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Diabetes Mortality and Trends Before 25 Years of Age: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Cousin E1, 2, 4 ; Duncan BB4 ; Stein C4 ; Ong KL1 ; Vos T1, 2 ; Abbafati C5 ; Abbasikangevari M6 ; Abdelmasseh M10 ; Abdoli A11 ; Abdrabu R12 ; Abolhassani H15, 24 ; Abugharbieh E25 ; Accrombessi MMK29, 31 ; Adnani QES32 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Cousin E1, 2, 4
  2. Duncan BB4
  3. Stein C4
  4. Ong KL1
  5. Vos T1, 2
  6. Abbafati C5
  7. Abbasikangevari M6
  8. Abdelmasseh M10
  9. Abdoli A11
  10. Abdrabu R12
  11. Abolhassani H15, 24
  12. Abugharbieh E25
  13. Accrombessi MMK29, 31
  14. Adnani QES32
  15. Afzal MS33
  16. Agarwal G34
  17. Agrawaal KK37
  18. Agudelobotero M38
  19. Ahinkorah BO40
  20. Ahmad S7, 42
  21. Ahmad T43
  22. Ahmadi K44
  23. Ahmadi S7, 42
  24. Ahmadi A8
  25. Ahmed A47, 48
  26. Salih YA49, 50
  27. Akandesholabi W51
  28. Akram T54
  29. Al Hamad HA56, 57
  30. Alaly Z58, 60
  31. Alcalderabanal JE61
  32. Alipour V64, 65
  33. Aljunid SM68, 69
  34. Alraddadi RM70
  35. Alvisguzman N72, 73
  36. Amini S74
  37. Ancuceanu R75
  38. Andrei T78
  39. Andrei CL76
  40. Anjana RM79
  41. Ansar A80, 81
  42. Antonazzo IC82
  43. Antony B84
  44. Anyasodor AE85
  45. Arabloo J64
  46. Arizmendi D86
  47. Armocida B87
  48. Artamonov AA89
  49. Arulappan J90
  50. Aryan Z16, 91
  51. Asgari S9
  52. Ashraf T96
  53. Astellburt T98, 99
  54. Atorkey P102, 105
  55. Atout MMW106
  56. Ayanore MA107, 108
  57. Badiye AD109
  58. Baig AA110
  59. Bairwa M111
  60. Baker JL112
  61. Baltatu OC113, 114
  62. Banik PC115
  63. Barnett A116
  64. Barone MTU117, 118
  65. Baroneadesi F119
  66. Barrow A120, 121
  67. Bedi N122
  68. Belete R125
  69. Belgaumi UI126
  70. Bell AW92, 127
  71. Bennett DA128
  72. Bensenor IM130
  73. Beran D131
  74. Bhagavathula AS132, 133
  75. Bhaskar S135, 136
  76. Bhattacharyya K137, 138
  77. Bhojaraja VS139
  78. Bijani A141
  79. Bikbov B142
  80. Birara S143
  81. Bodolica V144
  82. Bonny A145, 146
  83. Brenner H147
  84. Briko NI148
  85. Butt ZA150, 151
  86. Caetano Dos Santos FL152
  87. Camera LA153, 154
  88. Camposnonato IR62
  89. Cao Y155
  90. Cao C59
  91. Cerin E116, 156
  92. Chakraborty PA157
  93. Chandan JS158
  94. Chattu VK159, 160
  95. Chen S161
  96. Choudhari SG164
  97. Chowdhury EK165, 166
  98. Chu DT169
  99. Corso B170
  100. Dadras O17, 171
  101. Dai X1, 2
  102. Damasceno AAM172
  103. Dandona L1, 173, 174
  104. Dandona R1, 2
  105. Davilacervantes CA175
  106. De Neve JW161
  107. Denovagutierrez E63
  108. Dhamnetiya D176
  109. Diaz D39, 177
  110. Ebtehaj S13
  111. Edinur HA178
  112. Eftekharzadeh S179
  113. Sayed IE180
  114. Elgendy IY93, 181
  115. Elhadi M182
  116. Elmonem MA183
  117. Faisaluddin M185
  118. Farooque U186
  119. Feng X187, 190
  120. Fernandes E191
  121. Fischer F192
  122. Flood D193, 194
  123. Freitas M191
  124. Gaal PA195, 197
  125. Gad MM198, 200
  126. Gaewkhiew P201, 202
  127. Getacher L204
  128. Ghafourifard M205
  129. Gheshlagh RG206
  130. Ghashghaee A64, 66
  131. Ghith N208
  132. Ghozali G209
  133. Gill PS210
  134. Ginawi IA211
  135. Glushkova EV148
  136. Golechha M212
  137. Gopalani SV213, 214
  138. Guimaraes RA215
  139. Gupta RD216, 218, 219, 220
  140. Gupta R216, 218, 219, 220
  141. Gupta VK221
  142. Gupta VB222
  143. Gupta S223
  144. Habtewold TD224
  145. Hafezinejad N18, 225
  146. Halwani R25, 26
  147. Hanif A97
  148. Hankey GJ226, 228
  149. Haque S123
  150. Hasaballah AI229
  151. Hasan SS103, 230
  152. Hashi A231
  153. Hassanipour S232, 233
  154. Hay SI1, 2
  155. Hayat K234, 235
  156. Heidari M46
  157. Hossain MBH236
  158. Hossain S237
  159. Hosseini M19, 20
  160. Hoveidamanesh S238
  161. Huang J239
  162. Humayun A240
  163. Hussain R55
  164. Hwang BF241
  165. Ibitoye SE52
  166. Ikuta KS1, 3
  167. Inbaraj LR243
  168. Iqbal U244
  169. Islam MS245
  170. Islam SMS100, 246
  171. Islam RM167
  172. Ismail NE247
  173. Isola G248
  174. Itumalla R249
  175. Iwagami M30, 250
  176. Iyamu IO157, 251
  177. Jahani MA141
  178. Jakovljevic M252, 253
  179. Jayawardena R254, 256
  180. Jha RP176, 257
  181. John O188, 258
  182. Jonas JB162, 259
  183. Joo T195
  184. Kabir A67
  185. Kalhor R260, 261
  186. Kamath A262, 414
  187. Kanchan T264
  188. Kandel H101, 265
  189. Kapoor N109
  190. Kayode GA266, 267
  191. Kebede SA268
  192. Keshavarz P269, 270
  193. Keykhaei M16, 21
  194. Khader YS271
  195. Khajuria H272
  196. Khan MAB134, 273
  197. Khan MN274
  198. Khan M124, 274
  199. Khater AM184
  200. Khoja TAM275
  201. Khubchandani J276
  202. Kim MS277, 278
  203. Kim YJ279
  204. Kimokoti RW280
  205. Kisa S281
  206. Kisa A282, 283
  207. Kivimaki M284, 287
  208. Korshunov VA148
  209. Korzh O288
  210. Koyanagi A289, 290
  211. Krishan K291
  212. Defo BK292, 293
  213. Kumar GA173
  214. Kumar N294
  215. Kusuma D296, 299
  216. Vecchia CL300
  217. Lacey B128, 301
  218. Larsson AO302, 303
  219. Lasrado S304
  220. Lee WC305
  221. Lee CB242
  222. Lee PH306
  223. Lee SWH47, 307
  224. Li MC308
  225. Lim SS1, 2
  226. Lim LL309, 310
  227. Lucchetti G311
  228. Majeed A297
  229. Malik AA71, 97
  230. Mansouri B312
  231. Mantovani LG83, 313
  232. Martini S314, 315
  233. Mathur P316
  234. Mcalinden C317
  235. Mehedi N318
  236. Mekonnen T319
  237. Menezes RG321
  238. Mersha AG102, 323
  239. Jonasson JM324
  240. Miazgowski T325
  241. Michalek IM326
  242. Mirica A78
  243. Mirrakhimov EM327, 328
  244. Mirza AZ329
  245. Mithra P294
  246. Mohammadianhafshejani A45
  247. Mohammadpourhodki R330
  248. Mohammed A333
  249. Mokdad AH1, 2
  250. Molokhia M203
  251. Monasta L88
  252. Moni MA334
  253. Moradpour F207
  254. Moradzadeh R335
  255. Mostafavi E337, 338
  256. Mueller UO339, 340
  257. Murray CJL1, 2
  258. Mustafa A341
  259. Nagel G342
  260. Nangia V343
  261. Naqvi AA322, 344
  262. Nayak BP272
  263. Nazari J336
  264. Ndejjo R345
  265. Negoi RI77, 346
  266. Kandel SN347
  267. Nguyen CT348
  268. Nguyen HLT348
  269. Noubiap JJ349
  270. Nowak C351
  271. Oancea B352
  272. Odukoya OO353, 354
  273. Oguntade AS285, 355
  274. Ojo TT356
  275. Olagunju AT35, 357
  276. Onwujekwe OE358
  277. Ortiz A359, 360
  278. Owolabi MO53, 355
  279. Palladino R297, 361
  280. Pandajonas S162
  281. Pandiperumal SR362
  282. Pardhan S363
  283. Parekh T364
  284. Parvizi M14
