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Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived With Disability for 310 Diseases and Injuries, 1990–2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 Publisher Pubmed



Vos T1 ; Allen C1 ; Arora M1 ; Barber RM1 ; Brown A1 ; Carter A1 ; Casey DC1 ; Charlson FJ1, 9, 12 ; Chen AZ1 ; Coggeshall M1 ; Cornaby L1 ; Dandona L1, 14 ; Dicker DJ1 ; Dilegge T1 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Vos T1
  2. Allen C1
  3. Arora M1
  4. Barber RM1
  5. Brown A1
  6. Carter A1
  7. Casey DC1
  8. Charlson FJ1, 9, 12
  9. Chen AZ1
  10. Coggeshall M1
  11. Cornaby L1
  12. Dandona L1, 14
  13. Dicker DJ1
  14. Dilegge T1
  15. Erskine HE1, 9, 12
  16. Ferrari AJ1, 9, 12
  17. Fitzmaurice C1
  18. Fleming T1
  19. Forouzanfar MH1
  20. Fullman N1
  21. Goldberg EM1
  22. Graetz N1
  23. Haagsma JA1
  24. Hay SI1, 17
  25. Johnson CO1
  26. Kassebaum NJ1
  27. Kawashima T1
  28. Kemmer L1
  29. Khalil IA1
  30. Kyu HH1
  31. Leung J1, 9, 12
  32. Lim SS1
  33. Lopez AD1, 22
  34. Marczak L1
  35. Mokdad AH1
  36. Naghavi M1
  37. Nguyen G1
  38. Nsoesie E1
  39. Olsen H1
  40. Pigott DM1
  41. Pinho C1
  42. Rankin Z1
  43. Reinig N1
  44. Sandar L1
  45. Smith A1
  46. Stanaway J1
  47. Steiner C1
  48. Teeple S1
  49. Thomas BA1
  50. Troeger C1
  51. Wagner JA1
  52. Wang H1
  53. Wanga V1
  54. Whiteford HA1, 9, 12
  55. Zoeckler L1
  56. Alexander LT1
  57. Anderson GM1
  58. Bell B1
  59. Bienhoff K1
  60. Biryukov S1
  61. Blore J1
  62. Brown J1
  63. Coates MM1
  64. Daoud F1
  65. Estep K1
  66. Foreman K1
  67. Fox J1
  68. Friedman J1
  69. Frostad J1
  70. Godwin WW1
  71. Hancock J1
  72. Huynh C1
  73. Iannarone M1
  74. Kim P1
  75. Kutz M1
  76. Masiye F1, 177
  77. Millear A1
  78. Mirarefin M1
  79. Mooney MD1
  80. Moradilakeh M1, 399
  81. Mullany E1
  82. Mumford JE1
  83. Ng M1
  84. Rao P1
  85. Reitsma MB1
  86. Reynolds A1
  87. Roth GA1
  88. Shackelford KA1
  89. Sivonda A1
  90. Sligar A1
  91. Sorensen RJD1
  92. Sur P1
  93. Vollset SE1, 267, 333
  94. Woodbrook R1
  95. Zhou M1, 20
  96. Murray CJL1
  97. Ellenbogen RG2
  98. Kotsakis GA3
  99. Mock CN4
  100. Anderson BO5
  101. Futran ND5
  102. Jensen PN5
  103. Watkins DA5, 489
  104. Bhutta ZA6, 8
  105. Nisar MI7
  106. Akseer N8, 59
  107. Abajobir AA9
  108. Knibbs LD9
  109. Lalloo R3
  110. Scott JG10
  111. Alam NKM11, 76
  112. Gouda HN11
  113. Guo Y11
  114. Mcgrath JJ11
  115. Jeemon P13, 303
  116. Dandona R14
  117. Kumar GA14
  118. Gething PW15
  119. Bisanzio D16
  120. Deribew A16, 202
  121. Ali R18
  122. Bennett DA18
  123. Rahimi K18
  124. Kinfu Y19
  125. Duan L20
  126. Li Y20
  127. Liu S20
  128. Jin Y20
  129. Wang L20
  130. Ye P20
  131. Liang X21
  132. Azzopardi P24, 27, 114
  133. Gibney KB25, 249
  134. Meretoja A26, 390
  135. Alam K27, 29, 75
  136. Borschmann R27, 29
  137. Colquhoun SM27, 29
  138. Patton GC27
  139. Weintraub RG27, 29, 372
  140. Szoeke CEI28
  141. Ademi Z29, 54
  142. Taylor HR29
  143. Lozano R30
  144. Camposnonato IR30, 34
  145. Campuzano JC30
  146. Gomezdantes H30
  147. Herediapi IB30
  148. Mejiarodriguez F30
  149. Montanez Hernandez JC30
  150. Rios Blancas MJ30
  151. Servanmori EE30
  152. Mensah GA31
  153. Salomon JA32
  154. Thornelyman AL33, 514
  155. Ajala ON34, 71
  156. Barnighausen T34, 120, 121
  157. Ding EL34
  158. Farvid MS34, 231
  159. Wagner GR34, 536
  160. Osman M35, 425
  161. Shrime MG35
  162. Fitchett JRA36
  163. Abate KH37
  164. Gebrehiwot TT37
  165. Gebremedhin AT37, 245
  166. Abbafati C38
  167. Abbas KM39
  168. Abdallah F40
  169. Abraham B41
  170. Abubakar I42
  171. Banerjee A43
  172. Benzian H44, 134
  173. Aburaddad LJ45, 46
  174. Aburmeileh NM47
  175. Ackerman IN48
  176. Buchbinder R48, 161
  177. Gabbe B49
  178. Thrift AG50
  179. Adebiyi AO51, 53, 159
  180. Akinyemi RO52, 72
  181. Furst T44, 54
  182. Adou AK55
  183. Afanvi KA56, 57
  184. Agardh EE58
  185. Badawi A60, 116
  186. Popova S61
  187. Agarwal A62, 63
  188. Ahmad Kiadaliri A64, 66
  189. Norrving B65
  190. Ahmadieh H68, 69, 70
  191. Yaseri M68, 219
  192. Jahanmehr N9
  193. Alaly Z73
  194. Driscoll TR74
  195. Kemp AH75, 320
  196. Leigh J75
  197. Mekonnen AB75, 385
  198. Aldhahri SF77, 78
  199. Altirkawi KA77
  200. Alegretti MA79
  201. Alemu ZA80
  202. Alhabib S81
  203. Alkerwi A82
  204. Alla F83
  205. Guillemin F83
  206. Allebeck P84
  207. Rabiee RHS84
  208. Carrero JJ85
  209. Fereshtehnejad SM86
  210. Weiderpass E87, 539, 540, 541
  211. Havmoeller R88
  212. Alraddadi R89
  213. Alsharif U90
  214. Alvisguzman N91
  215. Amare AT92, 94
  216. Melaku YA9, 92
  217. Ciobanu LG93
  218. Amberbir A95
  219. Amini H44, 96
  220. Karema CK97, 314
  221. Ammar W98
  222. Harb HL98
  223. Amrock SM99
  224. Andersen HH100
  225. Antonio CAT101
  226. Aregay AF102
  227. Betsu BD102
  228. Hailu GB102, 269
  229. Yebyo HG102, 467
  230. Arnlov J103, 104
  231. Larsson A103
  232. Artaman A105
  233. Asayesh H106
  234. Assadi R107
  235. Atique S108
  236. Avokpaho EFGA109, 110
  237. Awasthi A111
  238. Ayala Quintanilla BP112, 113
  239. Bacha U115
  240. Balakrishnan K117
  241. Barac A118
  242. Barkercollo SL119
  243. Mohammed S121, 397
  244. Barregard L122
  245. Petzold M123, 436
  246. Barrero LH124, 125
  247. Basu A126
  248. Bazarganhejazi S127, 128, 129
  249. Beghi E130
  250. Sheth KN92
  251. Bell ML131
  252. Huang JJ131
  253. Santos IS132
  254. Bensenor IM133
  255. Lotufo PA133
  256. Berhane A135, 136
  257. Wolfe CD137, 546
  258. Bernabe E138
  259. Hay RJ138, 281
  260. Roba HS139
  261. Beyene AS140
  262. Bhala N141, 142
  263. Furst T44, 54
  264. Piel FB144
  265. Steiner TJ145, 496
  266. Bhatt S146
  267. Greaves F146, 197
  268. Majeed A146
  269. Soljak M146
  270. Biadgilign S147
  271. Bikbov B148
  272. Bjertness E149
  273. Htet AS150, 290
  274. Boufous S151
  275. Degenhardt L152
  276. Resnikoff S153
  277. Calabria B154, 164
  278. Mitchell PB154
  279. Brainin M155
  280. Brazinova A156, 157
  281. Majdan M156
  282. Lo WD158, 367
  283. Shen J159, 476
  284. Breitborde NJK160
  285. Buckle GC162
  286. Butt ZA163
  287. Lal A164
  288. Carabin H165
  289. Cardenas R166
  290. Carpenter DO167
  291. Castanedaorjuela CA168, 169
  292. Castillo Rivas J170, 171
  293. Catalalopez F172, 173
  294. Chang J174
  295. Chiang PP175
  296. Chibueze CE176
  297. Chisumpa VH177, 178
  298. Choi JJ179
  299. Chowdhury R180
  300. Christensen H181
  301. Christopher DJ182
  302. Cirillo M183
  303. Cooper C184, 185
  304. Cortinovis Biotech MD186
