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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Publisher Pubmed



James SL1 ; Bannick MS1 ; Montjoyvenning WC1 ; Lucchesi LR1 ; Dandona L1, 39 ; Dandona R1, 39 ; Hawley C1 ; Hay SI1, 2 ; Jakovljevic M1, 207 ; Khalil I1, 2 ; Krohn KJ1 ; Mokdad AH1, 2 ; Naghavi M1, 2 ; Nichols E1 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. James SL1
  2. Bannick MS1
  3. Montjoyvenning WC1
  4. Lucchesi LR1
  5. Dandona L1, 39
  6. Dandona R1, 39
  7. Hawley C1
  8. Hay SI1, 2
  9. Jakovljevic M1, 207
  10. Khalil I1, 2
  11. Krohn KJ1
  12. Mokdad AH1, 2
  13. Naghavi M1, 2
  14. Nichols E1
  15. Reiner RC1, 2
  16. Smith M1
  17. Feigin VL1, 8
  18. Vos T1, 2
  19. Murray CJL1, 2
  20. Sunshine JE3
  21. Yost MG4
  22. Ellenbogen RG5, 174
  23. Kalani R5
  24. Morrison SD6
  25. Crowe CS7
  26. Massenburg BB7
  27. Theadom A8
  28. Te Ao BJ8, 102
  29. Balalla S9
  30. Jones KM10
  31. Oforiasenso R11, 299
  32. Li S12
  33. Sobhani S13
  34. Hosseini SM14
  35. Mansournia MA14
  36. Yaseri M14, 186
  37. Anjomshoa M15
  38. Mousavi SM15
  39. Hajmirzaian A16, 187
  40. Hajmirzaian A16, 187
  41. Malekzadeh R17, 254
  42. Poustchi H17
  43. Roshandel G17, 332
  44. Sepanlou SG17, 254
  45. Afarideh M18
  46. Esteghamati A18
  47. Esteghamati S18
  48. Ganji M18
  49. Kasaeian A19, 20
  50. Rahimimovaghar A21
  51. Eskandarieh S22
  52. Sahraian MA22
  53. Shamsbeyranvand M23, 348
  54. Abbasi N24, 26
  55. Farzadfar F24
  56. Irvani SN24, 187
  57. Rahimimovaghar V25
  58. Salamati P25, 337
  59. Sharifalhoseini M25
  60. Fereshtehnejad SM27, 145
  61. Mate KKV28
  62. Abdulkader R29
  63. Abraha HN30
  64. Kassa TD30
  65. Nirayo YL30
  66. Weldegwergs KG30
  67. Gezae KE31
  68. Zenebe ZM32
  69. Degefa MG33
  70. Kahsay A33
  71. Asgedom SW34
  72. Gebre AK34
  73. Yimer EM34
  74. Belachew AB35
  75. Meles H36
  76. Adsuar JC37
  77. Zodpey S38
  78. Agrawal S39, 40
  79. Awasthi A39, 85
  80. Kumar GA39
  81. Ahmadi A41
  82. Najafi F42
  83. Rajati F43
  84. Khazaie H44
  85. Farzaei MH45, 49
  86. Moradi M46
  87. Rezaei S47
  88. Soofi M47
  89. Siabani S48, 357
  90. Rezaeian S50
  91. Ahmed MB51
  92. Gebrehiwot TT51
  93. Feyissa GT52
  94. Hussen MA52
  95. Aichour A53
  96. Aichour I53
  97. Aichour MTE54
  98. Akinyemi RO55
  99. Owolabi MO55
  100. Akseer N56
  101. Bhutta ZA56, 130
  102. Badawi A57, 99
  103. Alahdab F58, 59
  104. Kassa GM60
  105. Alebel A61
  106. Wagnew FWS61
  107. Belay YA62
  108. Leshargie CT62
  109. Alghnam SA63, 64
  110. Ali BA65, 66, 67
  111. Alsharif U68
  112. Temsah MH69, 156
  113. Altirkawi K70
  114. Davitoiu DV71, 162
  115. Hostiuc S72, 204
  116. Beuran M73
  117. Negoi I73
  118. Andrei CL74
  119. Ansari H75
  120. Ansha MG76
  121. Antonio CAT77
  122. Appiah SCY78, 79
  123. Levi M80, 259
  124. Ariani F81
  125. Biffino M81
  126. Asefa NG82
  127. Atique S83, 84
  128. Rahman MA86, 322
  129. Wijeratne T87, 266
  130. Ayala Quintanilla BP88, 89
  131. Ayuk TB90
  132. Azzopardi PS91, 92
  133. Rafiei A93, 97
  134. Badali H94
  135. Mohammadi M95
  136. Moosazadeh M96
  137. Daryani A98
  138. Banstola A100
  139. Tran KB101, 376
  140. Barkercollo SL103
  141. Barnighausen TW104, 105
  142. Bedi N106, 107
  143. Tehranibanihashemi A108, 113
  144. Shabaninejad H109
  145. Behzadifar MA110, 114
  146. Kabir A111
  147. Yousefifard M112
  148. Moradilakeh M113
  149. Behzadifar ME114
  150. Bekele B115
  151. Hassen HY115
  152. Henok A116
  153. Biadgo B117, 118
  154. Bennett DA119
  155. Goulart AC120, 124
  156. Bensenor IM121
  157. Lotufo PA122
  158. Wang YP123
  159. Yisma E125
  160. Berhane A126
  161. Deribe K126, 164
  162. Yasin YJ126, 395
  163. Demoz GT127, 163
  164. Bhalla A128
  165. Bhaumik S129
  166. Bijani A131
  167. Zamani M132
  168. Bililign N133
  169. Kumar M134, 240
  170. Birungi C135, 136
  171. Boufous S137
  172. Brazinova A138
  173. Brown AW139
  174. Car M140, 142
  175. Majeed A140
  176. Rawaf S140, 327
  177. Rawaf DL141, 326
  178. Shoman H141
  179. Cardenas R143
  180. Carrero JJ144
  181. Elkhatib Z146
  182. Roy N146, 333
  183. Carvalho F147, 149
  184. Santos JV148, 342
  185. Fernandes E150
  186. Silva JP151
  187. Castanedaorjuela CA152, 154
  188. Hoffman HJ153, 201
  189. Catalalopez F155
  190. Chaiah Y156
  191. Temsah O156
  192. Champs AP157
  193. Chang JC158
  194. Choi JYJ159
  195. Christopher DJ160
  196. Cooper C161
  197. Djalalinia S165
  198. Do HP166
  199. Nguyen TH166
  200. Doku DT167, 168
  201. Drake TM169
  202. Sheikh A170
  203. Soyiri IN170
  204. Dubey M171
  205. Santric Milicevic MMM172
  206. Dubljanin E173
  207. Faro A175
  208. Filip I176, 177
  209. Radfar A178, 317
  210. Fischer F179
  211. Fukumoto T180, 181
  212. Gankpe FG182, 183
  213. Gopalkrishna G184
  214. Haagsma JA185
  215. Polinder S185
  216. Khoja AT188, 228
  217. Pinillamonsalve GD189, 314
  218. Hamadeh RR191
  219. Hamidi S192
  220. Haro JM193, 194
  221. Hassankhani H195
  222. Havmoeller R196
  223. Hegazy MI197
  224. Hendrie D198
  225. Miller TR198, 272
  226. Hibstu DT199
  227. Kassa ZY200
  228. Hole MK202
  229. Homaie Rad E203
  230. Hu G205
  231. Ilesanmi OS206
  232. Jayaraman S208
  233. Jha RP209
  234. Jonas JB210, 212
  235. Moazen B211, 279
  236. Jorjoran Shushtari Z213
  237. Jozwiak JJ214, 215
  238. Jurisson M216
  239. Kahssay M217
  240. Liben ML217
  241. Karch A218
  242. Kengne AP219
  243. Khader YS220
  244. Safari H221
  245. Khafaie MA222
  246. Khalid N223
  247. Khan EA224
  248. Khan MS225, 226
  249. Usman MS226
  250. Siddiqi TJ226
  251. Khang YH227
  252. Khubchandani J229
  253. Kiadaliri AA230
  254. Kim D231
  255. Kim YE232
  256. Yoon SJ232
  257. Kisa A233, 235
  258. Winkler AS234
  259. Koyanagi A236
  260. Kuate Defo B237
  261. Kucuk Bicer B238, 239
  262. Lalloo R241
  263. Moradinazar M242
  264. Lami FH243
  265. Lansingh VC244, 245
  266. Laryea DO246
  267. Latifi A247
  268. Safiri S248, 249
  269. Lunevicius R250, 251
  270. Mahotra NB252
  271. Majdan M253
  272. Manda AL255
  273. Mehndiratta MM256
  274. Mehta V257
  275. Melese A258
  276. Memiah PTN259
  277. Mendoza W260
  278. Mengistu G261, 263
  279. Shiferaw MS261
  280. Tekle MG262
  281. Meretoja TJ264, 268
  282. Meretoja A265, 267
  283. Szoeke CEI267, 369
  284. Mestrovich T269, 270
  285. Miazgowski T271
  286. Mini GK273, 274
  287. Mirica A275, 276
  288. Mirrakhimov EM277, 278
  289. Molokhia M280
  290. Monast L281
  291. Ronfani L281
  292. Mondello S282, 283, 284
  293. Moradi G285
  294. Moschos MM286, 287
  295. Murthy S288
  296. Musa KI289
  297. Mustafa G290, 291
  298. Naik G292
  299. Schwebel DC293
  300. Nangia V294
  301. Nascimento BR295
  302. Ningrum DNA296, 297
  303. Nyasulu PS298
  304. Renzaho AMN300
  305. Ogbo FA301
  306. Oh IH302
  307. Okoro A303
  308. Olagunju AT304, 305
