253, 671
  669. Noroozi M795
  670. Norrving B656
  671. Noubiap JJ8
  672. Nouri HR335
  673. Shiadeh MN160
  674. Nowroozi MR43
  675. Nyasulu PS85
  676. Odell CM2
  677. Oforiasenso R200, 425
  678. Ogbo FA206
  679. Oh IH796
  680. Oladimeji O797, 798
  681. Olagunju AT428, 799
  682. Olivares PR522
  683. Olsen HE2
  684. Olusanya BO800
  685. Olusanya JO800
  686. Ong KL2
  687. Ong SKS355, 801
  688. Oren E11, 802
  689. Orpana HM235, 803
  690. Ortiz A3, 804, 806
  691. Ortiz JR807
  692. Otstavnov SS809, 810
  693. Overland S499, 670
  694. Owolabi MO138
  695. Ozdemir R811
  696. Mahesh PA812
  697. Pacella R759, 813
  698. Pakhale S814
  699. Pakhare AP609
  700. Pakpour AH74
  701. Pana A577, 815
  702. Pandajonas S252
  703. Pandian JD417
  704. Parisi A151
  705. Park EK816
  706. Parry CDH86, 636
  707. Parsian H334
  708. Patel S817
  709. Pati S720
  710. Patton GC360, 362
  711. Paturi VR818, 819
  712. Paulson KR2
  713. Pereira A257, 307
  714. Pereira DM391, 820
  715. Perico N278
  716. Pesudovs K821
  717. Petzold M822, 823
  718. Phillips MR824
  719. Piel FB340
  720. Pigott DM2, 10
  721. Pillay JD825
  722. Pirsaheb M116
  723. Pishgar F29, 43
  724. Polinder S560
  725. Postma MJ826
  726. Pourshams A41
  727. Poustchi H41
  728. Pujar A584
  729. Prakash S827
  730. Prasad N827
  731. Purcell CA2
  732. Qorbani M828
  733. Quintana H379
  734. Quistberg DA829
  735. Rade KW496
  736. Anwar Rafay AR351, 830, 831
  737. Rahim F118, 157, 159
  738. Rahimi K300
  739. Rahimimovaghar A44
  740. Rahman M226, 596
  741. Rahman MHU239, 240
  742. Rahman MA453
  743. Rai RK832, 833
  744. Rajsic S834
  745. Ram U239
  746. Ranabhat CL835
  747. Ranjan P8
  748. Rao PC2
  749. Rawaf DL344, 836
  750. Rawaf S341, 837
  751. Razogarcia C264
  752. Reddy KS104
  753. Reiner RC2, 10
  754. Reitsma MB2
  755. Remuzzi G280
  756. Renzaho AMN205
  757. Resnikoff S838, 839
  758. Rezaei S111
  759. Rezaeian S116
  760. Rezai MS13
  761. Riahi SM840
  762. Ribeiro ALP368
  763. Riosblancas MJ263
  764. Roba KT16
  765. Roberts NLS2
  766. Robinson SR481
  767. Roever L841
  768. Ronfani L754
  769. Roshandel G41, 842
  770. Rostami A336
  771. Rothenbacher D776
  772. Roy A611
  773. Rubagotti E843, 844
  774. Sachdev PS460, 845
  775. Saddik B846
  776. Sadeghi E112
  777. Safari H119
  778. Safdarian M45, 277
  779. Safi S136, 137
  780. Safiri S690
  781. Sagar R612
  782. Sahebkar A847
  783. Sahraian MA34
  784. Salam N848
  785. Salama JS2
  786. Salamati P45, 849
  787. De Freitas Saldanha R850
  788. Saleem Z851
  789. Salimi Y38
  790. Salvi SS852
  791. Salz I356
  792. Sambala EZ87
  793. Samy AM853
  794. Sanabria J854, 855
  795. Dolores Sancheznino M856
  796. Santomauro DF15, 502
  797. Santos IS302
  798. Santos JV392, 857
  799. Santric Milicevic MM489
  800. Jose BPS369
  801. Sarker AR124
  802. Sarmientosuarez R858
  803. Sarrafzadegan N383, 749
  804. Sartorius B859
  805. Sarvi S155
  806. Sathian B860, 861
  807. Satpathy M862, 863
  808. Sawant AR221, 649
  809. Sawhney M864
  810. Saxena S345
  811. Sayyah M120
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  814. Schneider IJC865
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  816. Schutte AE89, 866
  817. Schwebel DC648
  818. Schwendicke F382
  819. Scott JG15, 503
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  821. Sepanlou SG41
  822. Servanmori E263
  823. Seyedmousavi S46, 337
  824. Shabaninejad H284
  825. Shackelford KA2
  826. Shafieesabet A869
  827. Shahbazi M63
  828. Shaheen AA871
  829. Shaikh MA875
  830. Shamsbeyranvand M29
  831. Shamsi M113
  832. Shamsizadeh M621
  833. Sharafi K116
  834. Sharif M872
  835. Sharifalhoseini M45, 873
  836. Sharma R874
  837. She J876
  838. Sheikh A258, 877
  839. Shi P878
  840. Shiferaw MS12
  841. Shigematsu M879
  842. Shiri R683
  843. Shirkoohi R47, 51
  844. Shiue I880
  845. Shokraneh F349
  846. Shrime MG261
  847. Si S424
  848. Siabani S114, 881
  849. Siddiqi TJ647
  850. Sigfusdottir ID580, 882
  851. Sigurvinsdottir R882
  852. Silberberg DH883