  305. Giussani Biol G186
  306. Perico DN186
  307. Remuzzi G186, 412, 453
  308. Crump JA187
  309. Derrett S188
  310. Poulton RG189
  311. Damtew SA190, 191
  312. Deribe K9, 201
  313. Hailu AD9, 268
  314. Giref AZ191
  315. Haile D191
  316. Jibat T191, 247
  317. Taye B191
  318. Dargan PI192
  319. Das Neves J193
  320. Massano J194, 381
  321. Santos JV194
  322. Davey G195, 196
  323. Davis AC197
  324. Newton JN197
  325. Steel N197, 494
  326. De Leo D198
  327. Del Gobbo LC199
  328. Dellavalle RP200
  329. Des Jarlais DC203, 204
  330. Dharmaratne SD205
  331. Dhillon PK206
  332. Ganguly P206, 241
  333. Zodpey S206
  334. Diaztorne C207
  335. Dubey M208
  336. Rahman MHU208
  337. Ram U208
  338. Singh A208
  339. Verma RK208
  340. Yadav AK208
  341. Duncan BB209, 210
  342. Kieling C209, 329
  343. Schmidt MI209
  344. Ebrahimi H211, 212
  345. Pishgar F211, 217
  346. Farzadfar F211
  347. Kasaeian A211, 214
  348. Parsaeian M211, 216
  349. Heydarpour P213
  350. Malekzadeh R215
  351. Roshandel G215, 456
  352. Sepanlou SG215
  353. Rahimimovaghar V218
  354. Elyazar I220
  355. Endres M221
  356. Endries AY222
  357. Ermakov SP223, 224
  358. Eshrati B225, 226
  359. Farid TA227
  360. Khan AR227
  361. Farinha CSES228, 229
  362. Faro A230
  363. Feigin VL232
  364. Te Ao BJ233
  365. Kwan GF92
  366. Felson DT234
  367. Fernandes JG235
  368. Fernandes JC236
  369. Fischer F237
  370. Shiue I238, 479, 480
  371. Fowkes FGR239
  372. Franklin RC240
  373. Furst T44, 54
  374. Iyer VJ241
  375. Gankpe FG242, 243
  376. Gebre T244
  377. Geleijnse JM246
  378. Gessner BD248
  379. Ginawi IA250
  380. Giroud M251
  381. Gishu MD252, 253
  382. Tura AK252, 283
  383. Glaser E254
  384. Halasa YA255
  385. Shepard DS255
  386. Undurraga EA255
  387. Gona P256
  388. Goodridge A257
  389. Gopalani SV258
  390. Gotay CC259
  391. Kissoon N259
  392. Kopec JA259
  393. Pourmalek F259
  394. Goto A260
  395. Inoue M261, 294
  396. Grainger R262
  397. Gupta R263
  398. Gupta R263
  399. Gupta V265
  400. Gutierrez RA266
  401. Knudsen AK267, 333
  402. Norheim OF268
  403. Hamadeh RR270
  404. Hamidi S271
  405. Hammami M272
  406. Handal AJ273
  407. Hankey GJ274, 275, 276
  408. Hao Y277
  409. Harikrishnan S278
  410. Haro JM279, 280
  411. Hoek HW282, 284
  412. Skirbekk V285, 335
  413. Horino M286
  414. Horita N287
  415. Hosgood HD288
  416. Hoy DG289
  417. Huang H291
  418. Iburg KM292
  419. Innos K293
  420. Kawakami N9
  421. Shibuya K295
  422. Jacobsen KH296
  423. Jakovljevic MB297
  424. Javanbakht M298
  425. Jayaraman SP299
  426. Jayatilleke AU300, 301
  427. Jee SH302
  428. Prabhakaran D303
  429. Jiang Y304
  430. Jimenezcorona A305
  431. Jimenezcorona A305
  432. Jonas JB307
  433. Kabir Z308
  434. Kalkonde Y309
  435. Kamal R310
  436. Kesavachandran CN310
  437. Kan H311
  438. Karch A312, 313
  439. Karimkhani C315
  440. Kaul A316
  441. Keiyoro PN317, 318
  442. Lyons RA319
  443. Keren A321
  444. Khader YS322
  445. Khan EA323
  446. Khang YH159
  447. Won S324
  448. Khera S325
  449. Tavakkoli M325
  450. Khoja TAM327
  451. Khubchandani J328
  452. Kim C330
  453. Kim D331
  454. Kim YJ332
  455. Skogen JC334, 485
  456. Savic M335
  457. Kokubo Y336
  458. Kolte D337
  459. Mcgarvey ST338
  460. Kosen S339
  461. Koul PA340
  462. Koyanagi A341
  463. Kravchenko M342
  464. Varakin YY342
  465. Kuate Defo B343, 344
  466. Kucuk Bicer B345, 346
  467. Kudom AA347
  468. Polinder S348
  469. Kuipers EJ349
  470. Lallukka T350, 351
  471. Shiri R350
  472. Meretoja TJ352, 391
  473. Lam H353
  474. Lam JO354
  475. Nachega JB324, 354, 409
  476. Tran BX355, 521
  477. Langan SM356
  478. Mckee M356
  479. Lavados PM357
  480. Leasher JL358
  481. Leung R359
  482. Levi M360
  483. Li Y20
  484. Liang J362
  485. Liu Y363
  486. Phillips MR363, 437
  487. Lloyd BK364, 365, 366
  488. Logroscino G368
  489. Looker KJ369
  490. Lunevicius R370, 371
  491. Mackay MT372
  492. Magdy Abd El Razek M373
  493. Mahdavi M374, 375
  494. Marcenes W376
  495. Meaney PA377, 383
  496. Margolis DJ378
  497. Martinezraga J379, 380
  498. Mcmahon BJ382
  499. Mehari A384
  500. Tedla BA385, 509
  501. Memiah P386
  502. Memish ZA387, 388
  503. Mendoza W389
  504. Mhimbira FA392
  505. Miller TR393, 394
  506. Mills EJ395
  507. Mohammadi A396
  508. Monasta L398
  509. Montico M398
  510. Ronfani L398
  511. Morawska L400, 401, 403
  512. Norman RE401, 402, 403
  513. Werdecker A404
  514. Mueller UO405
  515. Westerman R405, 542
  516. Paternina Caicedo AJ406, 430
  517. Murdoch ME407, 408
  518. Seedat S409
  519. Wiysonge CS409, 545
  520. Nagel G410
  521. Rothenbacher D410
  522. Naheed A411
  523. Naldi L412
  524. Nangia V413
  525. Ngalesoni FN414
  526. Nguyen QL415
  527. Nkamedjie Pete PM416
  528. Nolla JM417
  529. Nunes BP418
  530. Ogbo FA419
  531. Oh I420
  532. Ohkubo T421
  533. Olivares PR422
  534. Olusanya BO423
  535. Olusanya JO423
  536. Ortiz A424
  537. Ota E426
  538. Mahesh PA427, 428
  539. Passos VMDA429
  540. Patten SB431
  541. Tonelli M432
  542. Pereira DM433
  543. Perezpadilla R434
  544. Pesudovs K435
  545. Pillay JD438
  546. Plass D439
  547. Plattsmills JA440
  548. Pond CD441
  549. Prasad NM442, 443
  550. Qorbani M444
  551. Radfar A445
  552. Rafay A446
  553. Rahman M447
  554. Rahman SU448
  555. Rai RK449
  556. Rajsic S450
  557. Refaat AH451, 452
  558. Ribeiro AL454
  559. Rojasrueda D455
  560. Roy A457
  561. Sagar R457
  562. Satpathy M457
  563. Tandon N457
  564. Sahathevan R458, 459
  565. Sanabria JR460, 461
  566. Sancheznino MD462
  567. Sarmientosuarez R463
  568. Sartorius B464
  569. Sawhney M465
  570. Schaub MP466
  571. Schneider IJC468
  572. Silva DAS468
  573. Schottker B469, 470
  574. Schwebel DC471
  575. Singh JA471
  576. Shaheen A472
  577. Shaikh MA473
  578. Sharma R474
  579. Sharma U475
  580. Shin M477
  581. Yoon S478
  582. Sigfusdottir ID481
  583. Silveira DGA482
  584. Singh OP483
  585. Singh PK484
  586. Soreide K486
  587. Sliwa K487
  588. Stein DJ488, 495
  589. Soriano JB490
  590. Sposato LA491
  591. Sreeramareddy CT492
  592. Stathopoulou V493
  593. Stovner LJ496, 498
  594. Steinke S497
  595. Stroumpoulis K499, 500
  596. Sunguya BF501
  597. Swaminathan S502
  598. Sykes BL503
  599. Tabaresseisdedos R504
  600. Takala JS505, 506
  601. Tanne D507, 508
  602. Terkawi AS510, 512
  603. Tuzcu EM511
  604. Thomson AJ513
  605. Thurston GD515
  606. Tobegai R516, 517
  607. Topormadry R518, 519
  608. Topouzis F520
  609. Truelsen T522
  610. Tsala Dimbuene Z523, 524
  611. Tsilimbaris M525