  309. Olagunju TO306
  310. Olivares PR307
  311. Otstavnov SS308, 309
  312. Dnb MPA310
  313. Pakhale S311
  314. Pandey AR312
  315. Pesudovs K313
  316. Prakash S315
  317. Qorbani M316
  318. Rafay A318
  319. Rahman M319
  320. Stokes MA320
  321. Shariful Islam SM321
  322. Rai RK323, 324
  323. Ram U325
  324. Reis C328
  325. Resnikoff S329, 330
  326. Roever L331
  327. Sunguy BF334
  328. Ruhago GM335
  329. Saddik B336
  330. Saldanha RDF338
  331. Samy AM339
  332. Sanabria J340, 341
  333. Sartorius B343
  334. Satpathy M344, 345
  335. Schneider IJC346
  336. Shaikh MAA347
  337. Sharif M349
  338. She J350
  339. Shen J351
  340. Sheth KN352
  341. Shibuya K353
  342. Shigematsu M354
  343. Shiri R355
  344. Shiue I356
  345. Silveira DA358, 360
  346. Soares Filho AM359
  347. Sinha DN361, 363
  348. Soriano JB362, 364
  349. Stein DJ365, 366
  350. Sufiyan MB367
  351. Sykes BL368
  352. Tabaresseisdedos R370, 372
  353. Tortajadagirbes M371, 374
  354. Topormadry R373
  355. Tran BX375
  356. Tudor Car L377
  357. Ukwaja KN378
  358. Ullah I379, 380
  359. Uthman OA381
  360. Valdez PR382, 383
  361. Vasankari TJ384
  362. Venketasubramanian N385, 386
  363. Violante FS387, 388
  364. Waheed Y389
  365. Werdecker A390, 391
  366. Wyper GMA392, 393
  367. Yano Y394
  368. Ye P396
  369. Yip P397
  370. Yonemoto N398
  371. Younis MZ399, 400
  372. Yu C401
  373. Zaidi Z402
  374. Zaman SB403
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  8. 8. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland, New Zealand
  9. 9. School of Public Health, Auckland, New Zealand
  10. 10. Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  11. 11. Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  12. 12. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  13. 13. Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. MS Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  23. 23. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  24. 24. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Montreal Neuroimaging Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  27. 27. Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  28. 28. School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  29. 29. Department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India
  30. 30. Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  31. 31. Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  32. 32. Department of Midwifery, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  33. 33. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  34. 34. School of Pharmacy, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  35. 35. School of Public Health, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  36. 36. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  37. 37. Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
  38. 38. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India
  39. 39. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  40. 40. Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India
  41. 41. Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah, Iran
  42. 42. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kermanshah, Iran
  43. 43. Department of Health Education and Promotion, Kermanshah, Iran
  44. 44. Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah, Iran
  45. 45. Department of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Kermanshah, Iran
  46. 46. Department of Urology, Kermanshah, Iran
  47. 47. Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran
  48. 48. Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran
  49. 49. Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran
  50. 50. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  51. 51. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  52. 52. Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  53. 53. University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  54. 54. Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria
  55. 55. Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  56. 56. Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  57. 57. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  58. 58. Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  59. 59. Research Committee, Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, United States
  60. 60. College of Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  61. 61. Department of Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  62. 62. Department of Public Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  63. 63. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  64. 64. Department of Population Health Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  65. 65. King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  66. 66. Medical Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
  67. 67. Faculty of Pharmacy, Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq
  68. 68. Charite University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  69. 69. Department of Pediatrics, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  70. 70. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  71. 71. Department of General Surgery, Bucharest, Romania
  72. 72. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Bucharest, Romania
  73. 73. Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  74. 74. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  75. 75. Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  76. 76. Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  77. 77. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  78. 78. Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  79. 79. Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  80. 80. Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Florence, Italy
  81. 81. Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy
  82. 82. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  83. 83. University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  84. 84. Public Health Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  85. 85. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  86. 86. Austin Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  87. 87. Department of Psychology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  88. 88. Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  89. 89. General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
  90. 90. Centre for Food and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
