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Global, Regional, and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 79 Behavioural, Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks in 188 Countries, 1990-2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Publisher Pubmed



Forouzanfar MH1 ; Alexander L1 ; Bachman VF1 ; Biryukov S1 ; Brauer M1, 8 ; Casey D1 ; Coates MM1 ; Delwiche K1 ; Estep K1 ; Frostad JJ1 ; Astha KC1 ; Kyu HH1 ; Moradilakeh M1, 11 ; Ng M1 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Forouzanfar MH1
  2. Alexander L1
  3. Bachman VF1
  4. Biryukov S1
  5. Brauer M1, 8
  6. Casey D1
  7. Coates MM1
  8. Delwiche K1
  9. Estep K1
  10. Frostad JJ1
  11. Astha KC1
  12. Kyu HH1
  13. Moradilakeh M1, 11
  14. Ng M1
  15. Slepak E1
  16. Thomas BA1
  17. Wagner J1
  18. Achoki T1
  19. Atkinson C1
  20. Barber RM1
  21. Cooperrider K1
  22. Dandona L1, 99
  23. Dicker D1
  24. Flaxman AD1
  25. Fleming TD1
  26. Foreman KJ1, 158
  27. Gakidou E1
  28. Hay SI1, 53
  29. Heuton KR1
  30. Iannarone ML1
  31. Ku T1
  32. Larson HJ1, 219
  33. Lim SS1
  34. Lopez AD1, 130
  35. Lozano R1, 32
  36. Macintyre MF1
  37. Margono C1
  38. Mclain A1
  39. Mokdad AH1
  40. Mullany EC1
  41. Murray CJL1
  42. Naghavi M1
  43. Nguyen G1
  44. Pain AW1
  45. Richardson L1
  46. Robinson M1
  47. Sandar L1
  48. Stephens N1
  49. Temesgen AM1
  50. Thomson B1
  51. Vos T1
  52. Wan X1, 176
  53. Wang H1
  54. Wurtz B1
  55. Ebel BE2
  56. Ellenbogen RG3
  57. Wright JL4
  58. Alfonsocristancho R5
  59. Anderson BO5
  60. Jensen PN5
  61. Quistberg DA5
  62. Riederer A5, 286
  63. Vavilala MS5
  64. Zunt JR5
  65. Anderson HR6
  66. Pourmalek F7
  67. Gotay CC8
  68. Burnett R9
  69. Shin HH9
  70. Weichenthal S9
  71. Cohen A10
  72. Knudsen A12
  73. Aasvang G13
  74. Kinge JM13
  75. Skirbekk V13
  76. Vollset S13
  77. Abbafati C14
  78. Abbasoglu Ozgoren A15
  79. Cavlin A15
  80. Kucuk Bicer B16
  81. Abdallah F17
  82. Abera SF18, 20
  83. Melaku YA19
  84. Aboyans V21
  85. Abraham B22
  86. Puthenpurakal Abraham J23
  87. Abraham JP24
  88. Thornelyman AL25
  89. Ding EL26
  90. Fahimi S26
  91. Khatibzadeh S26
  92. Wagner GR26, 540
  93. Bukhman G27
  94. Camposnonato IR28, 32
  95. Feigl AB28
  96. Salomon JA28
  97. Benzian H29, 114
  98. Abubakar I30
  99. Aburmeileh NME31
  100. Aburto TC32
  101. Avila MA32
  102. Barquera S32
  103. Barrientosgutierrez T32
  104. Campuzano JC32
  105. Cantoral AJ32
  106. Contreras AG32
  107. Cuevasnasu L32
  108. De V32
  109. Garciaguerra FA32
  110. Gomez Dantes H32
  111. Gonzalez De Cosio T32
  112. Gonzalezcastell D32
  113. Herediapi IB32
  114. Hernandez L32
  115. Jauregui A32
  116. Medina C32
  117. Mejiarodriguez F32
  118. Montanez Hernandez JC32
  119. Pedraza LS32
  120. Pedroza A32
  121. Quezada AD32
  122. Salvo D32
  123. Sanchez LM32
  124. Sanchezpimienta TG32
  125. Servanmori EE32
  126. Shamah Levy T32
  127. Tellez Rojo MM32
  128. Villalpando S32
  129. Adelekan A33
  130. Adofo K34
  131. Adou AK35
  132. Adsuar JC36
  133. Fra Paleo U36
  134. Afshin A37
  135. Micha R37
  136. Mozaffarian D37
  137. Shahraz S38
  138. Shangguan S38, 494
  139. Singh GM39
  140. Agardh EE40
  141. Al Khabouri MJ41
  142. Al Lami FH42
  143. Alam S43
  144. Naheed A43
  145. Alasfoor D44
  146. Albittar MI45
  147. Alegretti MA46
  148. Cavalleri F47
  149. Aleman AV48
  150. Colistro V48
  151. Alemu ZA49
  152. Alhabib S50
  153. Chen Z51
  154. Gething P52
  155. Ali R53
  156. Bennett DA53
  157. Briggs ADM53
  158. Rahimi K53
  159. Scarborough P53
  160. Simard EP54
  161. Ali MK55
  162. Argeseanu Cunningham S55
  163. Liu Y55
  164. Narayan KMV55
  165. Omer SB55
  166. Alla F56
  167. Guillemin F56
  168. Allebeck P57
  169. Roy N57, 476
  170. Kivipelto M58
  171. Weiderpass E59
  172. Fereshtehnejad S60
  173. Havmoeller R61
  174. Sindi S61
  175. Allen PJ62
  176. Alsharif U63
  177. Endres M63
  178. Nolte S63, 426
  179. Papachristou C63
  180. Alvarez E64
  181. Alvisguzman N65
  182. Paternina Caicedo AJ65
  183. Amankwaa AA66
  184. Amare AT67, 70
  185. Hoek HW68, 276
  186. Gansevoort RT69
  187. Yenesew M71
  188. Ameh EA72
  189. Ameli O73
  190. Amini H74, 75, 77
  191. Tanner M76
  192. Ammar W78
  193. Harb HL78
  194. Antonio CAT79
  195. Faraon EA80
  196. Panelo CA81
  197. Anwari P82
  198. Arnlov J83, 85
  199. Larsson A84
  200. Arsic Arsenijevic VS86, 87
  201. Artaman A88
  202. Asghar RJ89
  203. Assadi R90
  204. Atkins LS91
  205. Awuah B92
  206. Laryea DO92
  207. Badawi A93
  208. Bahit MC94
  209. Bakfalouni T95
  210. Balakrishnan K96
  211. Balalla S97
  212. Feigin VL97
  213. Te Ao BJ98
  214. Balu R99
  215. Dandona R99
  216. Goenka S99
  217. Kumar G99
  218. Murthy KS99
  219. Reddy K99
  220. Banerjee A100
  221. Barkercollo SL101
  222. Del Pozocruz B102
  223. Barregard L103
  224. Barrero LH104
  225. Bastoabreu AC105
  226. Batis Ruvalcaba C105
  227. De Castro EF105
  228. Lopez N105
  229. Texcalac JL105
  230. Basu A106
  231. Gaffikin L4
  232. Basu S107
  233. Basulaiman MO108
  234. Memish ZA108
  235. Beardsley J109
  236. Bedi N110
  237. Bekele T111
  238. Bell ML112
  239. Huang JJ112
  240. Benjet C113
  241. Borges G113
  242. Gutierrez RA113
  243. Orozco R113
  244. Trasande L4
  245. Hagan H115
  246. Bernabe E116
  247. Wolfe CDA116
  248. Beyene TJ117
  249. Bhala N118, 119
  250. Derrett S120, 212
  251. Bhalla A121, 122
  252. Jha V121, 122
  253. Bhutta ZA123
  254. Nisar MI124
  255. Bikbov B125, 126
  256. Bin Abdulhak AA127
  257. Vijayakumar L128, 537
  258. Chiang PP129
  259. Blore JD130
  260. Brooks PM130
  261. Lakshmana Balaji A130
  262. Colquhoun SM130, 191
  263. Weintraub RG130, 545
  264. Blyth FM131
  265. Meretoja A132, 393
  266. Bohensky MA133
  267. Bora Basara B134
  268. Yentur GK134
  269. Kose MR135
  270. Pekericli A135
  271. Uzun SB135
  272. Bornstein NM136
  273. Bose D137
  274. Boufous S138
  275. Degenhardt L139
  276. Bourne RR140
  277. Brainin M141
  278. Brazinova A142
  279. Majdan M142
  280. Breitborde NJ143, 144
  281. Schottker B145
  282. Brenner H146
  283. Broday DM147
  284. Lunevicius R148, 370
  285. Bruce NG149
  286. Dherani MK149
  287. Pope D149
  288. Brugha TS150
  289. Brunekreef B151
  290. Kromhout H151
  291. Buchbinder R152, 153
  292. Gabbe B154
  293. Gibney KB154, 249
  294. Thrift AG154
  295. Bui LN155
  296. Nguyen NT155
  297. Bulloch AG156
  298. Patten SB156
  299. Tonelli M156
  300. Wang J156
  301. Burch M157
  302. Burney PGJ158
  303. Jarvis DL158
  304. Rodriguez A158, 474
  305. Rushton L158
  306. Soljak M158
  307. Williams TN158
  308. Caravanos J159
  309. Nash D159
  310. Cardenas R160
  311. Cardis E161
  312. Nieuwenhuijsen MJ161