  285. Pepito VCF365
  286. Perianayagam A366
  287. Petcu IR78
  288. Pilania M367
  289. Podder V350, 368
  290. Polibin RV148
  291. Postma MJ369, 370
  292. Prashant A371
  293. Rabiee N372
  294. Rabiee M373
  295. Rahimimovaghar V22
  296. Rahman MA80, 374, 375
  297. Rahman MM80, 374, 375
  298. Rahman M80, 374, 375
  299. Rahmawaty S376
  300. Rajai N94
  301. Ram P377
  302. Rana J378, 379
  303. Ranabhat K380, 381
  304. Ranasinghe P255
  305. Rao CR263
  306. Rao S295
  307. Rawaf S297, 382
  308. Rawaf DL298, 384
  309. Rawal L385
  310. Renzaho AMN386, 387
  311. Rezaei N15, 388
  312. Rezapour A64
  313. Riahi SM389
  314. Ribeiro D191, 390
  315. Rodriguez JAB391
  316. Roever L392
  317. Rohloff P95, 393
  318. Rwegerera GM394
  319. Ryan PM395
  320. Saberayad MM27, 396
  321. Sabour S8
  322. Saddik B28
  323. Moghaddam SS16
  324. Sahebkar A331, 332
  325. Sahoo H366
  326. Saifurrahman KM397, 400
  327. Salimzadeh H23
  328. Samaei M401
  329. Sanabria J10, 402
  330. Santricmilicevic MM403, 404
  331. Sathian B56, 406
  332. Sathish T36
  333. Schlaich MP227, 407
  334. Seidu AA408, 409
  335. Sekerija M410, 411
  336. Kumar NS412
  337. Seylani A413
  338. Shaikh MA186
  339. Shamshad H415
  340. Shawon MSR189
  341. Sheikhbahaei S225
  342. Shetty JK140
  343. Shiri R416
  344. Shivakumar KM417
  345. Shuval K418, 419
  346. Singh JA420, 421
  347. Singh A84
  348. Skryabin VY422
  349. Skryabina AA424
  350. Sofimahmudi A425, 426
  351. Soheili A427
  352. Sun J41, 428
  353. Szerencses V195
  354. Szocska M196
  355. Tabaresseisdedos R429, 430
  356. Tadbiri H479
  357. Tadesse EG431
  358. Tariqujjaman M398
  359. Thankappan KR432
  360. Thapar R294
  361. Thomas N433
  362. Timalsina B434
  363. Tobegai R435
  364. Tonelli M436
  365. Tovanipalone MR437, 438
  366. Tran BX439
  367. Tripathy JP440
  368. Car LT441
  369. Tusa BS442
  370. Uddin R443, 444
  371. Upadhyay E445
  372. Tahbaz SV446, 447
  373. Valdez PR154, 448
  374. Vasankari TJ449, 450
  375. Verma M451
  376. Villalobosdaniel VE452, 453
  377. Vladimirov SK149, 454
  378. Vo B455
  379. Vu GT456
  380. Vukovic R405, 457
  381. Waheed Y458
  382. Wamai RG459, 460
  383. Werdecker A339
  384. Wickramasinghe ND461
  385. Winkler AS320, 462
  386. Wubishet BL104, 463
  387. Xu X187, 464
  388. Xu S465, 466
  389. Jabbari SHY446
  390. Yatsuya H400, 467
  391. Yaya S129, 468
  392. Yazie TSY469
  393. Yi S470, 471
  394. Yonemoto N472, 473
  395. Yunusa I217
  396. Zadey S474
  397. Zaman SB168, 399
  398. Zamanian M335
  399. Zamora N475
  400. Zastrozhin MS423, 476
  401. Zastrozhina A477
  402. Zhang ZJ478
  403. Zhong C239
  404. Zmaili M199
  405. Zumla A286, 383
  406. Naghavi M1, 2
  407. Schmidt MI4
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  5. 5. Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  6. 6. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  11. 11. Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  12. 12. Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  13. 13. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  14. 14. Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  15. 15. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  23. 23. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  24. 24. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  25. 25. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  26. 26. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  27. 27. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  28. 28. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  29. 29. Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  30. 30. Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  31. 31. Department of Clinical Research, Clinical Research Institute of Benin (IRCB), Abomey-Calavi, Benin
  32. 32. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  33. 33. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  34. 34. Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  35. 35. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  36. 36. Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  37. 37. Department of Internal Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Bhairahawa, Nepal
  38. 38. Center for Policy, Population & Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  39. 39. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  40. 40. The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  41. 41. School of Computing Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  42. 42. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  43. 43. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
  44. 44. Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
  45. 45. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  46. 46. Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  47. 47. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  48. 48. Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  49. 49. Database Technology Department, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  50. 50. College of Informatics, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  51. 51. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  52. 52. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  53. 53. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  54. 54. School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  55. 55. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  56. 56. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  57. 57. Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  58. 58. John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  59. 59. Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  60. 60. Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St Louis, MO, United States
  61. 61. Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  62. 62. Health and Nutrition Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  63. 63. Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  64. 64. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  65. 65. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  66. 66. Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  67. 67. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  68. 68. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  69. 69. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  70. 70. Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  71. 71. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  72. 72. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  73. 73. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  74. 74. Department of Health Services Management, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  75. 75. Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  76. 76. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  77. 77. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  78. 78. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  79. 79. Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
