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Propolis Efficacy on Sars-Cov Viruses: A Review on Antimicrobial Activities and Molecular Simulations Publisher Pubmed



Ghosh S1 ; Alsharify ZT2, 3 ; Maleka MF1 ; Onyeaka H3 ; Maleke M4 ; Maolloum A5, 6 ; Godoy L7 ; Meskini M8, 9 ; Rami MR10 ; Ahmadi S11 ; Alnajjar SZ12 ; Alsharify NT13 ; Ahmed SM14 ; Dehghani MH15, 16
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
  2. 2. Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Bab-al-Mu’adhem, P.O. Box 14150, Baghdad, Iraq
  3. 3. School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
  4. 4. Department of Life Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
  5. 5. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, PO BOX 46, Maroua, Cameroon
  6. 6. Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO BOX 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
  7. 7. Department of Fruit and Oenology, Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
  8. 8. Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Teheran, Iran
  9. 9. Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Teheran, Iran
  10. 10. Department of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
  13. 13. Medical Instrumentation Engineering Department, Al-Esraa University College, Baghdad, Iraq
  14. 14. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia
  15. 15. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Environmental Science and Pollution Research Published:2022


Abstract

This current study review provides a brief review of a natural bee product known as propolis and its relevance toward combating SARS-CoV viruses. Propolis has been utilized in medicinal products for centuries due to its excellent biological properties. These include anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and bactericidal activities. Furthermore, studies on molecular simulations show that flavonoids in propolis may reduce viral replication. While further research is needed to validate this theory, it has been observed that COVID-19 patients receiving propolis show earlier viral clearance, enhanced symptom recovery, quicker discharge from hospitals, and a reduced mortality rate relative to other patients. As a result, it appears that propolis could probably be useful in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Therefore, this review sought to explore the natural properties of propolis and further evaluated past studies that investigated propolis as an alternative product for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms. In addition, the review also highlights the possible mode of propolis action as well as molecular simulations of propolis compounds that may interact with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The activity of propolis compounds in decreasing the impact of COVID-19-related comorbidities, the possible roles of such compounds as COVID-19 vaccine adjuvants, and the use of nutraceuticals in COVID-19 treatment, instead of pharmaceuticals, has also been discussed. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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