  91. 91. Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  92. 92. Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  93. 93. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  94. 94. Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  95. 95. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  96. 96. Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  97. 97. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  98. 98. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  99. 99. Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  100. 100. Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath, Nepal
  101. 101. Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  102. 102. School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  103. 103. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  104. 104. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
  105. 105. TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  106. 106. Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
  107. 107. Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  108. 108. Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  109. 109. Department of Health Policy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  110. 110. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  111. 111. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  112. 112. Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  113. 113. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  114. 114. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  115. 115. Public Health Department, Teppi, Ethiopia
  116. 116. Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
  117. 117. Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  118. 118. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  119. 119. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  120. 120. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  121. 121. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  122. 122. Department of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  123. 123. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  124. 124. Internal Medicine Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  125. 125. School of Alaide Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  126. 126. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  127. 127. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  128. 128. Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  129. 129. George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  130. 130. Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  131. 131. Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  132. 132. Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  133. 133. Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  134. 134. Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  135. 135. UCL Centre for Global Health Economics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  136. 136. Fast-Track Implementation Department, UNAIDS, Gaborone, Botswana
  137. 137. Transport and Road Safety Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  138. 138. Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
  139. 139. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
  140. 140. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  141. 141. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  142. 142. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  143. 143. Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  144. 144. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  145. 145. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  146. 146. Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  147. 147. Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  148. 148. Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, CINTESIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  149. 149. Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  150. 150. REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  151. 151. UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  152. 152. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  153. 153. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  154. 154. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  155. 155. Department of Health Planning and Economics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  156. 156. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  157. 157. Independent Consultant, Minas Gerais, Brazil
  158. 158. College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  159. 159. Biochemistry, Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  160. 160. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
  161. 161. NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  162. 162. Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania
  163. 163. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  164. 164. Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  165. 165. Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  166. 166. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  167. 167. Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  168. 168. Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
  169. 169. Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  170. 170. Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  171. 171. UN World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
  172. 172. Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  173. 173. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  174. 174. Department of Surgery, Seattle Childrens Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
  175. 175. Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
  176. 176. Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  177. 177. Department of Health Sciences, Mesa, AZ, United States
  178. 178. AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  179. 179. Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  180. 180. Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  181. 181. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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  196. 196. Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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  207. 207. Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  208. 208. Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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  218. 218. Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  219. 219. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  220. 220. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan
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  224. 224. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
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  226. 226. Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  227. 227. Department of Health Policy and Management and Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  228. 228. Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  229. 229. Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