  313. Rojasrueda D161
  314. Carpenter DO162
  315. Leung R162
  316. Caso V163
  317. Castanedaorjuela CA164, 165
  318. Castro RE166
  319. Catalalopez F167, 168
  320. Chadha VK169
  321. Chang J170
  322. Scott JG171
  323. Hoy DG172, 284
  324. Knibbs LD173
  325. Charlson FJ174
  326. Erskine HE174
  327. Ferrari AJ174
  328. Gouda HN174
  329. Veerman LJ174
  330. Whiteford HA174
  331. Chen W175
  332. Zou X175
  333. Chen H177, 178
  334. London SJ177, 178
  335. Jiang Y179
  336. Takahashi K180
  337. Chimedochir O181
  338. Chowdhury R182, 183
  339. Powles J182, 183
  340. Christophi CA184
  341. Chuang T185
  342. Chugh SS186
  343. Cirillo M187
  344. Claen TKD188
  345. Kraemer A189
  346. Tobollik M189
  347. Colomar M190
  348. Cooper C192
  349. Cooper LT193
  350. Coresh J194
  351. Matsushita K194
  352. Tran BX195, 526
  353. Courville KJ196
  354. Criqui MH197
  355. Stein MB197
  356. Damserederry J198
  357. Danawi H199
  358. Refaat AH199, 468
  359. Dargan PI200
  360. Davis A201
  361. Fay DFJ201
  362. Schmidt JC201
  363. Davitoiu DV202
  364. Dayama A203
  365. Deleo D204
  366. De Lima G205, 206
  367. Machado VMP206
  368. Nogueira JR207
  369. Teixeira CM207
  370. Dellavalle RP208
  371. Deribe K209, 210
  372. Mekonnen W211
  373. Des Jarlais DC213, 214
  374. Dessalegn M215
  375. Deveber GA216
  376. Lindsay MP217, 364
  377. Hu H218
  378. Devries KM219
  379. Mckee M219
  380. Pearce N219
  381. Stockl H219
  382. Tillmann T219
  383. Watts CH219
  384. Dharmaratne SD220
  385. Dokova K221
  386. Dorsey ER222
  387. Driscoll TR223
  388. Marks GB224
  389. Leigh J225
  390. Duan L226
  391. Li Y226, 362
  392. Liu S226
  393. Ma J226
  394. Wang L226
  395. Ye P226
  396. Zhou M226
  397. Liang X227
  398. Durrani AM228
  399. Elshrek YM229
  400. Ermakov SP230, 231
  401. Soshnikov S231
  402. Eshrati B232
  403. Farzadfar F233
  404. Esteghamati A234
  405. Hafezinejad N234
  406. Sheikhbahaei S234
  407. Sepanlou SG235
  408. Heydarpour P236
  409. Sahraian M236
  410. Rahimimovaghar V237
  411. Ferri CP238, 239
  412. Foigt N240
  413. Franklin RC241
  414. Gamkrelidze A242
  415. Khonelidze I242
  416. Sturua L242
  417. Gankpe FG243, 244
  418. Gasana E245
  419. Sabin N246
  420. Geleijnse JM247
  421. Gessner BD248
  422. Gillum RF250
  423. Ginawi IAM251
  424. Giroud M252
  425. Giussani G253
  426. Goginashvili K254
  427. Gona P255
  428. Goto A256
  429. Guerrant RL4
  430. Terkawi AS257, 517, 518
  431. Gugnani HC258, 259
  432. Gunnell D260
  433. Gupta R261, 262
  434. Hagstromer M263
  435. Halasa YA264
  436. Idrisov BT264
  437. Hamadeh RR265
  438. Hammami M266
  439. Hankey GJ267
  440. Hao Y268
  441. Zheng Y269
  442. Haregu T270, 271
  443. Van De Vijver S270, 271
  444. Haro J272, 273
  445. Hedayati MT274
  446. Hijar M275
  447. Hoffman HJ277
  448. Mensah GA278
  449. Sampson UK279
  450. Hornberger JC280, 281
  451. Hosgood H282
  452. Hsairi M283
  453. Hu G285
  454. Huang C286
  455. Hubbell BJ287
  456. Huiart L288
  457. Racape L288
  458. Husseini A289
  459. Iburg KM290
  460. Ikeda N291
  461. Innos K292
  462. Inoue M293
  463. Kawakami N294
  464. Shibuya K295
  465. Islami F296
  466. Ismayilova S297
  467. Jacobsen KH298
  468. Jansen HA299
  469. Jassal SK300
  470. Jayaraman S301
  471. Jeemon P302
  472. Prabhakaran D302
  473. Jiang F303
  474. Jiang G304
  475. Phillips MR55, 305
  476. Jonas JB306
  477. Juel K307
  478. She J308
  479. Kan H309
  480. Kany Roseline SS310
  481. Karam NE311
  482. Karch A312, 313
  483. Karema CK314
  484. Karthikeyan G315
  485. Paul VK315
  486. Satpathy M315
  487. Tandon N315
  488. Kaul A316
  489. Kazi DS317
  490. Kemp AH318, 319
  491. Lotufo PA318
  492. Polanczyk GV318
  493. Santos IS318
  494. Kengne AP320, 323
  495. Matzopoulos R320, 322
  496. Parry CD320, 439
  497. Sliwa K321
  498. Mayosi BM323
  499. Stein DJ323, 438
  500. Keren A324
  501. Khader YS325
  502. Ali Hassan Khalifa SE326
  503. Khan EA327, 328
  504. Khang Y329
  505. Kieling C330
  506. Kim D331
  507. Kim S332
  508. Kim Y333
  509. Kimokoti RW334
  510. Kinfu Y335
  511. Kissela BM336
  512. Kokubo Y337
  513. Kosen S338
  514. Warouw TS339
  515. Kravchenko M340
  516. Varakin YY340
  517. Krishnaswami S341
  518. Kuate Defo B342
  519. Kuipers EJ343
  520. Polinder S343
  521. Kulkarni C344
  522. Kulkarni VS345
  523. Kwan GF346
  524. Lai T347
  525. Lalloo R348, 349
  526. Lallukka T350, 352
  527. Shiri R351, 496
  528. Lam H353
  529. Lan Q354
  530. Lansingh VC355, 356
  531. Lavados PM357
  532. Lawrynowicz AE358
  533. Leasher JL359
  534. Lee J360
  535. Yoon S360
  536. Levi M361
  537. Liang J363
  538. Wang Y363
  539. Zhu J363
  540. Lipshultz SE365
  541. Lloyd BK366, 367
  542. Room R367
  543. Logroscino G368
  544. Lortettieulent J369
  545. Ma S371, 372
  546. Phua HP371
  547. Magisrodriguez C373
  548. Mahdi AA374
  549. Malekzadeh R375, 376
  550. Mangalam S377
  551. Mapoma CC378
  552. Masiye F378
  553. Marape M379
  554. Marcenes W380
  555. Meaney PA381, 389
  556. Margolis DJ382
  557. Silberberg DH382
  558. Martin RV383
  559. Marzan MB384
  560. Mashal MT385
  561. Masonjones AJ386
  562. Mazorodze TT387
  563. Mckay AC388
  564. Mehndiratta M390
  565. Meltzer M391
  566. Mendoza W392
  567. Apolinary Mhimbira F394
  568. Miller TR395, 396
  569. Mills EJ397
  570. Mishra S398
  571. Mohamed Ibrahim N399
  572. Mohammad KA400
  573. Mola GL401
  574. Monasta L402
  575. Montico M402
  576. Ronfani L402
  577. Moore AR403
  578. Morawska L404
  579. Norman RE405
  580. Mori R406, 407
  581. Tsilimbaris M408
  582. Moschandreas J409
  583. Moturi WN410
  584. Werdecker A411
  585. Mueller UO412
  586. Westerman R412, 547
  587. Mukaigawara M413
  588. Nahas Z414
  589. Naidoo KS415
  590. Naldi L416
  591. Nand D417
  592. Nangia V418
  593. Neal B419
  594. Nejjari C420
  595. Neupane SP421
  596. Newton CR422
  597. Ngalesoni FN423
  598. Ngirabega JD424
  599. Nolla JM425
  600. Vollset SE427
  601. Norheim OF428
  602. Norrving B429
  603. Nyakarahuka L430
  604. Oh I431
  605. Ohkubo T432
  606. Olusanya BO433
  607. Opio JN434
  608. Pagcatipunan RS435
  609. Pandian JD436
  610. Park E437
  611. Seedat S439
  612. Pavlin BI440
  613. Pejin Stokic L441
  614. Pereira DM442
  615. Perezpadilla R443
  616. Perezruiz F444, 445
  617. Perico N446
  618. Remuzzi G446
  619. Trillini M446
  620. Perry SAL447
  621. Pervaiz A448
  622. Pesudovs K449
  623. Peterson CB450
  624. Petzold M451, 452
  625. Plass D453
  626. Poenaru D454, 455
  627. Pond CD456
  628. Pope C457
  629. Popova S458
  630. Rehm J458
  631. Prasad NM459
  632. Qato DM460
  633. Rafay A461, 462
  634. Rana SM461, 462
  635. Ur Rahman S463
  636. Raju M464
