Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes

Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes Publisher

Romdhani M^{1, 2} ; Fullagar HHK³ ; Vitale JA⁴ ; Nedelec M⁵ ; Rae DE⁶ ; Ammar A^{7, 8} ; Chtourou H^{1, 2} ; Al Horani RA⁹ ; Ben Saad H¹⁰ ; Bragazzi NL^{11, 12} ; Donmez G¹³ ; Dergaa I¹⁴ ; Driss T⁸ ; Farooq A¹⁵ Show All Authors

Romdhani M^{1, 2}
Fullagar HHK³
Vitale JA⁴
Nedelec M⁵
Rae DE⁶
Ammar A^{7, 8}
Chtourou H^{1, 2}
Al Horani RA⁹
Ben Saad H¹⁰
Bragazzi NL^{11, 12}
Donmez G¹³
Dergaa I¹⁴
Driss T⁸
Farooq A¹⁵
Hammouda O^{8, 16}
Harroum N¹⁷
Hassanmirzaei B^{18, 19}
Khalladi K¹⁵
Khemila S^{2, 20}
Matarunadossantos LJ^{21, 22}
Moussachamari I²³
Mujika I^{24, 25}
Munoz Helu H²⁶
Norouzi Fashkhami A²⁷
Paineirasdomingos LL^{28, 29}
Khaneghah MR²⁷
Saita Y³⁰
Souissi N^{2, 20}
Trabelsi K^{1, 31}
Washif JA³²
Weber J^{33, 34}
Zmijewski P³⁵
Taylor L^{36, 37}
Garbarino S^{38, 39}
Chamari K¹⁵

Show Affiliations

1. High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
2. Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
3. School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
4. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
5. Research Unit, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA7370), The French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
6. Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
7. Institute of Sport Science, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
8. Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
9. Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
10. Laboratoire de Recherche (LR12SP09) â€œInsuffisance Cardiaqueâ€�, Hopital Farhat HACHED, Faculte de Medecine de Sousse, Universite de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
11. Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
12. Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
13. Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
14. Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC), Doha, Qatar
15. Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
16. Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
17. School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Science, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal University, Montreal, QC, Canada
18. Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
19. Iran Football Medical Assessment and Rehabilitation Center, IFMARC, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran
20. High Institute of Sports and Physical Education Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
21. Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Management, Canadian University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
22. Coventry Universityâ€”Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relation, Coventry, United Kingdom
23. Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
24. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
25. Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
26. Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Occidente, Culiacan, Mexico
27. Esteghlal Physiotherapy Clinic, EPC, Teheran, Iran
28. Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Medicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
29. Departamento de Fisioterapia, Instituto Multidisciplinar de Reabilitacao e Saude, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
30. Department of Sports and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
31. Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
32. Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
33. Neurocognition and Actionâ€”Biomechanics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
34. Institute for Sports Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
35. Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
36. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Center for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
37. Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW, Australia
38. Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal-Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
39. Post-Graduate School of Occupational Medicine, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy

Source: Frontiers in Physiology Published:2022

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the effect of 1) lockdown duration and 2) training intensity on sleep quality and insomnia symptoms in elite athletes. Methods: 1,454 elite athletes (24.1 ± 6.7 years; 42% female; 41% individual sports) from 40 countries answered a retrospective, cross-sectional, web-based questionnaire relating to their behavioral habits pre- and during- COVID-19 lockdown, including: 1) Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI); 2) Insomnia severity index (ISI); bespoke questions about 3) napping; and 4) training behaviors. The association between dependent (PSQI and ISI) and independent variables (sleep, napping and training behaviors) was determined with multiple regression and is reported as semi-partial correlation coefficient squared (in percentage). Results: 15% of the sample spent < 1 month, 27% spent 1–2 months and 58% spent > 2 months in lockdown. 29% self-reported maintaining the same training intensity during-lockdown whilst 71% reduced training intensity. PSQI (4.1 ± 2.4 to 5.8 ± 3.1; mean difference (MD): 1.7; 95% confidence interval of the difference (95% CI): 1.6–1.9) and ISI (5.1 ± 4.7 to 7.7 ± 6.4; MD: 2.6; 95% CI: 2.3–2.9) scores were higher during-compared to pre-lockdown, associated (all p < 0.001) with longer sleep onset latency (PSQI: 28%; ISI: 23%), later bedtime (PSQI: 13%; ISI: 14%) and later preferred time of day to train (PSQI: 9%; ISI: 5%) during-lockdown. Those who reduced training intensity during-lockdown showed higher PSQI (p < 0.001; MD: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.87–1.63) and ISI (p < 0.001; MD: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.72–3.27) scores compared to those who maintained training intensity. Although PSQI score was not affected by the lockdown duration, ISI score was higher in athletes who spent > 2 months confined compared to those who spent < 1 month (p < 0.001; MD: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.26–2.3). Conclusion: Reducing training intensity during the COVID-19-induced lockdown was associated with lower sleep quality and higher insomnia severity in elite athletes. Lockdown duration had further disrupting effects on elite athletes’ sleep behavior. These findings could be of relevance in future lockdown or lockdown-like situations (e.g., prolonged illness, injury, and quarantine after international travel). Copyright © 2022 Romdhani, Fullagar, Vitale, Nedelec, Rae, Ammar, Chtourou, Al Horani, Ben Saad, Bragazzi, Donmez, Dergaa, Driss, Farooq, Hammouda, Harroum, Hassanmirzaei, Khalladi, Khemila, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, Moussa-Chamari, Mujika, Munoz Helu, Norouzi Fashkhami, Paineiras-Domingos, Khaneghah, Saita, Souissi, Trabelsi, Washif, Weber, Zmijewski, Taylor, Garbarino and Chamari.

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Style	Citing Format
MLA	Romdhani M, et al.. "Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes." Frontiers in Physiology, vol. 13, no. , 2022, pp. -.
APA	Romdhani M, Fullagar HHK, Vitale JA, Nedelec M, Rae DE, Ammar A, Chtourou H, Al Horani RA, Ben Saad H, Bragazzi NL, Donmez G, Dergaa I, Driss T, Farooq A, Hammouda O, Harroum N, Hassanmirzaei B, Khalladi K, Khemila S, ... Chamari K (2022). Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes. Frontiers in Physiology, 13(), -.
Chicago	Romdhani M, Fullagar HHK, Vitale JA, Nedelec M, Rae DE, Ammar A, Chtourou H, et al.. "Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes." Frontiers in Physiology 13, no. (2022): -.
Harvard	Romdhani M et al. (2022) 'Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes', Frontiers in Physiology, 13(), pp. -.
Vancouver	Romdhani M, Fullagar HHK, Vitale JA, Nedelec M, Rae DE, Ammar A, et al.. Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes. Frontiers in Physiology. 2022;13():-.
BibTex	@article{ author = {Romdhani M and Fullagar HHK and Vitale JA and Nedelec M and Rae DE and Ammar A and Chtourou H and Al Horani RA and Ben Saad H and Bragazzi NL and Donmez G and Dergaa I and Driss T and Farooq A and Hammouda O and Harroum N and Hassanmirzaei B and Khalladi K and Khemila S and Matarunadossantos LJ and Moussachamari I and Mujika I and Munoz Helu H and Norouzi Fashkhami A and Paineirasdomingos LL and Khaneghah MR and Saita Y and Souissi N and Trabelsi K and Washif JA and Weber J and Zmijewski P and Taylor L and Garbarino S and Chamari K}, title = {Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {-}, year = {2022} }
RIS	TY - JOUR AU - Romdhani M AU - Fullagar HHK AU - Vitale JA AU - Nedelec M AU - Rae DE AU - Ammar A AU - Chtourou H AU - Al Horani RA AU - Ben Saad H AU - Bragazzi NL AU - Donmez G AU - Dergaa I AU - Driss T AU - Farooq A AU - Hammouda O AU - Harroum N AU - Hassanmirzaei B AU - Khalladi K AU - Khemila S AU - Matarunadossantos LJ AU - Moussachamari I AU - Mujika I AU - Munoz Helu H AU - Norouzi Fashkhami A AU - Paineirasdomingos LL AU - Khaneghah MR AU - Saita Y AU - Souissi N AU - Trabelsi K AU - Washif JA AU - Weber J AU - Zmijewski P AU - Taylor L AU - Garbarino S AU - Chamari K TI - Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes JO - Frontiers in Physiology VL - 13 IS - SP - EP - PY - 2022 ER -

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