  612. Tyrovolas S526
  613. Ukwaja KN527
  614. Uneke CJ528
  615. Uthman OA529
  616. Van Gool CH530
  617. Vasankari T531
  618. Venketasubramanian N532
  619. Violante FS533
  620. Vladimirov SK534
  621. Vlassov VV535
  622. Waller SG537
  623. Weichenthal S538
  624. White RA543
  625. Williams HC544
  626. Wubshet M547
  627. Xavier D548
  628. Xu G549
  629. Yan LL550
  630. Yano Y551
  631. Yip P552
  632. Yonemoto N553
  633. Younis MZ554
  634. Yu C216, 555
  635. Zaidi Z556, 557
  636. Zaki ME558
  637. Zeeb H559
  638. Zuhlke LJ560
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, United States
  2. 2. Harborview/UW Medicine, United States
  3. 3. School of Dentistry, United States
  4. 4. Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, United States
  5. 5. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Pakistan
  7. 7. Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  8. 8. Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
  9. 9. School of Public Health, Australia
  10. 10. Centre for Clinical Research, Australia
  11. 11. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  12. 12. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  13. 13. Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, India
  14. 14. Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
  15. 15. Department of Zoology, India
  16. 16. Nuffield Department of Medicine, United Kingdom
  17. 17. Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, United Kingdom
  18. 18. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  19. 19. Centre for Research & Action in Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  20. 20. National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, China
  21. 21. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
  22. 22. Beijing, China
  23. 23. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Australia
  24. 24. Department of Paediatrics, Australia
  25. 25. The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Australia
  26. 26. Department of Medicine, Australia
  27. 27. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Australia
  28. 28. Institute of Health and Ageing, Australia
  29. 29. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  30. 30. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  31. 31. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  32. 32. Department of Global Health and Population, United States
  33. 33. Department of Nutrition, United States
  34. 34. Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, United States
  35. 35. Harvard Medical School, United States
  36. 36. Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  37. 37. Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  38. 38. La Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  39. 39. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
  40. 40. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  41. 41. NMSM Government College Kalpetta, Kerala, India
  42. 42. Institute for Global Health, United Kingdom
  43. 43. Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, United Kingdom
  44. 44. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, United Kingdom
  45. 45. University College London, London, United Kingdom
  46. 46. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  47. 47. Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
  48. 48. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Australia
  49. 49. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Australia
  50. 50. Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Australia
  51. 51. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  52. 52. University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  53. 53. University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  54. 54. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  55. 55. Association Ivoirienne pour le Bien-Etre Familial, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
  56. 56. Direction du District Sanitaire de Haho, Notse, Togo
  57. 57. Faculte des Sciences de Sante, Universite de Lome, Lome, Togo
  58. 58. Institution of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
  59. 59. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Canada
  60. 60. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Canada
  61. 61. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada
  62. 62. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  63. 63. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  64. 64. Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Sweden
  65. 65. Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Sweden
  66. 66. Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  67. 67. Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  68. 68. Ophthalmic Research Center, Iran
  69. 69. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  70. 70. Department of Ophthalmology, Labbafi nejad Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
  71. 71. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, McKeesport, PA, United States
  72. 72. Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  73. 73. Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  74. 74. Sydney School of Public Health, Australia
  75. 75. The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  76. 76. Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  77. 77. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  78. 78. King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  79. 79. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
  80. 80. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  81. 81. King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  82. 82. Strassen, Luxembourg
  83. 83. School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
  84. 84. Department of Public Health Sciences, Sweden
  85. 85. Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Sweden
  86. 86. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society NVS, Sweden
  87. 87. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Sweden
  88. 88. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  89. 89. Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  90. 90. Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
  91. 91. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  92. 92. School of Medicine, Australia
  93. 93. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  94. 94. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  95. 95. Dignitas International, Zomba, Malawi
  96. 96. Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  97. 97. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