  80. 80. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  81. 81. Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  82. 82. Research Center on Public Health, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  83. 83. School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  84. 84. Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
  85. 85. School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
  86. 86. Faculty of Nutrition, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  87. 87. Epidemiology Department, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  88. 88. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  89. 89. Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  90. 90. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  91. 91. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  92. 92. Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  93. 93. Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  94. 94. Department of Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  95. 95. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  96. 96. University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  97. 97. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  98. 98. School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
  99. 99. Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  100. 100. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  101. 101. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  102. 102. School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  103. 103. School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  104. 104. Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  105. 105. Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
  106. 106. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  107. 107. Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  108. 108. Department of Health Economics, Centre for Health Policy Advocacy Innovation & Research in Africa (CHPAIR-Africa), Accra, Ghana
  109. 109. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  110. 110. Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  111. 111. Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  112. 112. Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
  113. 113. Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  114. 114. Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
  115. 115. Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  116. 116. Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  117. 117. Programs, Partnerships, Research and Education, International Diabetes Federation, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  118. 118. International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium
  119. 119. Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
  120. 120. Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  121. 121. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  122. 122. School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai, India
  123. 123. Research & Scientific Studies Unit, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  124. 124. Epidemiology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  125. 125. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  126. 126. Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed To Be University, Karad, India
  127. 127. Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  128. 128. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  129. 129. The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  130. 130. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  131. 131. Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
  132. 132. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
  133. 133. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  134. 134. Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  135. 135. Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  136. 136. Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  137. 137. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  138. 138. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  139. 139. Department of Anatomy, Manipal University College Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia
  140. 140. Department of Biochemistry, Manipal University College Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia
  141. 141. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  142. 142. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
  143. 143. Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
  144. 144. School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  145. 145. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
  146. 146. Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Montfermeil (Montfermeil Hospital Center), Montfermeil, France
  147. 147. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  148. 148. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  149. 149. Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  150. 150. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  151. 151. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  152. 152. Institute of Microengineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  153. 153. Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  154. 154. Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  155. 155. Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