  637. Rakovac I465
  638. Rao M466
  639. Razavi H467
  640. Ribeiro AL469
  641. Velasquezmelendez G470
  642. Riccio PM471, 472
  643. Sposato LA471, 472
  644. Roca A473
  645. Romieu I475
  646. Straif K475
  647. Ruhago GM477
  648. Sunguya BF477
  649. Sacco RL478
  650. Saha S479
  651. Sahathevan R480, 481
  652. Sanabria JR482, 483
  653. Sanchezriera L484
  654. Sapkota A485
  655. Saunders JE486
  656. Soneji S487
  657. Sawhney M488
  658. Saylan MI489
  659. Schneider IJC490
  660. Schwebel DC491
  661. Singh JA491
  662. Serdar B492
  663. Shaddick G493
  664. Shinohara Y495
  665. Shishani K497
  666. Shiue I498, 499
  667. Sigfusdottir ID500
  668. Singh A501
  669. Soreide K502
  670. Sreeramareddy CT503
  671. Stapelberg NJC504
  672. Stathopoulou V505
  673. Steckling N506
  674. Stroumpoulis K507, 508
  675. Swaminathan S509
  676. Swaroop M510
  677. Yano Y510, 556
  678. Sykes BL511
  679. Tabb KM512
  680. Talongwa RT513
  681. Tanne D514, 515
  682. Tavakkoli M516
  683. Thackway SV519
  684. Thurston GD520
  685. Topouzis F521
  686. Towbin JA522, 523
  687. Toyoshima H524
  688. Traebert J525
  689. Trujillo U527
  690. Tsala Dimbuene Z528
  691. Tuzcu E529
  692. Uchendu US530
  693. Ukwaja KN531
  694. Van Dingenen R532
  695. Van Gool CH533
  696. Van Os J534
  697. Vasankari TJ535
  698. Vasconcelos AN536
  699. Violante FS538
  700. Victorovich Vlassov V539
  701. Waller SG541
  702. Wallin MT542, 543
  703. Wang W544
  704. Wessells K546
  705. Wilkinson JD548
  706. Williams HC549
  707. Woldeyohannes SM550
  708. Wong JQ551
  709. Woolf AD552
  710. Xu G553
  711. Yan LL554
  712. Yang G555
  713. Yip P557
  714. Yonemoto N558
  715. Younis MZ559
  716. Younoussi Z560
  717. Yu C561, 562
  718. Zaki ME563
  719. Zhao Y564
  720. Zhu S565
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, United States
  2. 2. Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, United States
  3. 3. Harborview/UW Medicine, United States
  4. 4. School of Medicine, United States
  5. 5. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  7. 7. School of Population and Public Health, Canada
  8. 8. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  9. 9. Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  10. 10. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States
  11. 11. Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Department of Health Registries, Norway
  13. 13. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  14. 14. La Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  15. 15. Institute of Population Studies, Turkey
  16. 16. Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  17. 17. Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  18. 18. School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Ethiopia
  19. 19. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  20. 20. Kilte Awlaelo-Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  21. 21. Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
  22. 22. Government College Munnar, Munnar, India
  23. 23. Family Medicine Residency Program at California Hospital, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  24. 24. Institute for Global Health, United States
  25. 25. Department of Nutrition, United States
  26. 26. T H Chan School of Public Health, United States
  27. 27. Harvard Medical School, United States
  28. 28. Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  29. 29. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, United Kingdom
  30. 30. University College London, London, United Kingdom
  31. 31. Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Pakistan
  32. 32. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  33. 33. Public Health Promotion Alliance, Osogbo, Nigeria
  34. 34. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  35. 35. Association Ivoirienne pour le Bien-Etre Familial, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
  36. 36. University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
  37. 37. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States
  38. 38. Tufts Medical Center, United States
  39. 39. Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
  40. 40. Institution of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
  41. 41. Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  42. 42. Baghdad College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq
  43. 43. icddr, b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  44. 44. Ministry of Health, Al Khuwair, Oman
  45. 45. Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
  46. 46. Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Social, Uruguay
  47. 47. Facultad de Medicina, Uruguay
  48. 48. Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
  49. 49. Debre Markos University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  50. 50. King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  51. 51. Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, United Kingdom
  52. 52. Department of Zoology, United Kingdom
  53. 53. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  54. 54. Rollins School of Public Health, United States
  55. 55. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  56. 56. University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
  57. 57. Department of Public Health Sciences, Sweden
  58. 58. Aging Research Center, Sweden
  59. 59. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Sweden
  60. 60. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Sweden
  61. 61. Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  62. 62. Ministry of Health, Belmopan, Belize
  63. 63. Charite University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
  64. 64. Government, Madrid, Spain
  65. 65. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  66. 66. Albany State University, Albany, GA, United States
  67. 67. Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands
  68. 68. Department of Psychiatry, Netherlands
  69. 69. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  70. 70. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ethiopia
  71. 71. Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  72. 72. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  73. 73. Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  74. 74. Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  75. 75. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
  76. 76. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland
  77. 77. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  78. 78. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  79. 79. Department of Health Policy and Administration, Philippines
  80. 80. College of Public Health, Philippines