  98. 98. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  99. 99. Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  100. 100. Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
  101. 101. Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  102. 102. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  103. 103. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  104. 104. Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  105. 105. Consultant, Windsor, ON, Canada
  106. 106. Department of Medical Emergency, School of Paramedic, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  107. 107. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  108. 108. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  109. 109. Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin, Cotonou, Benin
  110. 110. Parakou, Benin
  111. 111. Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  112. 112. The Judith Lumley Centre for Mother, Infant and Family Health Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  113. 113. Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
  114. 114. Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  115. 115. School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  116. 116. Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  117. 117. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
  118. 118. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  119. 119. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  120. 120. Africa Health Research Institute, Mtubatuba, South Africa
  121. 121. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  122. 122. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sweden
  123. 123. Health Metrics Unit, Sweden
  124. 124. University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  125. 125. Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontifi cia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
  126. 126. School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
  127. 127. College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  128. 128. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  129. 129. Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
  130. 130. IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
  131. 131. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  132. 132. Internal Medicine Department, Brazil
  133. 133. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  134. 134. Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, College of Dentistry, United States
  135. 135. New York University, New York, NY, United States
  136. 136. Debre Berhane University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  137. 137. Division of Health and Social Care Research, United Kingdom
  138. 138. King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  139. 139. College of Health and Medical Sciences, Ethiopia
  140. 140. Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  141. 141. Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  142. 142. University of Otago Medical School, Wellington, New Zealand
  143. 143. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, United Kingdom
  144. 144. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United Kingdom
  145. 145. Division of Brain Sciences, United Kingdom
  146. 146. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  147. 147. Independent Public Health Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  148. 148. Department of Nephrology Issues of Transplanted Kidney, Academician V I Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artifi cial Organs, Moscow, Russian Federation
  149. 149. Department of Community Medicine, Norway
  150. 150. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  151. 151. Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, Australia
  152. 152. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Australia
  153. 153. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Australia
  154. 154. University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  155. 155. Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
  156. 156. Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  157. 157. International Neurotrauma Research Organization, Vienna, Austria
  158. 158. Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, United States
  159. 159. College of Medicine, United States
  160. 160. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  161. 161. Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  162. 162. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  163. 163. Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  164. 164. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  165. 165. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  166. 166. Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  167. 167. University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  168. 168. Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
  169. 169. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  170. 170. Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica
  171. 171. Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
  172. 172. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia/INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM Valencia, Spain
  173. 173. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  174. 174. School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  175. 175. Clinical Governance Unit, Gold Coast Health, Southport, QLD, Australia
  176. 176. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
  177. 177. University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  178. 178. University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  179. 179. Seoul National University Medical Library, Seoul, South Korea
  180. 180. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  181. 181. Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
  182. 182. Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
  183. 183. University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
  184. 184. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  185. 185. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
  186. 186. IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
  187. 187. Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand
  188. 188. Injury Prevention Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand
  189. 189. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  190. 190. Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  191. 191. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  192. 192. Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  193. 193. i3S - Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em Saude and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, Portugal
  194. 194. Faculty of Medicine, Portugal
  195. 195. University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  196. 196. Wellcome Trust Brighton & Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton, United Kingdom
  197. 197. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  198. 198. Griffi th University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  199. 199. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  200. 200. University of Colorado School of Medicine and the Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, United States
  201. 201. Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  202. 202. KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
  203. 203. Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, United States
  204. 204. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  205. 205. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  206. 206. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India
  207. 207. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
  208. 208. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  209. 209. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  210. 210. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  211. 211. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Iran
  212. 212. Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Iran
  213. 213. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Iran
  214. 214. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Iran
  215. 215. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Iran
  216. 216. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran
  217. 217. Uro-Oncology Research Center, Iran
  218. 218. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  219. 219. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  220. 220. Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
  221. 221. Charite University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  222. 222. Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  223. 223. The Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  224. 224. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  225. 225. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  226. 226. Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  227. 227. University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
  228. 228. DGS Directorate General of Health, Lisboa, Portugal
  229. 229. Universidade Aberta, Lisboa, Portugal
  230. 230. Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
  231. 231. Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute for Health Policy Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  232. 232. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, New Zealand
  233. 233. Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  234. 234. Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  235. 235. Institute of Education and Sciences, German Hospital Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  236. 236. Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
  237. 237. Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  238. 238. Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, United Kingdom
  239. 239. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  240. 240. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  241. 241. Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, India
  242. 242. Leras Afrique, Cotonou, Benin
  243. 243. CHU Hassan II, Fes, Morocco
  244. 244. The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States
  245. 245. Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  246. 246. Division of Human Nutrition, Netherlands
  247. 247. Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  248. 248. Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France
  249. 249. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  250. 250. College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  251. 251. University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
  252. 252. Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  253. 253. Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Harar, Ethiopia
  254. 254. Heller School for Social Policy and Management, United States
  255. 255. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
  256. 256. University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  257. 257. Instituto de Investigaciones Cientifi cas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia- INDICASAT-AIP, Ciudad del Saber, Panama
  258. 258. Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  259. 259. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  260. 260. Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, Japan
  261. 261. National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
  262. 262. University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
  263. 263. West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
  264. 264. Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  265. 265. Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
  266. 266. National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico
  267. 267. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Norway
  268. 268. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  269. 269. Kilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  270. 270. Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  271. 271. Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  272. 272. Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States
  273. 273. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  274. 274. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  275. 275. Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  276. 276. Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  277. 277. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  278. 278. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  279. 279. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu - CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
  280. 280. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  281. 281. International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom
  282. 282. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
  283. 283. University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  284. 284. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, United States