  853. Santos Silva DA865
  854. Silva JP393
  855. Da Silva NT884
  856. Silveira DGA179, 885
  857. Singh JA8, 135
  858. Singh NP886
  859. Singh PK887
  860. Singh V888
  861. Sinha DN548, 889
  862. Sliwa K8
  863. Smith M2
  864. Sobaih BH13, 890
  865. Sobhani S48
  866. Sobngwi E785, 891
  867. Soneji SS892
  868. Soofi M111
  869. Sorensen RJD2, 3
  870. Soriano JB805, 893
  871. Soyiri IN877
  872. Sposato LA894
  873. Sreeramareddy CT895
  874. Srinivasan V2
  875. Stanaway JD2, 10
  876. Starodubov VI693
  877. Stathopoulou V896
  878. Stein DJ90, 638
  879. Steiner C2
  880. Stewart LG2
  881. Stokes MA597
  882. Subart ML2
  883. Sudaryanto A897
  884. Sufiyan MB752
  885. Sur PJ2, 898
  886. Sutradhar I452
  887. Sykes BL899
  888. Sylaja PN567
  889. Sylte DO2
  890. Szoeke CEI363, 403
  891. Tabaresseisdedos R900, 902
  892. Tabuchi T903
  893. Tadakamadla SK904
  894. Takahashi K486, 905
  895. Tandon N613
  896. Tassew SG66
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  899. Tekalign TG18
  900. Tekle MG15
  901. Temsah MH13, 406
  902. Temsah O406
  903. Terkawi AS908, 909
  904. Teshale MY74
  905. Tessema B70
  906. Tessema GA15, 69
  907. Thankappan KR566
  908. Thirunavukkarasu S911
  909. Thomas N418
  910. Thrift AG426
  911. Thurston GD870
  912. Tilahun B69
  913. To QG760
  914. Tobegai R912
  915. Tonelli M913
  916. Topormadry R668, 914
  917. Torre AE2
  918. Tortajadagirbes M901, 915
  919. Touvier M916
  920. Tovanipalone MR308
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  923. Tripathi S919
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  925. Truelsen TC415
  926. Truong NT448
  927. Tsadik AG58
  928. Tsoi D2
  929. Tudor Car L910
  930. Murat Tuzcu E920, 921
  931. Tyrovolas S568, 569
  932. Ukwaja KN922
  933. Ullah I923, 924
  934. Undurraga EA925, 926
  935. Updike RL2
  936. Usman MS647
  937. Uthman OA529
  938. Uzun SB927
  939. Vaduganathan M259
  940. Vaezi A158
  941. Vaidya G928
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  944. Vasankari TJ931
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  949. Vlassov V936
  950. Vollset SE2, 10
  951. Vos T2, 10
  952. Wagner GR260
  953. Wagnew FS73
  954. Waheed Y937
  955. Wallin MT808, 938
  956. Walson JL3
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  958. Wang YP696, 697
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  999. Yu C955, 956
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  1001. Zaidi Z958
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  1006. Zenebe ZM65
  1007. Zhang AL480
  1008. Zhang K959
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Source: The Lancet Published:2018


Abstract

Background: Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods: The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries—Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings: At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5–74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9–19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7–8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5–23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20–8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0–8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0–24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1–33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5–4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2–15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9–59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000–289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000–363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8–148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2–40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2–36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990—neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases—were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation: Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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