  156. 156. School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  157. 157. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  158. 158. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  159. 159. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  160. 160. Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  161. 161. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  162. 162. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  163. 163. Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  164. 164. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  165. 165. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  166. 166. Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  167. 167. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  168. 168. The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  169. 169. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNUInternational School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  170. 170. Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
  171. 171. School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
  172. 172. Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
  173. 173. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  174. 174. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  175. 175. Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  176. 176. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  177. 177. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  178. 178. School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  179. 179. Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  180. 180. Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  181. 181. Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  182. 182. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  183. 183. Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  184. 184. National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  185. 185. Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
  186. 186. Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  187. 187. School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  188. 188. Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  189. 189. Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  190. 190. National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  191. 191. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  192. 192. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  193. 193. Center for Research in Indigenous Health, Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala
  194. 194. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  195. 195. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  196. 196. Faculty of Health and Public Administration, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  197. 197. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Targu-Mures, Romania
  198. 198. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  199. 199. Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  200. 200. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  201. 201. Department of Community Dentistry, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Thailand
  202. 202. Population and Patient Health Group, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  203. 203. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  204. 204. Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  205. 205. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  206. 206. Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  207. 207. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  208. 208. Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
  209. 209. Department of Public Health, University of Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia
  210. 210. Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  211. 211. Family Medicine Research Center, Ministry of Health, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  212. 212. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  213. 213. Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  214. 214. Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  215. 215. Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health (IPTSP), Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
  216. 216. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  217. 217. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  218. 218. Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  219. 219. Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  220. 220. Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
  221. 221. Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  222. 222. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  223. 223. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Delhi, India
  224. 224. Department of Quantitative Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
  225. 225. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
  226. 226. Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  227. 227. Dobney Hypertension Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  228. 228. Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
  229. 229. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  230. 230. Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
  231. 231. Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
  232. 232. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  233. 233. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  234. 234. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  235. 235. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  236. 236. Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  237. 237. Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  238. 238. Burn Research Center, Shahid Motahari Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  239. 239. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  240. 240. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
  241. 241. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  242. 242. Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  243. 243. Division of Community Health and Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
  244. 244. College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  245. 245. Department of Nutrition Research, Institute of Public Health Nutrition, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  246. 246. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  247. 247. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