  285. 285. Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  286. 286. Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Carson City, NV, United States
  287. 287. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
  288. 288. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  289. 289. Public Health Division, The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia
  290. 290. International Relations Division, Ministry of Health, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
  291. 291. Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
  292. 292. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  293. 293. National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
  294. 294. Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
  295. 295. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  296. 296. Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  297. 297. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  298. 298. University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  299. 299. Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
  300. 300. Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  301. 301. Institute of Violence and Injury Prevention, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  302. 302. Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  303. 303. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
  304. 304. Department of Health Development, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
  305. 305. Department of Ocular Epidemiology and Visual Health, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valencia, Mexico City, Mexico
  306. 306. General Directorate of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
  307. 307. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  308. 308. University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  309. 309. Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health, Gadchiroli, India
  310. 310. CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
  311. 311. Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  312. 312. Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  313. 313. Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  314. 314. Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda
  315. 315. Case Western University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States
  316. 316. Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
  317. 317. Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
  318. 318. School of Continuing and Distance Education, Nairobi, Kenya
  319. 319. Farr Institute, United Kingdom
  320. 320. Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
  321. 321. Assuta Hospitals, Assuta Hashalom, Tel Aviv, Israel
  322. 322. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  323. 323. Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  324. 324. Graduate School of Public Health, United States
  325. 325. Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  326. 326. New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
  327. 327. Executive Board of the Health Ministers' Council for Cooperation Council States, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  328. 328. Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
  329. 329. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  330. 330. Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, South Korea
  331. 331. Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  332. 332. Southern University College, Skudai, Malaysia
  333. 333. Centre for Disease Burden, Norway
  334. 334. Department of Health Promotion, Norway
  335. 335. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  336. 336. Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  337. 337. Division of Cardiology, United States
  338. 338. Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  339. 339. Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy and Humanities, NIHRD, Jakarta, Indonesia
  340. 340. Sher-i-Kashmir Institue of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  341. 341. Barcelona, Spain
  342. 342. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  343. 343. Department of Demography and Public Health Research Institute, Canada
  344. 344. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Canada
  345. 345. University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  346. 346. Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  347. 347. University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  348. 348. Department of Public Health, Netherlands
  349. 349. Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  350. 350. Work Organizations, Work Disability Prevention, The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  351. 351. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Finland
  352. 352. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  353. 353. Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
  354. 354. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
  355. 355. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  356. 356. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  357. 357. Servicio de Neurologia, Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
  358. 358. College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  359. 359. State University of New York, Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  360. 360. Tuscany Regional Centre for Occupational Injuries and Diseases, Florence, Italy
  361. 361. San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
  362. 362. National Offi ce for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
  363. 363. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  364. 364. Eastern Health Clinical School, Australia
  365. 365. Monash University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
  366. 366. Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  367. 367. Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
  368. 368. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  369. 369. University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  370. 370. Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  371. 371. School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  372. 372. Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  373. 373. Aswan University Hospital, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt
  374. 374. Social Security Organization Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  375. 375. Institute of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  376. 376. Division of Population and Patient Health, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