  81. 81. University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  82. 82. Kabul, Afghanistan
  83. 83. Department of Medical Sciences, Sweden
  84. 84. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  85. 85. Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  86. 86. School of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  87. 87. University Children's Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
  88. 88. ON, Canada
  89. 89. South Asian Public Health Forum, Islamabad, Pakistan
  90. 90. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  91. 91. Wellness, Human Services and Gender Relations, Ministry of Health, Castries, Saint Lucia
  92. 92. Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
  93. 93. Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  94. 94. INECO Neurociencias, Rosario, Argentina
  95. 95. Ministry of Health, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
  96. 96. Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
  97. 97. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, New Zealand
  98. 98. Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  99. 99. Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
  100. 100. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  101. 101. School of Psychology, New Zealand
  102. 102. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  103. 103. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothernburg, Sweden
  104. 104. Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifi cia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
  105. 105. National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
  106. 106. School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
  107. 107. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  108. 108. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  109. 109. Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  110. 110. College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  111. 111. Madawalabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
  112. 112. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  113. 113. National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muniz, Mexico City, Mexico
  114. 114. Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, College of Dentistry, United States
  115. 115. New York University, New York, NY, United States
  116. 116. King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  117. 117. Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeyit, Ethiopia
  118. 118. Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  119. 119. Capital and Coast District Health Board, United States
  120. 120. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand
  121. 121. University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
  122. 122. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  123. 123. Medical Center, Pakistan
  124. 124. Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  125. 125. A I Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
  126. 126. Academician V I Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artifi cial Organs, Moscow, Russian Federation
  127. 127. University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
  128. 128. Center for Youth Mental Health, Australia
  129. 129. General Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre, Australia
  130. 130. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  131. 131. University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia
  132. 132. Departments of Medicine and the Florey, Australia
  133. 133. University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  134. 134. General Directorate of Health Research, Turkey
  135. 135. Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
  136. 136. Tel Aviv Saurasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
  137. 137. World Bank, Washington, DC, United States
  138. 138. Transport and Road Safety Research, Australia
  139. 139. University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  140. 140. Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  141. 141. Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
  142. 142. Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  143. 143. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  144. 144. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  145. 145. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Germany
  146. 146. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  147. 147. Haifa, Israel
  148. 148. School of Medicine, United Kingdom
  149. 149. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  150. 150. University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  151. 151. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  152. 152. Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  153. 153. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Australia
  154. 154. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  155. 155. Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  156. 156. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  157. 157. Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
  158. 158. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  159. 159. School of Public Health, City University of New York, NY, United States
  160. 160. Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
  161. 161. Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain
  162. 162. University at Albany— SUNY, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  163. 163. Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
  164. 164. Instituto Nacional de Salud, Colombian National Health Observatory, Bogota, Colombia
  165. 165. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidades Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  166. 166. Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
  167. 167. Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
  168. 168. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia/CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
  169. 169. National Tuberculosis Institute, Bengaluru, India
  170. 170. College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  171. 171. Centre for Clinical Research, Australia
  172. 172. School of Population Health, Australia
  173. 173. School of Public Health, Australia
  174. 174. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  175. 175. Cancer Institute, China
  176. 176. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China
  177. 177. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
  178. 178. Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
  179. 179. Department of Health Development, Japan
  180. 180. Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, Japan