  248. 248. Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  249. 249. Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  250. 250. Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  251. 251. Knowledge Translation Program, Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  252. 252. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  253. 253. Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  254. 254. Department of Physiology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  255. 255. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  256. 256. School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  257. 257. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  258. 258. Renal and Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  259. 259. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  260. 260. Institute for Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  261. 261. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  262. 262. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  263. 263. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal, India
  264. 264. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  265. 265. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  266. 266. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  267. 267. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  268. 268. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Faroe Islands
  269. 269. School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
  270. 270. Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Radiology, New Hospitals LTD, Tbilisi, Georgia
  271. 271. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  272. 272. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  273. 273. Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
  274. 274. Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  275. 275. Executive Board of the Health Ministers, Council for the Gulf Cooperation Council States, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  276. 276. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  277. 277. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea
  278. 278. Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
  279. 279. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  280. 280. Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
  281. 281. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  282. 282. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  283. 283. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  284. 284. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  285. 285. Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  286. 286. Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  287. 287. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  288. 288. Department of General Practice - Family Medicine, Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  289. 289. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  290. 290. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  291. 291. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  292. 292. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  293. 293. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  294. 294. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  295. 295. Department of Infectious Disease, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  296. 296. Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  297. 297. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  298. 298. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  299. 299. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  300. 300. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  301. 301. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
  302. 302. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  303. 303. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
  304. 304. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  305. 305. The Office of Health Policy & Legislative Affairs, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  306. 306. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  307. 307. School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
  308. 308. Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
  309. 309. Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  310. 310. Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Shatin, Hong Kong
  311. 311. School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  312. 312. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  313. 313. Value-Based Healthcare Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
  314. 314. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
  315. 315. Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia
  316. 316. National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bengaluru, India
  317. 317. Department of Ophthalmology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
  318. 318. Department of Social Work, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
  319. 319. Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  320. 320. Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  321. 321. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  322. 322. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  323. 323. School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  324. 324. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  325. 325. Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  326. 326. Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
  327. 327. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  328. 328. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  329. 329. Department of Chemistry, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
  330. 330. Department of Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  331. 331. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  332. 332. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  333. 333. Department of Biology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  334. 334. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh
  335. 335. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  336. 336. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  337. 337. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  338. 338. Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  339. 339. Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  340. 340. Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
  341. 341. Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, United States