  377. 377. Perelman School of Medicine, United States
  378. 378. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  379. 379. University Hospital Doctor Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  380. 380. CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Moncada (Valencia), Spain
  381. 381. Hospital Pedro Hispano/ULS Matosinhos, Matosinhos, Portugal
  382. 382. Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, United States
  383. 383. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  384. 384. College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  385. 385. University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  386. 386. University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States
  387. 387. Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  388. 388. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  389. 389. United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
  390. 390. Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  391. 391. Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki, Finland
  392. 392. Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
  393. 393. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  394. 394. Centre for Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  395. 395. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  396. 396. Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  397. 397. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  398. 398. Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo�, Trieste, Italy
  399. 399. Department of Community Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  400. 400. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Australia
  401. 401. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  402. 402. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australia
  403. 403. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  404. 404. Competence Center Mortality- Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Germany
  405. 405. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  406. 406. Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, United States
  407. 407. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  408. 408. West Herts Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
  409. 409. Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  410. 410. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  411. 411. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
  412. 412. Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  413. 413. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  414. 414. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  415. 415. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  416. 416. Institute For Research, Socio-Economic Development and Communication, Yaounde, Cameroon
  417. 417. Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet, Spain
  418. 418. Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
  419. 419. Centre for Health Research, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  420. 420. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  421. 421. Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
  422. 422. Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
  423. 423. Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  424. 424. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
  425. 425. YBank, Cambridge, MA, United States
  426. 426. St Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
  427. 427. JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, India
  428. 428. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  429. 429. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  430. 430. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  431. 431. Department of Community Health Sciences, Canada
  432. 432. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  433. 433. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
  434. 434. National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
  435. 435. Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  436. 436. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  437. 437. Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  438. 438. Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
  439. 439. Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
  440. 440. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  441. 441. University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
  442. 442. The Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  443. 443. Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  444. 444. Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  445. 445. A T Still University, Kirksville, MO, United States
  446. 446. Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  447. 447. Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  448. 448. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  449. 449. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  450. 450. ERAWEB Program, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
  451. 451. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  452. 452. Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
  453. 453. Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  454. 454. Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  455. 455. (ISGlobal) Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  456. 456. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  457. 457. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  458. 458. Ballarat Health Service, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
  459. 459. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  460. 460. Marshall University J Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
  461. 461. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  462. 462. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
  463. 463. Universidad Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogota, Colombia
  464. 464. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  465. 465. Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  466. 466. Swiss Research Institute of Public Health and Addiction, Switzerland
  467. 467. University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  468. 468. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  469. 469. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  470. 470. Institute of Health Care and Social Sciences, FOM University, Essen, Germany