  230. 230. Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  231. 231. Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  232. 232. Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  233. 233. Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  234. 234. Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  235. 235. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  236. 236. Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  237. 237. Department of Demography and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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  239. 239. Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  240. 240. University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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  248. 248. Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  249. 249. Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  250. 250. General Surgery Department, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  251. 251. Surgery Department University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  252. 252. Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  253. 253. Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  254. 254. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  255. 255. Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  256. 256. Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
  257. 257. Department of Internal Medicine, SevenHills Hospital, Mumbai, India
  258. 258. College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  259. 259. Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States
  260. 260. Peru Country Office, UNFPA, Lima, Peru
  261. 261. School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  262. 262. School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  263. 263. Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  264. 264. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  265. 265. Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  266. 266. Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  267. 267. School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  268. 268. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  269. 269. Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  270. 270. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  271. 271. Department of Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  272. 272. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  273. 273. Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  274. 274. Department of Public Health, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
  275. 275. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  276. 276. President's Office, National Institute of Statistics, Bucharest, Romania
  277. 277. Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  278. 278. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  279. 279. Institute of Addiction Research, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  280. 280. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  281. 281. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  282. 282. Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
  283. 283. Department of Neurology, Troina, Italy
  284. 284. Oasi Research Institute, Troina, Italy
  285. 285. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  286. 286. First Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Athens, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  287. 287. Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
  288. 288. Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  289. 289. School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  290. 290. Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
  291. 291. Pediatrics and Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother and Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  292. 292. Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  293. 293. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  294. 294. Ophthalmology, Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  295. 295. Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  296. 296. Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Gunungpati, Indonesia
  297. 297. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan
  298. 298. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  299. 299. Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana
  300. 300. School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  301. 301. Translation Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  302. 302. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  303. 303. Research, Measurement, and Results, Society for Family Health, Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  304. 304. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  305. 305. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  306. 306. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  307. 307. Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile
  308. 308. Center for Healthcare Quality Assessment and Control, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  309. 309. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow State University, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  310. 310. Department of TB and Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
  311. 311. Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  312. 312. Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  313. 313. Independent Consultant, Glenelg, SA, Australia
  314. 314. Cardiovascular Institute, International Hospital of Colombia, Floridablanca, Colombia
  315. 315. Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  316. 316. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  317. 317. Medichem, Barcelona, Spain
  318. 318. Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  319. 319. Research and Evaluation Divison, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  320. 320. Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
  321. 321. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
  322. 322. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
  323. 323. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  324. 324. Department of Economics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany
  325. 325. Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  326. 326. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  327. 327. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  328. 328. Department of Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
  329. 329. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  330. 330. Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France
  331. 331. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  332. 332. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  333. 333. Public Health Planning and Evidence Practice Area, National Health Systems Resource Centre, New Delhi, India
