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Glioblastoma Multiforme: Insights Into Pathogenesis, Key Signaling Pathways, and Therapeutic Strategies Publisher Pubmed



Pouyan A1 ; Ghorbanlo M2 ; Eslami M3 ; Jahanshahi M4 ; Ziaei E5 ; Salami A6 ; Mokhtari K7 ; Shahpasand K8, 9 ; Farahani N8 ; Meybodi TE10, 11 ; Entezari M8 ; Taheriazam A8, 12 ; Hushmandi K8, 13 ; Hashemi M8
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Neurosurgery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
  8. 8. Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  10. 10. Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Department of Epidemiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Source: Molecular Cancer Published:2025


Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, characterized by a poor prognosis and significant resistance to existing treatments. Despite progress in therapeutic strategies, the median overall survival remains approximately 15 months. A hallmark of GBM is its intricate molecular profile, driven by disruptions in multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt, NF-κB, and TGF-β, critical to tumor growth, invasion, and treatment resistance. This review examines the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic prospects of targeting these pathways in GBM, highlighting recent insights into pathway interactions and discovering new therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes. © The Author(s) 2025.
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