  181. 181. Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Japan
  182. 182. University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
  183. 183. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  184. 184. Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
  185. 185. Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  186. 186. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  187. 187. University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
  188. 188. Department of Environment and Health, Germany
  189. 189. School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
  190. 190. UNICEM, Montevideo, Uruguay
  191. 191. Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  192. 192. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  193. 193. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  194. 194. Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
  195. 195. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  196. 196. Hospital Dr Gustavo N Collado, Panama
  197. 197. University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
  198. 198. Building and Road Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana
  199. 199. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  200. 200. Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  201. 201. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  202. 202. University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  203. 203. Department of Surgery, Jacobi Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
  204. 204. Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  205. 205. Local Health Unit of Matosinhos, Matosinhos, Portugal
  206. 206. Public Health Department, Portugal
  207. 207. Northern Region Health Administration, Porto, Portugal
  208. 208. Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Denver, CO, United States
  209. 209. Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  210. 210. School of Public Health, Ethiopia
  211. 211. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  212. 212. School of Public Health, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
  213. 213. Mount Sinai Beth Israel, NY, United States
  214. 214. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, United States
  215. 215. Africa Medical and Research Foundation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  216. 216. Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
  217. 217. Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Canada
  218. 218. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  219. 219. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  220. 220. University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  221. 221. Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University-Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
  222. 222. University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
  223. 223. Sydney School of Public Health, Australia
  224. 224. Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Australia
  225. 225. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  226. 226. National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, China
  227. 227. China CDC, Beijing, China
  228. 228. National Institutes of Health, Montgomery Village, MD, United States
  229. 229. Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  230. 230. The Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  231. 231. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  232. 232. Arak University of Medical Sciences and Health Affairs, Arak, Iran
  233. 233. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran
  234. 234. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Iran
  235. 235. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Iran
  236. 236. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Iran
  237. 237. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  238. 238. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  239. 239. Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  240. 240. Institute of Gerontology, Academy of Medical Science, Kyiv, Ukraine
  241. 241. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  242. 242. National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tiblisi, Georgia
  243. 243. Leras Afrique, Cotonou, Benin
  244. 244. CHU Hassan II, Fez, Morocco
  245. 245. Tuberculosis and Other Respiratory Diseases Division, Rwanda
  246. 246. Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda
  247. 247. Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  248. 248. Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France
  249. 249. Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  250. 250. Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  251. 251. College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  252. 252. University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
  253. 253. IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  254. 254. Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs, Tblisi, Georgia
  255. 255. University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  256. 256. Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
  257. 257. Department of Anesthesiology, United States
  258. 258. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  259. 259. Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Netherlands Antilles
  260. 260. University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  261. 261. West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
  262. 262. Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, India
  263. 263. Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
  264. 264. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
  265. 265. Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  266. 266. Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States
  267. 267. The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  268. 268. School of Public Health, China
  269. 269. Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, China
  270. 270. Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  271. 271. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  272. 272. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu—CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  273. 273. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  274. 274. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  275. 275. Fundacion Entornos AC, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  276. 276. Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, NY, United States
  277. 277. Epidemiology and Statistics Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, United States