  342. 342. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  343. 343. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  344. 344. Discipline of Social & Administrative Pharmacy, University of Science, Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  345. 345. Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  346. 346. Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania
  347. 347. Estia Health Blakehurst, Estia Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  348. 348. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  349. 349. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  350. 350. School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  351. 351. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
  352. 352. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  353. 353. Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria
  354. 354. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
  355. 355. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  356. 356. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  357. 357. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  358. 358. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  359. 359. Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  360. 360. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation, Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
  361. 361. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  362. 362. Corporate Somnogen Canada Inc, Toronto, ON, Canada
  363. 363. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  364. 364. Department of Health Administration and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  365. 365. Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
  366. 366. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  367. 367. Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, India
  368. 368. Medical College, Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh
  369. 369. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  370. 370. School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  371. 371. Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
  372. 372. Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  373. 373. Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  374. 374. School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  375. 375. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  376. 376. Department of Nutrition Science, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
  377. 377. Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  378. 378. Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  379. 379. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
  380. 380. Health Emergency Operation Center, Ministry of Health & Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
  381. 381. Central Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
  382. 382. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  383. 383. NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), London, United Kingdom
  384. 384. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  385. 385. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  386. 386. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  387. 387. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  388. 388. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  389. 389. Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  390. 390. Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal
  391. 391. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  392. 392. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  393. 393. Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu' Kawoq Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala
  394. 394. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  395. 395. School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  396. 396. Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
  397. 397. Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  398. 398. Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  399. 399. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  400. 400. Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
  401. 401. Emergency Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  402. 402. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  403. 403. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  404. 404. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  405. 405. School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  406. 406. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  407. 407. Hypertension and Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  408. 408. Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  409. 409. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  410. 410. Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  411. 411. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
  412. 412. Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India
  413. 413. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  414. 414. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  415. 415. Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
  416. 416. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  417. 417. Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  418. 418. School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  419. 419. The Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
  420. 420. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  421. 421. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  422. 422. Department No.16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  423. 423. Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  424. 424. Therapeutic Department, Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russian Federation
  425. 425. Department of Oral Health, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  426. 426. Cochrane Iran Associate Centre, National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD), Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  427. 427. Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  428. 428. School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  429. 429. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  430. 430. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
  431. 431. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  432. 432. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  433. 433. Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  434. 434. Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University, Geongju-si, South Korea