  334. 334. Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  335. 335. School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  336. 336. Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  337. 337. School of Health and Policy Management, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
  338. 338. Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  339. 339. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  340. 340. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  341. 341. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  342. 342. Department of Public Health, Regional Health Administration Do Norte IP, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
  343. 343. Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  344. 344. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  345. 345. Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
  346. 346. School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil
  347. 347. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  348. 348. School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
  349. 349. Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
  350. 350. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  351. 351. Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
  352. 352. Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  353. 353. Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
  354. 354. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  355. 355. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  356. 356. Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
  357. 357. School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  358. 358. Brasilia University, Brasilia, Brazil
  359. 359. Department of Diseases and Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
  360. 360. Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
  361. 361. Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
  362. 362. Service of Pulmonology, Health Research Institute of the University Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
  363. 363. Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
  364. 364. Pneumology Service, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  365. 365. Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  366. 366. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  367. 367. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  368. 368. Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  369. 369. Brain Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  370. 370. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  371. 371. Department of Pediatrics, Obstetricts and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  372. 372. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Madrid, Spain
  373. 373. Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  374. 374. Pediatric Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
  375. 375. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  376. 376. Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  377. 377. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  378. 378. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  379. 379. Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  380. 380. TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  381. 381. Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  382. 382. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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  385. 385. Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  386. 386. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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  388. 388. Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  389. 389. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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  391. 391. Independent Consultant, Staufenberg, Germany
  392. 392. National Health Service Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  393. 393. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  394. 394. Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  395. 395. Department of Earth Science, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
  396. 396. Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  397. 397. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  398. 398. Department of Biostatistics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  399. 399. Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  400. 400. Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  401. 401. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  402. 402. University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
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Source: The Lancet Neurology Published:2019


Abstract

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used causespecific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. Findings In 2016, there were 27.08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24.30-30.30 million) new cases of TBI and 0.93 million (0.78-1.16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331-412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11-16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55.50 million (53.40-57.62 million) and of SCI was 27.04 million (24.98-30.15 million). From 1990 to 2016, the agestandardised prevalence of TBI increased by 8.4% (95% UI 7.7 to 9.2), whereas that of SCI did not change significantly (-0.2% [-2.1 to 2.7]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased by 3.6% (1.8 to 5.5) for TBI, but did not change significantly for SCI (-3.6% [-7.4 to 4.0]). TBI caused 8.1 million (95% UI 6.0-10.4 million) YLDs and SCI caused 9.5 million (6.7-12.4 million) YLDs in 2016, corresponding to age-standardised rates of 111 (82-141) per 100 000 for TBI and 130 (90-170) per 100 000 for SCI. Falls and road injuries were the leading causes of new cases of TBI and SCI in most regions. Interpretation TBI and SCI constitute a considerable portion of the global injury burden and are caused primarily by falls and road injuries. The increase in incidence of TBI over time might continue in view of increases in population density, population ageing, and increasing use of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. The number of individuals living with SCI is expected to increase in view of population growth, which is concerning because of the specialised care that people with SCI can require. Our study was limited by data sparsity in some regions, and it will be important to invest greater resources in collection of data for TBI and SCI to improve the accuracy of future assessments. © 2018 The Author(s).
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