  278. 278. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, United States
  279. 279. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, United States
  280. 280. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  281. 281. Cedar Associates, Menlo Park, CA, United States
  282. 282. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  283. 283. National Institute of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia
  284. 284. Public Health Division, Secretariat of the Pacifi c Community, Noumea, New Caledonia
  285. 285. School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
  286. 286. George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
  287. 287. US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
  288. 288. CHU La Reunion, Saint- Denis, France
  289. 289. Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  290. 290. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  291. 291. National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku, Japan
  292. 292. National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
  293. 293. Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
  294. 294. School of Public Health, Japan
  295. 295. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  296. 296. American Cancer Society, New York, NY, United States
  297. 297. Sumgayit, Azerbaijan
  298. 298. George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  299. 299. UNFPA Asia and the Pacifi c Regional Offi ce, Bangkok, Thailand
  300. 300. VA San Diego, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
  301. 301. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
  302. 302. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
  303. 303. Shanghai Children's Medical Center, China
  304. 304. Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
  305. 305. Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  306. 306. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht- Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  307. 307. The National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
  308. 308. Zhongshan Hospital, China
  309. 309. Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  310. 310. Bamako, Mali
  311. 311. University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
  312. 312. Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  313. 313. Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  314. 314. Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, Kigali City, Rwanda
  315. 315. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  316. 316. Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
  317. 317. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  318. 318. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  319. 319. University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
  320. 320. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  321. 321. Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research, South Africa
  322. 322. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, South Africa
  323. 323. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  324. 324. Cardiology, Hadassah Ein Kerem University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
  325. 325. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  326. 326. Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Qatar
  327. 327. Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  328. 328. Expanded Programme on Immunization, Islamabad, Pakistan
  329. 329. Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  330. 330. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  331. 331. Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  332. 332. Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, South Korea
  333. 333. Southern University College, Johor, Malaysia
  334. 334. Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States
  335. 335. University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  336. 336. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
  337. 337. National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  338. 338. Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy and Humanities, United States
  339. 339. National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health Indonesia, Jakarta, India
  340. 340. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  341. 341. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  342. 342. University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  343. 343. Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  344. 344. Rajrajeswari Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore, India
  345. 345. Arkansas State University, State University, AR, United States
  346. 346. Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  347. 347. Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia
  348. 348. School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffi th University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  349. 349. Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  350. 350. Disability Prevention Research Centre, United States
  351. 351. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  352. 352. Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  353. 353. Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
  354. 354. National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  355. 355. Help Me See Inc, New York, NY, United States
  356. 356. Instituo Mexicano de Oftalmologia, Queretaro, Mexico
  357. 357. Servicio de Neurologia, Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
  358. 358. Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia “Dr Juan H Jara�, Mar del Plata, Argentina
  359. 359. Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  360. 360. Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  361. 361. Tuscany Regional Centre for Occupational Injuries and Diseases, Florence, Italy
  362. 362. Anolinx LLC, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
  363. 363. National Offi ce for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
  364. 364. Heart and Stroke Foundation Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  365. 365. Wayne State University, Miami, FL, United States
  366. 366. Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
  367. 367. Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, Eastern Health, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
  368. 368. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  369. 369. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
  370. 370. Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  371. 371. Ministry of Health Singapore, Singapore
  372. 372. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