  435. 435. Department of Social Security Empirical Research, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Tokyo, Japan
  436. 436. Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  437. 437. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  438. 438. Modestum LTD, London, United Kingdom
  439. 439. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  440. 440. Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
  441. 441. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  442. 442. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
  443. 443. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  444. 444. School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  445. 445. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
  446. 446. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  447. 447. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  448. 448. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  449. 449. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  450. 450. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  451. 451. Department of Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  452. 452. Center for Disease and Control Programs, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
  453. 453. Health Initiative of the Americas, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
  454. 454. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  455. 455. Faculty of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  456. 456. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  457. 457. Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mother and Child Healthcare Institute of Serbia Dr Vukan Cupic, Belgrade, Serbia
  458. 458. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  459. 459. Cultures, Societies and Global Studies & Integrated Initiative for Global Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  460. 460. School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  461. 461. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  462. 462. Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
  463. 463. School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  464. 464. Cardiovascular Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  465. 465. Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
  466. 466. Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
  467. 467. Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
  468. 468. School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  469. 469. Department of Pharmacy, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  470. 470. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  471. 471. KHANA Center for Population Health Research, KHANA, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
  472. 472. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  473. 473. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  474. 474. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  475. 475. Medical College of La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia
  476. 476. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  477. 477. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
  478. 478. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  479. 479. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States

Source: The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology Published:2022


Abstract

Background: Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, at younger ages can be a largely preventable cause of death with the correct health care and services. We aimed to evaluate diabetes mortality and trends at ages younger than 25 years globally using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods: We used estimates of GBD 2019 to calculate international diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years in 1990 and 2019. Data sources for causes of death were obtained from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and other surveillance systems for 1990–2019. We estimated death rates for each location using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble model. We analysed the association of age-standardised death rates per 100 000 population with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a measure of universal health coverage (UHC) and described the variability within SDI quintiles. We present estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, 16 300 (95% uncertainty interval 14 200 to 18 900) global deaths due to diabetes (type 1 and 2 combined) occurred in people younger than 25 years and 73·7% (68·3 to 77·4) were classified as due to type 1 diabetes. The age-standardised death rate was 0·50 (0·44 to 0·58) per 100 000 population, and 15 900 (97·5%) of these deaths occurred in low to high-middle SDI countries. The rate was 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14) per 100 000 population in the high SDI quintile, 0·60 (0·51 to 0·70) per 100 000 population in the low-middle SDI quintile, and 0·71 (0·60 to 0·86) per 100 000 population in the low SDI quintile. Within SDI quintiles, we observed large variability in rates across countries, in part explained by the extent of UHC (r2=0·62). From 1990 to 2019, age-standardised death rates decreased globally by 17·0% (−28·4 to −2·9) for all diabetes, and by 21·0% (–33·0 to −5·9) when considering only type 1 diabetes. However, the low SDI quintile had the lowest decline for both all diabetes (−13·6% [–28·4 to 3·4]) and for type 1 diabetes (−13·6% [–29·3 to 8·9]). Interpretation: Decreasing diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years remains an important challenge, especially in low and low-middle SDI countries. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment of diabetes is likely to be major contributor to these early deaths, highlighting the urgent need to provide better access to insulin and basic diabetes education and care. This mortality metric, derived from readily available and frequently updated GBD data, can help to monitor preventable diabetes-related deaths over time globally, aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Targets, and serve as an indicator of the adequacy of basic diabetes care for type 1 and type 2 diabetes across nations. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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