  471. 471. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  472. 472. Department of Public Health, An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
  473. 473. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  474. 474. Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
  475. 475. ICMR National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
  476. 476. Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
  477. 477. Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, South Korea
  478. 478. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, South Korea
  479. 479. Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  480. 480. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  481. 481. Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  482. 482. Brasilia University, Brasilia, Brazil
  483. 483. Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  484. 484. Institute for Human Development, New Delhi, India
  485. 485. Alcohol and Drug Research Western Norway, Norway
  486. 486. Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
  487. 487. Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, South Africa
  488. 488. Department of Psychiatry, South Africa
  489. 489. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  490. 490. Instituto de Investigacion Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Catedra UAM-Linde, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
  491. 491. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
  492. 492. Department of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  493. 493. Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
  494. 494. University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
  495. 495. South African Medical Research Council Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
  496. 496. Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  497. 497. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, NRW, Germany
  498. 498. Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
  499. 499. Alexandra General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
  500. 500. Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin, Cherbourg, France
  501. 501. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  502. 502. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  503. 503. Departments of Criminology, Law & Society, Sociology, and Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  504. 504. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM Valencia, Spain
  505. 505. WSH Institute, Ministry of Manpower, Singapore, Singapore
  506. 506. Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
  507. 507. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
  508. 508. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  509. 509. James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
  510. 510. Outcomes Research Consortium, United States
  511. 511. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  512. 512. Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  513. 513. Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada
  514. 514. WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
  515. 515. Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, United States
  516. 516. New York University, Tuxedo, NY, United States
  517. 517. National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
  518. 518. Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  519. 519. Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
  520. 520. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  521. 521. Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  522. 522. Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
  523. 523. Department of Population Sciences and Development, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
  524. 524. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  525. 525. Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  526. 526. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Fundacio Sant Joan de Deu, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM Barcelona, Spain
  527. 527. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  528. 528. Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  529. 529. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  530. 530. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
  531. 531. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  532. 532. Raffl es Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  533. 533. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  534. 534. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  535. 535. National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  536. 536. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, United States
  537. 537. Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
  538. 538. McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  539. 539. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
  540. 540. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
  541. 541. Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
  542. 542. German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
  543. 543. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Modelling, United Kingdom
  544. 544. Centre of Evidencebased Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  545. 545. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  546. 546. National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  547. 547. St Paul's Hospital, Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  548. 548. St John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
  549. 549. Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
  550. 550. Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  551. 551. Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  552. 552. Social Work and Social Administration Department and The Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  553. 553. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  554. 554. Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  555. 555. Global Health Institute, China
  556. 556. Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  557. 557. University Hospital, Setif, Algeria
  558. 558. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  559. 559. Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
  560. 560. Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Source: The Lancet Published:2016


Abstract

Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
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