  373. 373. Centro Nacional Para la Prevencion y Control del VIH/SIDA, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
  374. 374. King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
  375. 375. Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  376. 376. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  377. 377. Technical Standards and Safety Authority, Toronto, ON, Canada
  378. 378. University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  379. 379. Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
  380. 380. Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
  381. 381. Pereleman School of Medicine, United States
  382. 382. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  383. 383. Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  384. 384. University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
  385. 385. Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
  386. 386. University of York, York, United Kingdom
  387. 387. Automotive Industry Development Centre Eastern Cape, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
  388. 388. EmergentCorp, Belize City, Belize
  389. 389. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  390. 390. Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
  391. 391. Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  392. 392. United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
  393. 393. Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  394. 394. Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
  395. 395. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  396. 396. Curtin University Centre for Population Health, Perth, WA, Australia
  397. 397. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  398. 398. Population Education Resource Centre, Department of Continuing and Adult Education and Extension Work, SNDT Women's University, Mumbai, India
  399. 399. Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  400. 400. University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
  401. 401. University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, Australia
  402. 402. Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo�, Trieste, Italy
  403. 403. University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
  404. 404. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Australia
  405. 405. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australia
  406. 406. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  407. 407. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
  408. 408. Department of Medicine, United Kingdom
  409. 409. University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  410. 410. Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
  411. 411. Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Germany
  412. 412. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  413. 413. Okinawa Chubu Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
  414. 414. American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
  415. 415. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  416. 416. Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  417. 417. Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji
  418. 418. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  419. 419. The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  420. 420. Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco
  421. 421. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  422. 422. Kilifi, Kenya
  423. 423. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  424. 424. East African Community Health Research Commission, Kigali, Rwanda
  425. 425. Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet, Spain
  426. 426. Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  427. 427. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Norway
  428. 428. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  429. 429. Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  430. 430. Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  431. 431. Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  432. 432. Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
  433. 433. Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria
  434. 434. Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Uganda
  435. 435. United Laboratories Inc, Mandaluyong City, Philippines
  436. 436. Christian Medical College Ludhiana, Ludhiana, India
  437. 437. Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
  438. 438. Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, South Africa
  439. 439. Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  440. 440. Independent Researcher, Boroko, Papua New Guinea
  441. 441. Economics Institute, Belgrade, Serbia
  442. 442. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
  443. 443. National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
  444. 444. Hopsital Universitario Cruces, OSI EE-Cruces, Baracaldo, Spain
  445. 445. Biocruces Health Research Institute, Baracaldo, Spain
  446. 446. IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
  447. 447. Washington State Department of Health, Kent, WA, United States
  448. 448. Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  449. 449. Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  450. 450. Aalborg University, Aalborg Esst, Denmark
  451. 451. Health Metrics Unit, Gothenburg, Sweden
  452. 452. The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  453. 453. Section Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, Federal Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
  454. 454. Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  455. 455. MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  456. 456. University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
  457. 457. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
  458. 458. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
  459. 459. The Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  460. 460. College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
  461. 461. Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
  462. 462. Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  463. 463. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  464. 464. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
  465. 465. WHO Regional Offi ce for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
  466. 466. Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  467. 467. Center for Disease Analysis, Louisville, CO, United States
  468. 468. Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
  469. 469. Hospital das Clinica, Brazil
  470. 470. Escola de Enfermagem, Brazil
  471. 471. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  472. 472. Department of Clinical Neurological Ontario, London, ON, Canada
