Implications Derived From S-Protein Variants of Sars-Cov-2 From Six Continents

Implications Derived From S-Protein Variants of Sars-Cov-2 From Six Continents Publisher Pubmed

Hassan SS¹ ; Lundstrom K² ; Barh D^{3, 4} ; Silva RJS⁵ ; Andrade BS⁶ ; Azevedo V⁷ ; Choudhury PP⁸ ; Palu G⁹ ; Uhal BD¹⁰ ; Kandimalla R^{11, 12} ; Seyran M¹³ ; Lal A¹⁴ ; Sherchan SP¹⁵ ; Azad GK¹⁶ Show All Authors

Hassan SS¹
Lundstrom K²
Barh D^{3, 4}
Silva RJS⁵
Andrade BS⁶
Azevedo V⁷
Choudhury PP⁸
Palu G⁹
Uhal BD¹⁰
Kandimalla R^{11, 12}
Seyran M¹³
Lal A¹⁴
Sherchan SP¹⁵
Azad GK¹⁶
Aljabali AAA¹⁷
Brufsky AM¹⁸
Serranoaroca A¹⁹
Adadi P²⁰
Abd Elaziz TM^{21, 22}
Redwan EM^{23, 24}
Takayama K²⁵
Rezaei N^{26, 27}
Tambuwala M²⁸
Uversky VN^{29, 30}

Show Affiliations

1. Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram, Paschim Medinipur, 721140, West Bengal, India
2. PanTherapeutics, Rte de Lavaux 49, Lutry, CH1095, Switzerland
3. Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, WB, India
4. Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
5. Department of Biological Sciences (DCB), Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGGBM), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilheus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilheus, 45662-900, BA, Brazil
6. Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), Jequie, 45206-190, Brazil
7. Laborat'orio de Genetica Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de CiË†encias Biol'ogicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
8. Applied Statistics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B T Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
9. Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, Padova, 35121, Italy
10. Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, United States
11. Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
12. Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana, India
13. Doctoral Studies in Natural and Technical Sciences (SPL 44), University of Vienna, WÂ¨ahringer StraÃŸe, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
14. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
15. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, 70112, LA, United States
16. Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, India
17. Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid, 566, Jordan
18. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
19. Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigaci'on Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad CatÌ�olica de Valencia San Vicente Martir, c/Guillem de Castro, 94, Valencia, 46001, Spain
20. Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
21. Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, 61519, Egypt
22. Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, 78229-3900, TX, United States
23. Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Science, King Abdulazizi University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
24. Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg El-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
25. Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
26. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
27. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden
28. School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, Ireland
29. Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33612, FL, United States
30. Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russian Federation

Source: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules Published:2021

Abstract

The spike (S) protein is a critical determinant of the infectivity and antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Several mutations in the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 have already been detected, and their effect in immune system evasion and enhanced transmission as a cause of increased morbidity and mortality are being investigated. From pathogenic and epidemiological perspectives, S proteins are of prime interest to researchers. This study focused on the unique variants of S proteins from six continents: Asia, Africa, Europe, Oceania, South America, and North America. In comparison to the other five continents, Africa had the highest percentage of unique S proteins (29.1%). The phylogenetic relationship implies that unique S proteins from North America are significantly different from those of the other five continents. They are most likely to spread to the other geographic locations through international travel or naturally by emerging mutations. It is suggested that restriction of international travel should be considered, and massive vaccination as an utmost measure to combat the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also further suggested that the efficacy of existing vaccines and future vaccine development must be reviewed with careful scrutiny, and if needed, further re-engineered based on requirements dictated by new emerging S protein variants. © 2018

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Style	Citing Format
MLA	Hassan SS, et al.. "Implications Derived From S-Protein Variants of Sars-Cov-2 From Six Continents." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 191, no. , 2021, pp. 934-955.
APA	Hassan SS, Lundstrom K, Barh D, Silva RJS, Andrade BS, Azevedo V, Choudhury PP, Palu G, Uhal BD, Kandimalla R, Seyran M, Lal A, Sherchan SP, Azad GK, Aljabali AAA, Brufsky AM, Serranoaroca A, Adadi P, Abd Elaziz TM, ... Uversky VN (2021). Implications Derived From S-Protein Variants of Sars-Cov-2 From Six Continents. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 191(), 934-955.
Chicago	Hassan SS, Lundstrom K, Barh D, Silva RJS, Andrade BS, Azevedo V, Choudhury PP, et al.. "Implications Derived From S-Protein Variants of Sars-Cov-2 From Six Continents." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 191, no. (2021): 934-955.
Harvard	Hassan SS et al. (2021) 'Implications Derived From S-Protein Variants of Sars-Cov-2 From Six Continents', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 191(), pp. 934-955.
Vancouver	Hassan SS, Lundstrom K, Barh D, Silva RJS, Andrade BS, Azevedo V, et al.. Implications Derived From S-Protein Variants of Sars-Cov-2 From Six Continents. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021;191():934-955.
BibTex	@article{ author = {Hassan SS and Lundstrom K and Barh D and Silva RJS and Andrade BS and Azevedo V and Choudhury PP and Palu G and Uhal BD and Kandimalla R and Seyran M and Lal A and Sherchan SP and Azad GK and Aljabali AAA and Brufsky AM and Serranoaroca A and Adadi P and Abd Elaziz TM and Redwan EM and Takayama K and Rezaei N and Tambuwala M and Uversky VN}, title = {Implications Derived From S-Protein Variants of Sars-Cov-2 From Six Continents}, journal = {International Journal of Biological Macromolecules}, volume = {191}, number = {}, pages = {934-955}, year = {2021} }
RIS	TY - JOUR AU - Hassan SS AU - Lundstrom K AU - Barh D AU - Silva RJS AU - Andrade BS AU - Azevedo V AU - Choudhury PP AU - Palu G AU - Uhal BD AU - Kandimalla R AU - Seyran M AU - Lal A AU - Sherchan SP AU - Azad GK AU - Aljabali AAA AU - Brufsky AM AU - Serranoaroca A AU - Adadi P AU - Abd Elaziz TM AU - Redwan EM AU - Takayama K AU - Rezaei N AU - Tambuwala M AU - Uversky VN TI - Implications Derived From S-Protein Variants of Sars-Cov-2 From Six Continents JO - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules VL - 191 IS - SP - 934 EP - 955 PY - 2021 ER -

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