  473. 473. MRC Unit, Fajara, Gambia
  474. 474. Mid Sweden University, Stersund, Sweden
  475. 475. International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO, Lyon, France
  476. 476. BARC Hospital, HBNI University, Mumbai, India
  477. 477. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  478. 478. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
  479. 479. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  480. 480. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  481. 481. Calvary Healthcare Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  482. 482. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  483. 483. Cancer Treatment Centers of America—RFU Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
  484. 484. Centre on Ageing and Mobility, University of Zurich and City Hospital Waid, Zurich, Switzerland
  485. 485. School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
  486. 486. Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, United States
  487. 487. Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
  488. 488. Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  489. 489. Novartis Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
  490. 490. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  491. 491. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  492. 492. University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
  493. 493. University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
  494. 494. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  495. 495. Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
  496. 496. School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
  497. 497. Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
  498. 498. Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  499. 499. Alzheimer's Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  500. 500. Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  501. 501. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  502. 502. Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
  503. 503. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Cheras, Malaysia
  504. 504. Griffi th University, Southport, QLD, Australia
  505. 505. Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
  506. 506. University Hospital Munich, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Munich, Germany
  507. 507. Alexandra General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
  508. 508. Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin, Cherbourg, France
  509. 509. National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
  510. 510. Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  511. 511. University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
  512. 512. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
  513. 513. Ministry of Health, MINSANTE, Yaounde, Cameroon
  514. 514. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
  515. 515. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  516. 516. Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States
  517. 517. Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, United States
  518. 518. Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  519. 519. New South Wales Health, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
  520. 520. Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, NY, United States
  521. 521. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  522. 522. Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
  523. 523. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
  524. 524. Health Care Center of Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo City, Japan
  525. 525. University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoca, Brazil
  526. 526. Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  527. 527. Servicio Canario de Salud, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
  528. 528. Department of Population Sciences and Development, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo
  529. 529. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  530. 530. Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
  531. 531. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  532. 532. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
  533. 533. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
  534. 534. Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
  535. 535. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  536. 536. Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
  537. 537. VHS SNEHA, Chennai, India
  538. 538. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  539. 539. Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  540. 540. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, United States
  541. 541. Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
  542. 542. Neurology Department, Georgetown University, Arlington, VA, United States
  543. 543. VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
  544. 544. Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
  545. 545. Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  546. 546. University of California, Davis, CA, United States
  547. 547. German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
  548. 548. Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
  549. 549. University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  550. 550. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  551. 551. Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
  552. 552. Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom
  553. 553. Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
  554. 554. Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  555. 555. Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
  556. 556. Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
  557. 557. The University of Hong Kong, China
  558. 558. National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  559. 559. Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  560. 560. Universite de Niamey, Niamey, Niger
  561. 561. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan, China
  562. 562. Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  563. 563. Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
  564. 564. Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
  565. 565. Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China

Source: The Lancet Published:2015


Abstract

Background: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian metaregression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.
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